saque muniat. 13. Hi nuntii litteraeque Caesarem ita commovent ut in fīnēs Belgārum contendat. 14. Equités hostium cum equitātū nostrō ita cōnflīgunt ut nostrī1 eōs in silvas compellant. 15. Tanta Divitiaci apud Caesarem gratia fuit ut injuriam condōnāret. 16. Utinam in reliquum tempus timōris suspicionem vitētis. 17. Imperator sex legiōnēs misit quae hanc urbem oppugnarent. 18. Utinam hae civitātēs in armis essent. 19. Utinam omnes militēs nostri fortiter pūgnārent.

126. Translate into Latin.

1. Our soldiers fought so bravely that they conquered2 the enemy. 2. The courage of our soldiers is so great that they always fight bravely, and withstand all the attacks of the enemy. 3. They are not so barbarous as not to help (that they do not help) their friends. 4. He is not one who (that one who) would announce our counsels to the enemy. 5. So great fear took possession of the commander that he led the army back into camp. 6. So great fear took possession of the Gauls that they fortified their camp with a moat and a rampart.

11.

7. The fear of the enemy was so great that they gave up the hostages. 8. The soldiers of the tenth legion were so brave that they did not fear the enemy. 9. Our soldiers are so brave that they are prepared for all dangers. 10. Fear so disturbs your minds that you do not listen to (hear) me. For the future let us avoid all suspicions. 12. For the future our soldiers will fight so bravely that they will avoid suspicion of fear. 13. Would that all our citizens were in arms. 14. The enemy sent a large army to assault our city.

1 See foot-note 2, page 104.

2 What Mood will you use in Latin? See 123, Rule XLII.

8 Use ad. See 116, foot-note on ad.

Use in. See 116, foot-note on in.

106

NOTE. cur dissentiant,

'whether the (his)

You ask WHY THEY DISAGREE.

He asked WHETHER HIS SHIELD
WAS SAFE.

- In these examples observe that the Subordinate clauses why they disagree,' 1 and salvusne esset clipeus, shield was safe,'1 involve questions without directly asking them. Such clauses are called Indirect Questions. The verbs in these Indirect Questions are in the Subjunctive, in accordance with the Latin usage expressed in the following

RULE LV. - Moods in Indirect Clauses.

529. The Subjunctive is used

I. In indirect questions:

Quaeritur, cur doctissimi hominés
the most learned men disagree. Cic.
had asked whether I did not think.
nescit, the soul knows not what the soul is.
tum est, what a day will bring forth is uncertain. Cic.

dissentiant, it is a question, why
Quaesierās, nönne putārem, you
Cic. Qualis sit animus, animus
Cic. Quid dies ferat incer-

II. Often in clauses dependent upon an Infinitive or upon another Subjunctive:

Nihil indignius est quam eum qui culpă careat suppliciō nōn carère, nothing is more shameful than that he who is FREE from fault should not be exempt from punishment. Cic. Vereor nē, dum minuere velim labōrem, augeam, I fear that while I wish to diminish the labor, I shall increase it. Cic.

3. Indirect double questions are generally introduced by the same interrogative particles as are direct double questions (106, 353).

1 The Indirect question, cur dissentiant, involves the Direct question, Cur dissentiunt? 'why do they disagree?' Salvusne esset clipeus involves the Direct question: Salvusne est clipeus? 'is the shield safe?'

Thus they generally take utrum or -ne in the first member, and an in the second:

Quaeritur virtus suamne propter dignitatem an propter fructus aliquos expetatur, it is asked whether virtue is sought for its own worth, or for certain advantages. Cic.

1. Quae civitātēs in armis sunt? Ab his lēgātīs quaerit quae civitātēs in armis sint.3 2. Quae cīvitātēs quantaeque1 in armis sunt? Ab his quaerebat quae civitātēs quantaeque in armis essent. 3. Quid dicit Ariovistus? Quid dicat Ariovistus cognoscite. His lēgātīs imperavit ut, quid diceret

1 Accusative Ararem or Ararim, Ablative Arare or Arari. 2 See 88, 166.

8 Quae

sint, an Indirect Question. What would be the Direct Question? For Translation, see Suggestion XVII., 2.

4 Quantaeque, composed of quantac and the conjunction que, 'and.'

Ariovistus, cognoscerent. 4. In utram partem1 fluit Arar? In utram partem fluat Arar jūdicēmus.

5. Quam ob rem1Ariovistus proeliō nōn decertat? Caesar ex captivis quaerebat quam ob rem Ariovistus proeliō nōn dēcertāret. 6. Omnem exercitum in unum locum condūcāmus. 7. Nōnne pudor apud vos valet? Num apud võs timor valet? Utrum apud vos pudor atque officium an timor valet? Intellegamus utrum apud võs pudor atque officium an timor valeat. 8. Quid gerunt Belgae? 9. Quid gerebant Belgae? Imperator sciebat quid gererent Belgae. 10. Três legiōnēs igitur in interiōrem Galliam mittat.

130. Translate into Latin.

1. For what reason are the Gauls fortifying their cities? Let us ascertain for what reason the Gauls are fortifying 2 their camp. 2. Let us inquire of the ambassadors how many Germans there are in Gaul. 3. Caesar knew how many Germans there were in Gaul. 4. Let us inquire of the captives how many states of Gaul are in arms. 5. Did Caesar know1 how many states of Gaul were in arms? He knew which states were in arms. 6. Inquire in which direction the Rhine flows.

7. Caesar knew how large the states of Gaul were. Did he then know how brave the Belgians were? He knew who were the bravest of all the Gauls. 8. The Gauls did not understand who their enemies were. So great fear took possession of the Gauls that they did not understand who their enemies were. 9. He inquired of the captives into what place Ariovistus was leading his army.5

1 Partem, lit. part; render direction; rem, lit. thing; render reason. 2 What Mood will you use in Latin? See 127, 529, I.

8 Or from; render by ab. This preposition has the form ab before vowels and h; the form a or ab before the other letters. See 129, 9.

4 What Tense will you use?

5 Did not understand, continued action like sciebat in 129, 9; inquired, i. e., repeatedly was inquiring, as in 129, 2.

=

• For Moods, see 123, Rule XLIII., and 127, Rule LV.

LESSON XLIV.

PRESENT INFINITIVE ACTIVE.

RULE LVI.

131. The Present Infinitive1 of the verb Sum is esse, 'to be.' In the four conjugations, the Present Infinitive Active has the following

He desires TO AVOID these things.

He knows how TO CONQUER.

They long TO KNOW all things.

NOTE. In these examples observe that vītāre depends upon the verb cupit, 'he desires to avoid,' vincere upon scit, and scire upon gestiunt. They are all in the infinitive, in accordance with the Latin usage expressed in the following

RULE LVI. — Infinitive.

533. Many verbs admit an Infinitive to complete or qualify their meaning:

Audeo dicere, I dare say (I venture to say). Cic. Haec vitare cupimus, we desire to avoid these things. Cic. Cōnstituit nōn prōgredi, he decided not to advance. Caes. Creduli esse coeperunt, they began to be credulous. Cic. Vincere scis, you know how to conquer (you know to conquer). Liv. Victōriā ūti nescis, you do not know how to use victory. Liv.

1 For the Infinitive, see p. 14, 200, I.