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tween folds of some absorbing substance. The paper is then dried; after which it will have more body and stiffness than if the solution had not been applied.

The patentee claims, in this part of his invention, the application of a solution of sulphate of magnesia in the manufacture of paper; and the application of a solution of sulphate of magnesia, sulphate of soda, or sulphate of potash, or of a mixture of two or more of the salts, to the other descriptions of goods above mentioned or alluded to.

The next part of the invention relates to improvements in stiffening and finishing, and consists in applying to cloth and other goods, woven, or otherwise prepared or manufactured, from cotton or other fibrous substances, or from a mixture of two or more kinds of fibrous substances, a compound, produced by mixing a solution of sulphate of magnesia, with a solution of resin, in alkali, (this alkaline combination of resin being an article much used, under the name of "vegetable size," in the manufacture of paper,) or with a solution of soap, combination of tallow or other grease and alkali.

A quantity of the alkaline combination of resin, (vegetable size,) or of soap, being dissolved in water, a saturated or other solution of sulphate of magnesia is added thereto, by which a double decomposition takes place; the resin or grease (as the case may be) and the magnesia being precipitated together, and the sulphuric acid and the alkali forming a sulphate of the alkali. The quantity of sulphate of magnesia to be added depends upon the strength of the solution of resin, it being known when sufficient has been added, by a further addition not forming more precipitate; and the strength of the solution of resin, to which the solution of sulphate of magnesia has to be added, depends upon the thickness of the mixture which the operator is inclined to use. The mixture may either have starch or flour-size mixed with it or not, according to the discretion of the operator; and it may be used in the manner in which a mixture of flour-size, with china-clay and other earthy matter, is generally used; after which, the goods may be dried in the usual manner.

A modification of this part of the invention consists in first passing the cloth or goods through, or otherwise impregnating them with, a solution of sulphate of magnesia, and in afterwards passing them through, or otherwise impregnating them with, a solution of soap, or of the vegetable size, or vice versa; whereby the double decomposition, spoken of, takes place, and a mixture of magnesia and grease, or resin, is deposited in and among the fibres of the substance of which the cloth or goods is formed. cloth or goods, after having had the excess of the finishing materials squeezed out, by being passed between rollers or otherwise, and then dried, is rendered, to a great extent, impervious to water.

The

This part of the invention, consisting in the use of a compound, formed by mixing a combination of alkali and resin, or a combination of alkali and grease, with sulphate of magnesia, is applicable to the manufacture of paper. The sulphate of magnesia, instead of alum, is to be put into the paper engine, along with the vegetable size, or soap, and therein mixed with the pulp, as alum and the vegetable size, or soap, generally are. The sulphate of magnesia forms a subsitute for the alum, and of its crystals about 332 parts, by weight, are required to supply the place of 487 parts of alum.

The patentee claims the application of the compound, formed by mixing a combination of resin and alkali with sulphate of magnesia; and also the application of the compound, formed by mixing a combination of tallow or other grease and alkali, with sulphate of magnesia, both in the stiffening and finishing of goods, and in paper-making; whether the said compound be mixed with any other ingredient or ingredients or not, and without confining himself to any precise proportions or qualities of the several ingredients used in forming the compounds, or to any particular manner of applying the compounds.

The next part of the invention also relates to improvements in stiffening and finishing cloth and other goods, manufactured from cotton or other fibrous substances, and. consists in submitting or exposing the cloth, after its having

been immersed in a solution or mixture, containing sulphate of magnesia, or alum, or other salt, having a metallic oxide for its base, to the action of an atmosphere of ammoniacal gas, by which the magnesia, alumina, or other metallic oxide, becomes liberated from the acid with which it was combined, and is deposited upon the cloth.

This part of the invention, so far as regards the use of ammoniacal gas, is applicable to some of the processes connected with printing calicoes and other goods; for instance, an atmosphere, containing ammoniacal gas, can be used as a substitute for a mixture of chalk and water, or for a solution of lime, or soda, or potash, in water, in causing the deposition of alumina and other metallic oxides from the acids, forming with them salts, and which salts are applied to goods intended to have that style of printing effected upon them called "padding." The salt having been padded upon the calico, either before or after being in some degree dried, is to be exposed to an atmosphere of ammoniacal gas; after which, it will not be necessary to rince in an alkaline solution, or mixture of chalk and water.

The patentee claims, causing cloth or other goods, after the same have had, in any way, applied thereto a mixture of any kind, containing sulphate of magnesia, alum, or other salt, whose base is a metallic oxide, to be so acted upon by an atmosphere of, or containing ammoniacal gas, as that the metallic oxide, forming the base of the salt contained therein, shall become deposited in, or upon the cloth, calico, or other goods.

The next part of the invention relates to improvements in dressing, stiffening, and finishing cotton and other fibrous substances, and textile and other fabrics, and consists in applying thereto a combination of ammonia with lard, tallow, oil, or other grease; or a combination of ammonia with wax, spermaceti, or stearine; or a mixture of any two or more of those ammoniacal combinations, either alone or mixed with starch or flour-size, or gum, mucilage, or any other matter. To form the combination, the lard, or other grease, or the wax, spermaceti, or stearine, should be softened, or just melted, by the application of heat, and

then liquor of ammonia should be added thereto, the mixture being agitated till the combination is complete.

When the preparation of the compound is well managed, one part, by weight, of liquor of ammonia, whose specific gravity is 0.96, is enough for two parts of any one of the other mentioned articles. The combination having being formed and allowed to cool, under exclusion from the atmosphere, may be diluted with water, and passed through a fine sieve, when the mixture or solution, either alone or with other matter, at the discretion of the operator, may be applied to the cloth or other goods, in the manner in which starch or flour-size is usually applied, and the cloth or goods may then be dried and submitted to such other mechanical finishing operation as is desired, the ammoniacal part of the combination, which was applied, having been dissipated during the drying of the cloth or goods, and the grease, wax, or other matter, (as the case may be,) being left therein or thereupon.

Under this part of his invention, the patentee claims the application to cloth or other goods, in the dressing, stiffening, and finishing thereof, for whatever purpose the said cloth or goods may be intended,-combinations of ammonia, with lard, tallow, or other grease, wax, spermaceti, or stearine; and of ammonia, with all or any two or more of the said ingredients, however the said combination or combinations may have been formed.

The next and last part of the invention consists in drying cloth and goods by the application of the heated air, produced by, or resulting from the action of atmospheric air, or other air containing oxygen, upon charcoal, coke, or other carbonaceous matter, in a state of ignition. The charcoal being burned in such a stove as is usually employed for warming buildings, and the air resulting from the combustion, instead of being carried directly by a flue into the external atmosphere, is allowed to pass into the room or chamber, in which cloth or goods are hung or extended for drying.The drying produced, has the effect of giving the cloth, what is called by the trade, a "hard finish."-[Inrolled in the Petty Bag Office, June, 1842.]

TO WILLIAM NEALE CLAY, of Flinby, in the county of Cumberland, Gent., for improvements in the manufacture of iron.-[Sealed 31st March, 1840.]

THE first part of these improvements consists in manufacturing malleable iron from iron ore, by combining with the latter a certain proportion (above 28 per cent.) of carbonaceous matters, and puddling it in a reverberatory furnace, without having previously smelted it in a blast furnace, as usual.

The iron ore, or stone, calcined or not, as may be preferred, and containing 45 per cent. of iron, is ground by a pair of mill-stones, until it is sufficiently small to pass through a screen or sieve, the meshes of which are 36 to the inch. It is then mixed with from 30 to 40 per cent. of coal, slack, coke, charcoal, peat, anthracite, or any other carbonaceous matter, reduced to the same size, by grinding and screening, and thrown into a puddling furnace, prepared to receive it. The mixture is stirred every five minutes, until it presents the appearance of becoming metallic, by the hottest parts combining or welding together; at which period of the process, the furnace is raised to its greatest heat, and the iron is balled, and removed to the hammers or squeezers, as usual.

The patentee states that he does not consider it advantageous to use iron ore, containing less than 45 per cent. of iron, for the purpose of making malleable iron, by means of his invention; and he gives as a general rule, for the addition of carbonaceous matters to the ore, that when 100 parts of the ore contain 50 parts of iron, 30 parts of carbonaceous matters should be added to it; and if the ore contains more than 50 parts of iron, then more carbonaceous matters must be used, in the proportion of one part to every two of such extra parts of iron.

It is preferred to carry the flue of the puddling furnace into a chamber, charged with ore and carbonaceous matters, which will be thus heated in readiness for puddling, whilst another charge is being operated upon in the furnace.

VOL. XXI.

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