DR. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN (nat. 1801). Of the speculative system that underlies Dr. Newman's Theology and Ecclesiasticism, and reveals itself more or less in the whole series of his writings, some interesting and rather precise glimpses are given by himself in his Apologia pro vita sua, 1864.

MISS HARRIET MARTINEAU (nat. 1802). Two of Miss Martineau's works to be particularly noted in connection with Recent British Philosophy are her Correspondence with Mr. Atkinson On the Laws of Man's Nature and Development, 1851, and her condensed Translation of Comte's Positive Philosophy, 2 vols., 1853.

REV. F. D. MAURICE (nat. 1805). In the long series of Mr. Maurice's works, all pervaded by his characteristic mode of thought, may be specially noted his History of Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana, reissued now in several separate volumes; his Theological Essays, 1853; and his two volumes of controversy with Mr. Mansel, entitled What is Revelation? (1859) and Sequel to the Inquiry, What is Revelation? (1860).

MR. F. W. NEWMAN (nat. 1805):-The Soul: Her Sorrows and Aspirations, 1849; Phases of Faith, 1850; and other writings.

MR. BENJAMIN H. SMART :-Thought and Language: an Essay, having in view the Revival, Correction, and Exclusive Establishment of Locke's Philosophy, 1855.

PROFESSOR DE MORGAN (nat. 1806):-Formal Logic, 1847; and occasional parts of his other acknowledged writings.

SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL LEWIS (nat. 1806—ob. 1863):—Essay on the Influence of Authority in Matters of Opinion, 1849; On the Methods of Observation and Reasoning in Politics, 1852.

PROFESSOR JAMES F. FERRIER (nat. 1808-ob. 1864). Various Metaphysical Papers in Blackwood's Magazine; and Institutes of Metaphysic, or Theory of Knowing and Being, 1854.

PROFESSOR PATRICK C. MACDOUGALL :-Contributions to Philosophy, 1852.

MR. HENRY ROGERS:-Essays in the Edinburgh Review and other Periodicals, republished collectively, 1850-55; The Eclipse of Faith (in reply to Mr. F. W. Newman), 1852; and Defence of same (in rejoinder to Newman), 1854.

ALFRED TENNYSON (nat. 1810). To those who are too strongly possessed with our common habit of classifying writers into kinds, as Historians, Poets, Scientific and Speculative Writers, and so on, it may seem strange to include Mr. Tennyson in this list. But, as I have advisedly referred to Wordsworth as one of the representatives and powers of British Philosophy in the age immediately past, so I advisedly name Tennyson as succeeding him in the same character. Though it is not power of speculative reason alone that constitutes a poet, is it not felt that the worth of a poet essentially is measured by the amount and depth of his speculative reason? Even popularly do we not speak of every great poet as the exponent of the spirit of his age? What else can this mean than that the philosophy of his age, its spirit and heart in relation to all the great elemental problems, finds expression in his verse? Hence I ought to include other poets in this list, and more particularly MR. BROWNING and MRS. BROWNING, and the late MR. CLOUGH. But let the mention of Mr. Tennyson suggest such other names, and stand as a sufficient protest against our absurd habit of omitting such in a connexion like the present. As if, forsooth, when a writer passed into verse, he were to be abandoned as utterly out of calculable relationship to all on this side of that boundary, and no account were to be taken of his thoughts and doings except in a kind of curious appendix at the end of the general register! What if Philosophy, at a certain extreme range, and of a certain kind, tends of necessity to pass into poesy, and can hardly help being passionate and metrical? If so, might not the omission of poets, purely as being such, from a conspectus of the speculative writers of any time, lead to erroneous conclusions, by giving an undue prominence in the estimate to all such philosophizing as could most easily, by its nature, refrain from passionate or poetic expression? Thus, would Philosophy, or one kind of Philosophy in comparison with another, have seemed to have been in such a diminished condition in Britain about the year 1830, if critics had been in the habit of counting Wordsworth in the philosophic list as well as Coleridge, Mackintosh, Bentham, and James Mill? Was there not more of what might be called Spinozism in Wordsworth than even in Coleridge, who spoke more of Spinoza ? But there hardly needs all this justification, as far as Mr. Tennyson is con

cerned, of our reckoning him in the present list. He that would exclude In Memoriam (1850), and Maud (1855), from a conspectus of the philosophical literature of our time has yet to learn what philosophy S. Whatever else In Memoriam may be, it is a manual, for many, of the latest hints and questions in British Metaphysics.

MR. ARTHUR HELPS :-Essays written in the Intervals of Business, 1841; Friends in Council, first series 1847; second series 1859; &c.

DR. WILLIAM SMITH (of Edinburgh) :-Translations of various works of Fichte, separately published, and collected in two volumes (with a Memoir) as The Popular Works of Fichte, 1844.

MR. J. D. MORELL:-History of Speculative Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century, 1846; Lectures on the Philosophical Tendencies of the Age, 1848; Philosophy of Religion, 1849; Elements of Psychology, 1853; Introduction to Mental Philosophy, 1862.

MR. G. H. LEWES:-Biographical History of Philosophy, 1845 (second edition, 1857); Comte's Philosophy of the Positive Sciences (an abridged exposition of Comte), 1847.

DR. J. GARTH WILKINSON :-A Popular Sketch of Swedenborg's Philosophical Works, 1847; Emanuel Swedenborg: A Biography, 1849; The Human Body and its Connexion with Man, 1851.

ARCHBISHOP THOMSON :-An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought: A Treatise on Pure and Applied Logic.

REV. CHARLES KINGSLEY:-Phaethon, or Loose Thoughts for Loose Thinkers, 1852; Alexandria and Her Schools, 1854; with speculative views in his Miscellanies and his writings generally.

PROFESSOR MANSEL:-Prolegomena Logica, 1851; Lecture on the Philosophy of Kant, 1856; Limits of Religious Thought (Bampton Lecture), 1858, and Controversy with Mr. Maurice thereon; Metaphysics (reprinted from the Encyclopædia Britannica), 1860.

HENRY THOMAS BUCKLE :-History of Civilization in England, 2 vols., 1857, 1861.

PROFESSOR JAMES MCCOSH-Intuitions of the Mind Inductively Investigated, 1860 (new edition, 1865).

PROFESSOR HENRY CALDERWOOD :-The Philosophy of the Infinite; with special reference to the Theories of Sir William Hamilton and M. Cousin: 2d edition, enlarged, 1861.

PROFESSOR ALEXANDER BAIN (of Aberdeen) :-The Senses and the Intellect, 1856 (2d edition, 1864); The Emotions and the Will, 1859; On the Study of Character, 1861.

PROFESSOR A. C. FRASER (Sir William Hamilton's successor in the chair of Logic and Metaphysics in Edinburgh) :-Essays in Philosophy, 1856; Rational Philosophy in History and in System, 1858; and various philosophical articles in the North British Review.

REV. DR. JOHN CAIRNS :-Article Kant in the 8th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica; Examination of Professor Ferrier's Theory of Knowing and Being, 1856; The Scottish Philosophy Vindicated, 1856; and various occasional Essays.

PROFESSOR THOMAS SPENCER BAYNES (St. Andrews):-An Essay on the New Analytic of Logical Forms, 1850; Translation of the Port Royal Logic, with Introduction, 1851; Sir William Hamilton (" Edinburgh Essays "), 1856.

PROFESSOR JOHN VEITCH (Glasgow); Joint-Editor with Dr. Mansel of Sir William Hamilton's Lectures; author of Memoir of Dugald Stewart in collected edition of Stewart's Works; also of other occasional writings.

MR. RICHARD LOWNDES:--An Introduction to the Philosophy of Necessary Beliefs, 1865.

MR. HERBERT SPENCER :-Social Statics, 1851; Principles of Psychology, 1855; Essays, reprinted from periodicals (1st series 1858, 2d series 1863); Education, 1861; First Principles (the 1st volume of a System of a Philosophy still in progress), 1862.

DR. JAMES HUTCHISON STIRLING :-The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin, Principle, Form, and Matter. 2 vols. 1865.

66

APPENDIX. Under this head may be included a number of items of which it is difficult to take account in a more special manner. (1) There is the extensive recent literature of so-called "Spiritualism' or Spirit-Manifestations "a literature partly of native production, but to a great extent imported from America. In a conspectus like the present, which is statistical and not critical, at least a reference to this literature is demanded, in order to bring before us the actual state of affairs. (2) There have been importations from America of

B

works of quite a different speculative kind, of which Draper's History of the Intellectual Development of Europe (1863) may stand as an example. (3) Among ourselves there is a large quantity of speculative thought, of all varieties of tendency, diffused through current Essay-writing in periodicals, or through much of our higher proseliterature not professedly philosophical. MR. FROUDE, for example, who might have been named specially in the list with reference to some of his earlier writings and to more recent individual Essays, comes into the list not less distinctly through his "History." Criticisms and discussions recognisable by a characteristic mode of philosophical thought, and sometimes of expressly philosophical nature, might be brought together, with but little trouble, from some of our leading periodicals, and associated, if I am not mistaken, with the name of MR. FITZJAMES STEPHEN. Finally, not to multiply names, a distinct vein of philosophical opinion, and of criticism of prevailing opinion, has made its appearance in the Essays of MR. MATTHEW ARNOLD.

It is of recent British Philosophy as represented to the eye in this conspectus of writers and writings that I mainly propose a review in the chapters which follow. The nature of the references made will indicate on what writers my knowledge enables me to lay the stress, and what others I have in view but slightly.