RULE XLIV. - Conditional Sentences with sĩ, nisi, ni, sin. 507. Conditional sentences with sī, nisi, nī, sin, take I. The INDICATIVE in both clauses to assume the supposed case: Si spiritum ducit, vivit, if he breathes, he is alive. Cic. Si tot exempla virtutis non movent, nihil unquam movebit, if so many examples of valor do not move (you), nothing will ever move (you). Liv. II. The PRESENT or PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE in both clauses to represent the supposed case as possible : Dies deficiat, si velim causam defendere, the day would fail me, if I should wish to defend the cause. Cic. Improbē feceris, nisi monueris, you would do wrong, if you should not give warning. Cic. III. The IMPERFECT or PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE in both clauses to represent the supposed case as contrary to fact: Pluribus verbis ad te scriberem, si rēs verba dēsiderāret, I should write to you more fully (with more words), if the case required words. Cic. Si voluisset, dimicāsset, if he had wished, he would have fought. Nep. 251. Admittō, ere, misi, missum, Conficiō, ere, feci, fectum, Controversia, ae, f. Dēcernō, ere, crēvi, crētum, Interficio, ere, feci, fectum, Mōs, mōris, m. Poena, ae, f. Praecipitō, āre, āvī, ātum, Vocabulary. to admit, commit. two years, space of two years. to decide, decree. tired, exhausted, weary. Druids, the priests of the Gauls. inheritance. to kill, slay, put to death. labor, toil, effort, exertion. penalty, punishment. to precipitate, throw, hurl. Privātus, a, um, Prōditor, ōris, m. 1 private, personal. traitor. Prōiciō,1 ere, prōjēcī, jectum, to throw forward, throw down. 4 4 1. Germānōrum 2 bellum celeriter conficietur. 2. Bellum Helvētiōrum2 jam confectum erat. 3. Bellō Helvētiōrum confecto, totius fere Galliae lēgātī, principēs cīvitātum, ad Caesarem convēnērunt. 4. Germānī suōs interficī vīdērunt; magnō numerō interfecto, reliqui se in flumen praecipitāvērunt. 5. Quid conficietur? Eae res confici debent. Ad eas rēs conficiendas biennium nōbīs satis dūcimus. Quis ad eas rēs conficiendas dēligētur? Jam tū dēlēctus es. 6. Lapides undique in mūrum jaciuntur, murusque defēnsōribus nūdātur. 7. In Gallia Druidēs ferē de omnibus contrōversiīs pūblicīs prīvātīsque constituunt; sĩ quod est admissum facinus, poenās cōnstituunt; sī dē hērēditāte controversia est, iidem decernunt. 8. Si quod sit admissum facinus, poenās cōnstituāmus. 9. Si quod esset admissum facinus, poenās constituissemus. 10. Ego hoc consilium probarem, sī nullum periculum vidērem. 11. Ego hoc consilium probāvissem, sī nūllum perīculum vidissem. 12. Helvētiī, sī pācem populus Rōmānus cum iis fecissent, arma prōjēcissent. 13. Nisi tōtīus diēī labōre milites essent dēfessī, omnes hostium copiae dēlētae essent. 14. Helvētii mōribus suis prōditōrem ex vinculis dicere' coēgērunt. 1 Pronounced as though spelled prōjiciō. 2 English idiom, war with the Germans, etc. 8 See Suggestion XVI., (1). 4 See Suggestion XIII.,.4. 5 In accordance with, etc. See 158, Rule XXII. • English idiom, IN chains. 7 In this connection dicere may be rendered plead. 253. Translate into Latin. 1. If stones had been thrown against the wall, it would have been stripped of soldiers. 2. Should stones be thrown against the wall, the town would be taken. 3. If the general were in the camp, the soldiers would not be daunted by fear. 4. If the general is in the camp, we ought not to fear danger. 5. If the war with the Helvetii should be finished, ambassadors would assemble from the rest of Gaul. 6. If any crime has been committed by these men, let the penalty be determined by the judge. 7. If our city had been fortified, we should not see these perils.1 8. If we approved your plan, we should not have accomplished these things so successfully.1 9. After these things were accomplished,2 peace was made with the enemy. LESSON LXXXVI. FOUR CONJUGATIONS IN FULL, INCLUDING VERBS IN RULE XLVI. 10. 254. Lesson from the Grammar. 514. A concessive clause is one that concedes or admits something, generally introduced in English by though or although: Quamquam itinere fessi erant, tamen prōcēdunt, although they were weary with the journey, they still (yet) advanced. Sall. 1 Observe that in 7, the condition refers to past time, and the conclusion to present time, while in 8 the condition refers to present time, and the conclusion to past time. 2 Use the Ablative Absolute. Concessive clauses bear a close resemblance to conditional clauses both in form and in use. Si optimum est, if it is best,' is a condition; etsi optimum est, 'even if (or though) it is best,' is a concession; the one assumes a supposed case, the other admits it. RULE XLVI. - Moods in Concessive Clauses. 515. Concessive clauses take I. Generally the Indicative in the best prose, when introduced by quamquam: Quamquam intellegunt, tamen nunquam dicunt, though they understand, they never speak. Cic. Quamquam festinās, non est mora longa, though you are in haste, the delay is not long. Hor. II. The Indicative or Subjunctive, when introduced by etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, or si, like conditional clauses with si. Thus 1. The Indicative is used to represent the supposed case as a fact: Gaudeō, etsi nihil scio quod gaudeam, I rejoice, though I know no reason why I should rejoice. Plaut. 2. The Present or Perfect Subjunctive, to represent the supposed case as possible: Etsi nihil habeat in sẽ glōria, tamen virtutem sequitur, though glory may not possess anything in itself, yet it follows virtue. Cic. 3. The Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive, to represent the supposed case as contrary to fact: Etiamsi mors oppetenda esset, domi māllem, even if death ought to be met, I should prefer to meet it at home. Cic. III. The Subjunctive, when introduced by licet, quamvīs, ut, nē, cum, or the relative qui: Licet irrideat, plūs tamen ratio valebit, though he may deride, reason will yet avail more. Cic. Nōn tū possis, quamvis excellās, you would not be able, although you excel. Cic. Ut désint virēs, tamen est laudanda voluntās, though the strength fails, still the will should be approved. Ovid. Nē sit summum malum dolor, malum certē est, though pain may not be the greatest evil, it is certainly an evil. Cic. Cum domi divitiae adfluerent, fuēre tamen cīvēs, etc., though wealth abounded at home, there were yet citizens, etc. Sall. Cupiō, ere, ivi or ii, itum, Etsi, conj. Exigō, ere, ēgi, āctum, Ignōrō, āre, āvī, ātum, Juvō, āre, jūvī, jūtum, Orbis, is, m., like ignis, Perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, endless, uninterrupted. Respicio, ere, spēxi, spectum, to regard, look upon. Tabula, ae, f. Terra, ae, f. table, tablet; document, record. Transducō, ere, duxi, ductum, to lead across. 256. Translate into English. 1. Ea rēs Helvētiīs per indicium ēnuntiatur. 2. Caesar pontem in1 Arare faciendum curavit atque ita exercitum transduxit. 3. In castris Helvetiōrum tabulae repertae sunt, litteris Graecis confectae. 4. Orgetorix dixit sẽ suae cīvitātis imperium obtenturum esse. Is sẽ suis copiis suoque exercitu Casticō Dumnorigique rēgna conciliatūrum esse confirmabat. 5. Si Lingones Helvetiōs frumentō jūvissent, Caesar eōs prō hostibus habuisset. 6. Hostēs prīmō adventü exercitus nostri crēbrās ex oppido excursiōnēs faciebant; postea vallō circummūnītī3 oppido sēsē continebant. Eōdem fere tempore Caesar, etsi prope exacta jam aestās erat, tamen in aliam gentem exercitum adduxit. 7. 8. Exigua parte aestātis reliqua, Caesar, etsī in Galliā mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam contendit. 9. 1 English idiom, OVER. 2 Literally, cared for a bridge to be made, i.e. attended to the making of a bridge; render, had a bridge made. That is, by our works. |