the changes are more frequent than in peace. No group of patriots responsible for the deliverance of their country will ever allow it to go down when hard pressed by a military foe without using every weapon upon which they can lay their hands, no matter what promises may have been made by groups of leaders who preceded them. Those who think that war in the future can be regulated are living in a world which will return

no more.

The old arguments for defense are all out of date. The vaunted protection did not protect. The promised security was a myth. The insurance did not insure. The multiplication of guns did not work for peace. It worked for suspicion and fear and hate and war. Men who keep on repeating the old arguments, and reciting the old formulas, and urging the continuation of the old methods, are survivals of a bygone age. They assume that war is what it was. Men to whom experience can teach nothing are not safe guides. The man who is eager to prepare for the next war is the man to be watched. If civilization is not to sink to perdition, there must be no next war. We are under bonds to keep the peace.

But can it be kept? Many say No! Their most convincing reason is that the peace has never except for brief seasons been kept. "Men have fought from the beginning, and therefore it is certain they will fight to the end. Human nature being what it is, war is inevitable." But the argument though plausible is not conclusive. Impossible things frequently happen. Up till yesterday every one said man could not fly. But today he is flying. It is easy and it is common. It will be still easier tomorrow. Not till today was it possible to hear in New York City the handclapping at a football game in Pasadena. The Lord Mayor of London has just had a conversation with the Mayor of New York by telephone, something which no other Lord Mayor of London in the history of that city ever attempted. Things never done before since the beginning of the world have been done since the opening of the present century. Why should anyone say oracularly that it is impossible for nations to keep the peace? If science has made war a new thing, possibly science has opened up new avenues to peace. Science has given us the radio and has

made it possible for the whole human race to listen in. With sane teachers giving instruction from selected centres, all the nations can be taught the science and art of peace. "Impossible!" It was Mirabeau who once said-"Never mention to me again that blockhead of a word!" With so many incurable diseases lying dead at our feet, who dare say that war cannot be slain? If there are antitoxins for the poisons which have made havoc of our flesh, what ground have we for saying there is no antitoxin for the microbe of war? With witchcraft and slavery and cannibalism and duelling all vanquished, it is foolish to assert that war is unconquerable. There have been three historic scourges, famine, pestilence and war. The first two have been banished, and only timid hearts declare the third cannot be overcome. It is reasonable to believe that everything which ought to be done on our planet can be done. If war ought to be abolished men can do it.

II

By whom can the peace be kept? By all the members of the family of nations. Peace is a world problem, and every nation must contribute to its solution. But all cannot be expected to act at once, and a few strong nations must go ahead. Why should the English-speaking nations not lead? Why should they not come together openly and unitedly declare their devotion to the cause of international good will? The beginning should be made by establishing a fuller understanding between England and the United States. The Governments of these two countries are already working harmoniously together, but the two peoples are not so close together as they ought to be. They do not yet understand each other, and because of the partial understanding their hearts are more or less estranged. The friendship is not sufficiently cordial and the union is far from complete. The next step in human progress is the creation of additional bonds between the peoples of these two countries. Certain facts work for progress. We have first of all a common language. All English-speaking peoples are greatly helped in establishing social contacts by possessing a common tongue. The jurisprudence

of England and the United States is founded on the common law of Britain. Both countries are making the same bold experiment in democracy. Both are pledged to ordered liberty, and both believe in the supremacy of law. The most beautiful boundary line on earth is that between Canada and the United States. It is the only boundary of three thousand eight hundred miles without a fort or a gun. Moreover the United States and England are under obligation to lead in the cause of peace because of their enormous wealth and prestige and power. If nations hold their wealth in trust for all mankind, then into what nobler cause can Britain and the United States throw their strength than into the work of establishing a universal and lasting peace?

The first step, then, in the great enterprise of world peace is to bring the English people and the people of the United States into more cordial relations with each other. The area of mutual understanding must be widened. There are groups in England who understand America, and there are groups in America who understand England, and these groups must be extended. The popular feeling in both countries must become more sympathetic. The public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic must become more amiable and appreciative. More than one of our Presidents has declared that war between the United States and Great Britain is unthinkable, and so it is among the highest and best. But when good will is absent from large classes of people, one cannot be sure that sane measures will prevail. The only sure safeguard against war is friendship. There is no international dispute which nations in a good humor cannot settle. There is hardly any dispute which can be settled by nations which dislike each other. Nothing can take the place of friendly feeling. Feeling is the mightiest force in the world. Without sentiment no noble cause can get on. Hague tribunals are desirable and so are world courts and arbitration treaties, and so is a League of Nations. All these are invaluable helps, but all of these are unreliable without a league of hearts. It is only when hearts touch that international relations rest upon a solid foundation. The United States and Great Britain should walk side by side down the perilous path of the coming years, liking each other all the way.

III

There are many obstacles, and these must be overcome; many perils, and these must be resolutely faced. Both of us have a free press. We would not be content to have a press that was muzzled. We are committed to the principle of liberty of thought and speech. But liberty is dangerous. It has its tragedies. One of its deepest tragedies is in the press. Unscrupulous and irresponsible men rush into journalism as they do into other professions, and the whole world suffers. There are journalists in every country who habitually put the worst construction on every act of a foreign government, and who take a devilish delight in poisoning the wells of international good will. The slurs and jibes of editors and reporters, repeated day after day, can induce an irritation in hearts three thousand miles away which, unless checked, may become a dangerous inflammation.

A newspaper even at its best is a poor medium of revelation of the noblest in a nation's mind and heart. A newspaper is a megaphone. To attract attention it shouts everything loud. From its nature it cannot communicate the finer tones of the spirit. Sentiment in every country is higher than the sentiment which is reflected in the press. Moreover the newspaper makes a specialty of the exceptional and the abnormal. Only these are counted "news," and it is these which work their way into headlines which can be read across the ocean. No nation can be known through its press. The press reports many things which are so, but it misleads by leaving out other things which must be known if one wishes to know the truth. A few years ago certain Irishmen in New York City had a fashion of packing Madison Square Garden now and then to relieve themselves by hissing England. All their hisses were accurately reported by the press here and across the sea. The papers did not report that there were twenty thousand New Yorkers in the neighborhood of Madison Square Garden who did not know that an antiBritish meeting was being held, and that there were probably forty thousand other New Yorkers in that section of the city who put the hissing Irishmen down as fanatics and fools. One

room full of hissing men is only a small per cent. of the population of a city of six millions, and an insignificant fraction of the total population of a country of over a hundred millions.

In every country there are men who are instinctively boorish. They have never mastered the art of good manners. Their tongue is not acquainted with the law of kindness. They say offensive and cutting things about other countries without thinking of consequences. Such men sometimes rise to high positions in industry and business and even in politics. Boors sometimes become Congressmen and even climb into the United States Senate. What they say is reported not because of the wisdom or worth of the speaker, but because of his political position. Words of a man in a high place work with deadly effect if they are foolish, and even more disastrously if they are slanderous or insulting. Englishmen and Americans of a certain type are alike in possessing a genius for saying exasperating things. All such bitter words are blown through trumpets into the ears of the world, and international friendships are thus imperilled.

But the power of mischief is not confined to men who sit in high places. The common people by their chatter and gossip can bring down the social tone of the world. Bitter words spoken at the dinner table, or in the railway train, or in the club room, or in the street, words which are contemptuous of men of other lands, work together for discord and render it more difficult to keep the peace. Tourists a tribe constantly increasing also have their responsibilities. They often in a foreign land disgrace themselves and their country by behavior they would not be guilty of at home. The worst in some people comes out when they travel. Tourists become doubly mischievous if on returning home they insist on writing books. Clever men with a gift for coining piquant phrases often take delight in writing sarcastic and blistering things about a country in which they have spent as much as two weeks. It is because we all read and speak English, that English visitors to America and American visitors to England should be careful to avoid words which scorch and stab. The mischief-workers are numerous on both sides of the Atlantic, and because their number is legion the continuous work of men of good will is urgent.