14. Give the GENDER, NUMBER, PERSON, and CASE of each Noun, and the TENSE, NUMBER, and PERSON of each Verb, and translate the whole into English.

2

1. Puella1 lacrimat. 2. Puellae1 lacrimant. 3. Agricola arabat. 4. Agricolae arābant. 5. Poēta equitābit. 6. Puellae ambulābunt. 7. Victoria rēgnat. 8. Rēgnābit. 9. Rēgnābat. 10. Victōria dēlīberat. 11. Incolae dēlīberant. 12. Nauta navigābat. 13. Nautae navigabunt. 14. Incolae deliberābunt. 15. Nautae pūgnābant. 16. Nautae navigant. 17. Poëtae navigābunt.

15. Translate into Latin.

8

1. Victoria was reigning. 2. She is reigning. 3. The inhabitants were deliberating. 4. They will deliberate. 5. The girls are riding. 6. They will ride. 7. The sailors were walking. 8. They are walking. 9. The poet was sailing. 10. He will walk. 11. The husbandman is ploughing. 12. Husbandmen plough. 13. The poets are deliberating. 14. The queen will reign. 15. Queens reign.

vocabulary, for instance, must represent to him not words, but living persons. Agricola should suggest to him, not the English WORD husbandman, but the husbandman himself, not the name, but the man.

1 As the Latin has no article, a noun may, according to the connection in which it is used, be translated (1) without the article: as, puella, girl; puellae, girls; (2) with the indefinite article a or an: as, puella, a girl ; (3) with the definite article the: as, puella, the girl.

2 See page 23, foot-note, 3.

8 The pupil will remember that the English articles, a, an, and the, are not to be rendered into Latin at all.

NOTE 1.In the example regina laudat, "the queen praises," the thought is not entirely complete, as we are not told what the queen praises, but in the example regīna puellam laudat, "the queen praises (what?) the girl," the sense is complete. The noun which thus completes the meaning of a verb is called the Direct Object.

NOTE 2. Observe that in English the object follows the verb: thus in the examples above, the objects, the girl and the queen, follow the verb, praises; but in Latin the object usually precedes the verb; thus puellam and rēginam precede the verb laudat.

NOTE 3.- Again compare the second and third examples. Observe that laudat is common to both, that regīna in the second becomes rēgīnam in the third, and that puellam in the second becomes pueila in the third. Notice now the effect of these simple changes upon the meaning of the sentences. You thus learn that when the Romans spoke of a queen as the subject of an action, they used the form rēgīna, but when they spoke of a queen as the object of an action they used rēginam. These forms, rēgīna, rēgīnam, are types or examples of a large class of Latin nouns which in the singular end in a when used as subject and in am when used as object.

NOTE 4. Observe that puellam, the Direct Object in the second example, and rēgīnam, the Direct Object in the third example, are both in the Accusative. This is in accordance with general Latin usage, expressed in the following

RULE V.-Direct Object.

371. The Direct Object of an action is put in the Accusative.

1. Rēgīna puellās laudabat.1 2. Puellae rēgīnam laudăbant. 3. Regīna incolas laudat. 4. Incolae regīnam laudant. 5. Poëtae amīcitiam laudant. 6. Poëtae rēgīnam laudabunt. 7. Rēgīna poētās laudabit. 8. Nauta poētam laudabat. 9. Poēta nautam laudabit. 10. Poëtae nautas laudant. 11. Poēta dēlīberābit. 12. Poëtae dēlīberābant. 13. Puellae ambulabant. 14. Regīna filiam 2 amat. amat. 15. Filiam amābit. 16. Epistula rēgīnam dēlectat.

19. Translate into Latin.

1. The poet praises the queen. 2. He was praising the queen. 3. The poet will praise friendship. 4. The letter delights the girl. 5. The girl praises the letter. 6. The girls were praising the poet. 7. The girls love the queen. 8. The queen loves the girls. 9. The husbandman will

1 In taking up a Latin sentence, remember that the meaning must be learned in part from the vocabulary, and in part from the endings of the words. In this sentence, for example, we first learn the general meaning of the words from the vocabulary. We then ascertain the number and case of rēgina from its ending. We find that it is in the singular number, and that in form it may be either a Nominative or a Vocative. As a Nominative it would mean that the queen is the subject of the action, as that is the only use of the Nominative which we have thus far learned; as a Vocative, that the queen is addressed. We next notice puellās. This must be an Accusative Plural, and it accordingly represents the girls as the object of an action; puellās, then, must be the object of the action of which regina is the subject. The ending abat in laudābat shows that the verb is in the imperfect tense, third person singular, and that it accordingly represents the action as taking place in past time, and as having one person for its subject. We are now prepared to translate the sentence: The queen was praising the girls. See Suggestions, I. to X., page 261.

2 Render her daughter. In Latin the possessive pronouns, meaning his, her, their, when not emphatic, are seldom expressed.

8 Render she will love, thus making the pronoun refer to rēgina,

plough. 10. The husbandmen were ploughing. 11. The poets are deliberating. 12. The husbandman loves his daughter.

20. In questions the interrogative particles, -ne, nōnne, and num, are often used in Latin.

1. Questions with -ne ask for information: Rēgatne,1 'is he reigning?'

2. Questions with nonne expect the answer 'yes': Nonne rēgnat, 'is he not reigning ?' 2

3. Questions with num expect the answer 'no': Num rēgnat, 'is he reigning ?' 2

1. Nōnne Artemisia rēgnābat?2 2. Rēgnabat. 3. Nōnne poēta rēgīnam laudabit? 4. Rēgīnam laudabit. 5. Num poēta nāvigābat? 6. Nōn navigābat. 7. Nōnne poëtae sapientiam laudant? 8. Sapientiam laudant. 9. Ambulantne ? 3 10. Nōn ambulant. 11. Equitantne? 12. Equitant.

13. Nōnne rēgīna corōnam amābat? 14. Corōnam amābat. 15. Nōnne fabulae puellās dēlectābant? 16. Puellās dēlectabant. 17. Fabula nautās dēlectat. 18. Fabulae nautam delectant. 19. Nautae navigābunt.

1 The particle -ne is always thus appended to some other word.

2 Observe in 2 and 3 that the auxiliary is stands at the beginning of the question in English, and that the subject follows: Is he not reigning? Is he reigning? Does and do often introduce questions in the same way, and in the past tense was and did: Was he not reigning, nōnne rēgnābat? 3 Ambulantne ambulant and the interrogative particle -ne.

23. Translate into Latin.

1. Does not Julia praise the queen?

2. She praises

the queen. 3. Will the girls love Julia? 4. They will love Julia. 5. Is not Victoria reigning? 6. She is reigning. 7. Is the sailor expecting letters? 8. He is not expecting letters. 9. Does the poet love his daughters?

10. He loves his daughters. 11. Will not the letters delight the queen? 12. They will delight the queen. 13. Were not the inhabitants deliberating? 14. They were deliberating. 15. The story will delight the poet.

1. Nōnne agricolae patriam amābant? 2. Patriam amābant. 3. Num incolae rēgīnam accūsābunt? 4. Nōn rēgīnam accūsābunt. 5. Regīnam amant. 6. Rēgīna nautās armābit. 7. Nōnne familiam armābat? 8. Familiam armābat. 9. Num Artemisia incolās armābat?

10. Nōn incolas armābat. 11. Rēgnabatne? 12. Rēgnabat. 13. Incolae nautās accusābunt. 14. Nonne agricolae nautās accusābant? 15. Nautās accusābant. 16. Nōnne rēgīna sententiam probabat? 17. Sententiam probabat. 18. Nōnne incolae sententiam probabunt?