the general question here, while we cite that passage from our author, which has confirmed us in our opinion of the unsoundness of his principles:

To repeat in this place the invincible arguments in favour of toleration, would be useless and tedious. Time must establish it in Spain, as time has spread it through the rest of Europe. I will not act against its principles, even when attacking its bitterest enemies. Were it, therefore, in my power, to direct the opinion of the Spanish government upon the present question, I would not recommend them to fly in the face of the prejudices of the people, by the complete overthrow of the Inqui sition. Let it exist awhile, if it must unluckily be so: but let it exist, deprived of that mischievous power, which is enough to blast the fruit of all their actual sacrifices for liberty. A regulation founded on the following basis, would, I hope, completely answer every purpose.

1. The power of judging crimes, merely anti-religious, to be vested in the bishops.

2. These to sit and pass sentence in public, and the accused to be confronted with the witnesses against him.

3. The bishop to impose no other than spiritual punishments, for which he requires no coercive authority whatever.

4. The ecclesiastick censure to have no civil effect, so that all the barbarous laws against heretics, which are now in force in the Spanish Codex, be abolished.

5. The bishops shall take care that the books they judge to contain pernicious doctrines, be combated by learned men in their confidence; but they shall not be permitted to pass censures for merely perusing a book. 1st; Because there is a wide difference between reading opinions and adopting them: 2dly, Because if the perusing of books is to be opposed by excommunications, those only can be read in the different dioceses, which agree with the opinions of the bishop.-p. 27.

We have here one of those smoothfaced projects of which late times have produced so many, and to which there is always a certain description of men in all countries to give a good reception. The leading principle of our author's reform, or regulation,' is, to take the authority in matters of religion out of the hands of the Inquisition, and place it in those of the bishops. But, in this, we have, at once, not a 'regulation,' but an overthrow of the Inquisition; for the Inquisition, by its constitution, is essentially a religious autho rity superior to the diocesan's. Public trial is a thing of which we had almost said, that it is too dear to Englishmen, to be objected to in an Englishman's language; but it is a regulation,' we fear, at variance with the very essence of the Inquis ition. The next regulation' is to take from the ecclesiastical censure all civil effect; but, then, there would be no Inquisition, strictly so called; and, beside, we fear, that our author means to deny the right of civil interference in religious matters. But

the

the regulation' which we most admire is the fifth, by which the bishop is at once enjoined, not to inhibit the reading of offensive books, but to cause them to be controverted. This is a regulation' which all our debating-societies would certainly pass with tumults of applause, but for which, nevertheless, we cannot give our small and humble voices.

IN

INTELLIGENCE-LITERARY, PHILOSOPHICAL, &c.

Royal Institution.-Lectures on Geology.-LEC. VI.

N the sixth and concluding lecture, Mr. Davy remarked, that the emission of lava from volcanos is one of the principal operations by which nature supplies the waste of rocks, and the destruction of the land, noticed in his former lectures. The agency of volcanos in the production of islands, and the increase of continents, is more extensive than those, who reside a distance from their influence, are disposed to admit. Proofs of this may be traced in the islands and shores of the Mediterranean, in the continent of America, and in Asia, and in other parts of the globe. Nearly the whole of Sicily, and the Southern parts of Italy and France, offer evidence of their volcanic origin; and Rome, which by ancient writers has been proudly styled the eternal city,' is built on the crater of an extinct volcano. The phænomena attending the eruption of volcanos are described from Hamilton, Dolomieu, Spalmanzani, and others, who were present during eruptions of Etna and Vesuvius.

The convulsion of the solid ground, the lofty columns of flame, smoke, and vapour, the tremendous explosions, the torrents of rain, and the thunder and lightning, which accompany the eruption of lava, all indicate that the immediate cause is the expansion of steam and hydrogen gas, which ignites when in contact with the atmosphere. The doctrine of a central fire was unsupported by proof or analogy: did such a fire exist, its effects must be felt at the surface, even if it had to pass through the most imperfect conductors of heat.

To ascertain the cause which produces the expansion of vapour, and the other phænomena of volcanos, we must examine the products of these august operations of natural chemistry. If we observe a fire at a distance, and are able to collect its products, we may thence determine the nature of the substances which have been in a state of combustion. The products of volcanos are hydrogen gas, vapour and lava, of which, lava is a compound of the earths, the alkalies, and the oxid of iron. In his former lectures, Mr. Davy observed, he had stated the discovery of the metallic nature of the earths and the alkalies, and that the metals obtained from them were in a high degree inflammable, when they came in contact with water.-Mr. Davy further observed, that previous to the eruption of volcanos, the lakes and springs in their neighbourhood have been known suddenly to disappear, and all volcanos, now in activity, are in the neighbourhood

neighbourhood of the sea or of large lakes. Now, if we admit that these earths exist under the surface, in a metallic state, the access of water will occasion their combustion. The oxygen will be absorbed, and an immense volume of hydrogen gas will be disengaged and exploded, when it unites with the atmosphere, and rain will be produced, which is always found to follow the eruption of flame. This explanation of the cause of volcanos may be considered as a reasonable inference from the discovery of the metallic nature of the earths; and, if we admit the operation of electrical agency in the globe, we shall have a cause operating by which the earths may be restored to their metallic form. Thus, the process of renovation and decay will be constantly balancing each other, and nature, be preserved in a state of eternal youth. The appearances of the Aurora Borealis and the Aurora Australis, render it probable that the poles are in two different states of electricity, and that a constant circulation of electric power is taking place.

Though new land and soil may thus be formed, Mr. Davy said, he was not inclined to admit that the primary and secondary rocks were thus produced. The crystals they contain are different from those ever found in lava. The experiments of Sir James Hall, which had been thought to establish the volcanic nature of basalt, he considered as defective. In basalt, hornblende and feldpar are distinctly crys tallized; but the fused basalt which had been slowly cooled, though it had the form of basaltic prisms, did not contain homblende or feldpar in distinct crystals.

Mr. Watt had fused a large quantity of basalt in the centre of the mass which was slowly cooled; the crystals of basalts were large, but they grew less as they approached the surface, which was amorphous and vitrified.

The lava emitted from volcanos is speedily decomposed by the action of moisture and the atmosphere, and forms the most fertile soils. No countries are more productive than those in the vicinity of volcanos, if below the line of perpetual snow. The volcanic island of Santarem which was raised in the Archipelago in one night, in the year 1770, is now, in part, covered with a luxuriant vegetation, and no country in Europe is more productive than the lower declivities of Etna.

The operations of nature are on a scale too extended to be measured by days or years: they require ages to produce their full effect. What appears destructive and desolating at the first view, is found, on a more comprehensive examination, to be attended with permanent advantage. The lava and the ashes, which buried Herculaneum and Pompeia, have furnished abundant harvests for fifteen centuries. The evils that nature inflicts are transient; but her benefits are of lasting duration.

Report of the National Vaccine Establishment, dated the 13th of July:

(Continued from p. 417.)

1. Case of the Rev. Joshua Rowley.

The Rev. Joshua Rowley, brother to Sir William Rowley, when an

infant,

infant, was inoculated by the late Mr. Adair, 1770; the scar left by the inoculation is perfectly visible: his mother, the dowager lady Rowley, remembers perfectly his having a tolerable sprinkling of small-pox, and says, he was afterwards repeatedly exposed to variolous infection in the nursery, when his three younger brothers were successively inoculated, all of whom had some degree of eruption; and since that time, frequently, in performing the clerical duties of his profession.

On Wednesday the 5th of June, he felt much indisposed, complained of pain in his head and back, attended with considerable restlessness and prostration of strength on Friday the 7th, an eruption appeared chiefly on his face and breast; he was attended by Mr. Woodman, of Boguor, only, till the Monday following, when Mr. Guy, surgeon, of Chichester, was first consulted. On examining the eruption, Mr. Guy was immediately struck with its resemblance to the small-pox; and on gently, hinting his suspicion to Mr. Rowley, received the information above related. On the following day the progress of the eruption towards maturation, and the swelling of the face, which is characteristic of the smallpox, left no doubt of the nature of the malady. The eruption was perfectly distinct; it was very full ail over the trunk and body, and there were about two hundred pustules on the face. Mr. Guy is of opinion, that this was a clearly marked case of small-pox.

The history of the previous variolons inoculation in 1770 was procured from the dowager lady Rowley by Mr. Dundas, sergeant surgeon to his majesty ; and the account of the present case was transmitted to the director of vaccination of this establishment, on the application of the board, by Mr. Guy, an eminent surgeon of Chichester.

2. Case of Miss Sarah Booth, of Covent Garden Theatre.

Dr. Bree was called to visit Miss S. Booth, on Monday, June 25th. She was said to be ill with the small-pox; and the following circumstances were reported by the mother and sisters.

Miss Booth is 18 years of age; she had been inoculated for the small-pox at five years of age, and had been affected with the usual degree of fever; the arm had been violently inflamed, and an eruption of small-pox pustules had appeared round the inoculated part from which matter had been taken by Mr. Kennedy, the surgeon who attended her. Mr. Kennedy expressed himself satisfied that Miss S. Booth had passed regularly through the disease.

The usual scar of small-pox inoculation is perfectly evident on the arm.

On Thursday, June 20th, Miss Booth was seized with fever distinguished by vomiting, violent head-ache, pains in the back and loins.

The symptoms continued till Saturday, June 22d, in the evening of which day some pustules came out on the forehead and scalp.

Sunday, June 23rd, a more complete eruption appeared on the face and neck, and she was relieved from the violence of the fever. The vomiting however continued, the throat became very sore, and a salivation began.

Monday, June 24th. The eruption extended itself on the body, the fever was still more abated, but the salivation, soreness of the throat, and vomiting, were urgent symptoms.

Tuesday, June 25th, the fourth day of the eruption. The salivation and retching continued, with soreness of throat.

Wednesday, June 26th, fifth day of the eruption. Pustules were noticed on the lower extremities, those on the face advance, and the eyes are swelled; the number of the pustules on the head and face is about two dozen.

Thursday, June 27th, sixth day of the eruption. The pustules on the face begin to turn. She still suffers from sore throat and salivation. This evening, contrary to advice, she went to her business at the theatre.

Friday, June 28th, seventh day of the eruption. The pustules on the face are turned, those on the lower extremities are few in number, but weli filled, and not yet changed.

GEN. CHRON. VOL. III. NO. XV.

2 M

Saturday.

Saturday, June 29th, eighth day of the eruption. She only complains of sickness. After this day the pustules turned and dried on the lower extremities, and no complaint remained.

This case appeared to have been a very mild case of distinct small-pox.

ROBERT BREE.

This case was visited by the greater number of members of the board, and also by the director, and was attended by Mr. Hewson, of James-street, Covent Garden, who entertains no doubt of this having been a case of distinct small-pox.

3. Case of John Godwin.

Mrs. Godwin, No 6, Stratton street, Piccadilly, states, that she was brought to bed of this son in October, 1800, that six weeks after he was born, the small-pox prevailed very much in her neighbourhood, and one child died of it in the house in which she lived. About this time her son was attacked with very violent fever, succeeded by a copious eruption all over the face and body, which was declared by Mr. Smith, an apothecary who attended him, to be the small-pox, and which was ten or twelve days before it completely scabbed and dried off.

Some time after this, a brother of her husband, a medical man, who had not seen the child during its illness, inoculated him for the small-pcx, in order to ensure his complete security; a small pimple on the part was only formed, which soon disappeared, and no fever or eruption ensued. About six weeks ago, this boy, now eleven years old, was attacked with fever, followed with an eruption which broke out on the face, body, and limbs, exhibiting the ordinary appearance of small-pox, and which turned on the eighth day.

Mr. Kerrison, of New Burlington-street, who attended this boy, states that the eruption exhibited the exact appearance, and passed through all the stages, of distinct small-pox. He also from this boy inoculated a child who had fever at the usual time, followed by a slight variolous eruption.

The history of the former disease was procured from Mrs. Godwin, and the history of the second attack of small-pox from Mr. Kerrison, by Mr. Moore, director of vaccination at this establishment.

4. Case of Peter Sylvester, No. 10, Cross-street, Carnaby Market.

This boy's parents are both dead, he was born on June 7th, 1798, and on the 21st of February following, was inoculated for the small-pox by Mr. Ring, of New-Street, surgeon. Mr. Ring showed the director of vaccination at this establishment his account-book of that period, in which there is a charge regu larly entered for inoculating this boy for the small-pox.

The cicatrix on his arm is still conspicuous, and six or seven small-pox pits, occasioned by the former eruption, have marked his face.

On the 24th of June last, this boy was taken ill with fever; and on the 27th an eruption on the skin took place. Mr. Moore, the director, saw him on the 30th the spots on the skin were very numerous, but distinct, and the skin round their bases was inflamed: many had formed within the mouth and throat. July 1st, the eruption has now assumed the appearance of genuine small-pox, the pustules are augmenting, and the face is beginning to swell. 2d. The pustules are larger, and the face much swelled. 3d. The pustules on the face are at the height, and the eyes are nearly closed. 4th. The pustules on the face have all begun to turn; all fever is gone.

This case is drawn up from the notes of Mr. Moore. The case was visited by several members of the board, and by many other medical gentlemen of the highest respectability.

From the period at which the violent opposition to small-pox inocu