justice and reason P. When the seceding councillors received the letter from Windsor, they despatched Hoby back to that place with an answer. In this, the three members of their body who had addressed them, were required at their utmost peril to keep a continual, earnest watch over the king's person, and to take care that he should not be removed from Windsor Castle. At the same time, they expressed much surprise that his Majesty should be guarded by Somerset's retainers and that these men should wear the royal armour, while some of Edward's own people were sent away. Finally, they exhorted the three councillors at Windsor to co-operate with the rest of the board in London. This letter, together with another addressed to the King, being taken into consideration by the Archbishop and his two confederates, it was determined to send Sir Philip Hoby again to town with verbal instructions, and with a letter inviting the lords in London to despatch some of their body to Windsor'. With this communication, or very shortly before it, appears to have been conveyed one of a more private nature from Sir William Paget; for the London party sent down immediately a letter to that statesman

The council in London, to their colleagues at Windsor; dated October 7. Ellis's Letters, II. 166.

The lords of the council in London, to those at Windsor ; dated October 9. Ibid. 169.

The Lords of the council at Windsor, to those in London; dated October 10. Ibid. 171.

consisting of two portions, separately signed, but with the same names, excepting that of Southwell, which is affixed only to the latter part. The first division of this has no other object than to obtain credence from Paget for Knight, the Vice-chamberlain, whom the signers despatched with instructions to Windsor. The second part enjoins the arrest of the Protector, of Sir Thomas Smyth, and of three others; a measure which Paget's servant had verbally declared to be of no difficult execution'. Meanwhile Cranmer and Paget persuaded both the King and Somerset to give way'. The latter then after stipulating, that no violence should be offered to his person, and that nothing illegal should be attempted against him, resigned himself to his fate ". This submission was no sooner known in London, than Sir Anthony Wingfield, captain of the guard, was sent down to Windsor for the purpose of taking the King under his own charge, and of preventing Somerset from farther access to him. On the following day, being the 12th of October, all the councillors who had been plotting in London, with the exception of Warwick, rode down to Windsor, and on the evening of that day, Somerset was committed prisoner to Beauchamp's tower, within the Castle. On the 14th, he was conducted to the Tower of

• The lords of the council in London to Sir William Paget, dated October 10. Ibid. 173.

"As is entered in the council-book." Burnet, Hist. Ref. II. 221..

Goodwin, Annal. 96.

x Hayward, 307.

London, being paraded through the city between the Earls of Southampton and Huntingdon'. The articles of accusation preferred against him, which are in number twenty-eight, charge him with acting in various instances as if he were independent of his brother-executors; with illegally holding a court of requests in his own house for the summary determination of causes; with debasing the coin; with issuing proclamations and commissions upon the subject of enclosures, which had caused considerable evils; with neglecting the fortifications of Boulogne; and with raising reports to the prejudice of the council". In fact, therefore, Somerset's enemies could only prove against him, that he was unduly elated by the splendid station to which he had attained, and that his greediness of popularity had hurried him into acts which were illegal and unwise. Upon these grounds he was deprived of the protectorate, and detained in the Tower. In confinement there, he conducted himself with great propriety, turning his attention chiefly to religion, and shewing, that if he had been vain, ambitious, and indiscreet, he had never acquired that hardness of heart which is the most effectual obstacle to amendment. fall was highly grateful to the Romanists, who reckoned immediately upon recovering their ascendancy, and Bishop Gardiner made at once preparations for again appearing before the public.

His

Burnet, Hist. Ref. Records, II. 260. a Stow.

The King, however, had imbibed the strongest abhorrence of Popery, and as many influential minds were similarly circumstanced, Warwick discovered no wish to depart from the ecclesiastical policy of the statesman whom his intrigues had driven from the helm.

CHAPTER V.

Translation of the council from Trent to Bologna-The InterimLearned Foreigners entertained by Cranmer-Ratramn published with the royal privilege-Disputations in the two Universities -Proceedings in Parliament-The English ordinal-Death of Paul III., and election of Julius III.—Somerset released and pardoned-Joan Bocher, and George Van Parr-Bishop Ridley translated to London-Farther proceedings against Bishop Gardiner-Hooper-Removal of Altars-Controversy between Cranmer and Gardiner.

By a long train of artful intrigues and fortunate events, the Emperor had at length acquired an influence in Germany which bade fair for the effectual depression of the Protestant party in that country. While the transactions which led Charles to this important position were in progress, the Pope eagerly lent him assistance both with men and money. But no sooner did the imperial power begin to wear an appearance of consolidation, than Paul became alarmed; anticipating in the admitted successor of the Roman Cæsars, not an obedient son, but a resolute master. He, therefore, abruptly withdrew his forces from the Emperor's camp, and retracted some of those financial engagements by which he had consented