cially that of the Mimosa, contain the tanning principle in a highly concentrated degree, for extracting which a process has been adopted which causes a great saving of freight.

"GUMS of various species and qualities, particularly Gum Arabic and Manna, are obtainable in great abundance; many of the indigenous trees yielding them in large quantities.

SALT of an excellent quality is found on Kangaroo Island, to which place ships are in the habit of going from the neighbouring colonies for this article. The salt of New South Wales contains a portion of magnesia, which is very prejudicial to its quality as an antiputrescent; and even the salt imported into the colonies from this country, is inferior in this respect to that obtained from Kangaroo Island. In 1819, the salt obtained by Captain Sutherland from Kangaroo Island, sold for 107. per ton, while that imported from England was selling for only 77. 10s.; the latter not answering equally well for curing skins. New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, therefore, are markets for this commodity; while its possession will enable the colonists to carry on a trade in

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SALT FISH, and other salted provisions, with China and India, besides supplying vessels which may touch at their port.

SEALS, of the kind from which the fur is obtained, are very plentiful on all the adjacent islands, and on the coast. The seal-fishery will open two sources of wealth to the colonist; the first being a trade in skins, and the second, in seal-oil.

"The SPERM AND BLACK WHALE fishery will afford articles of profitable export, and will also tend to make the settlement important for the refitting and victualling of vessels engaged in that trade.

"The use made of these natural productions of the sea and land by the Australian colonists, has hitherto

been very limited, from the impossibility they have experienced of obtaining a sufficient supply of labour to work much in combination. One of the essentials of the plan upon which the new colony is to be founded, being such a concentration of people as will ensure a combination of labour, every profitable employment will be followed, for which the amount of capital at the disposal of the colonists shall suffice.

"Under the second head-Those Productions which now form the articles of export from Australia, are the following:

"WHEAT and FLOUR, which will at all times find a ready market in the Isle of France; and as Van Diemen's Land now supplies Sydney with large quantities of this commodity, it is reasonable to hope that this trade may also be followed by the new colony, as from the facility of production it will derive from an ample supply of labour, the cost of producing wheat may be expected to be lower there than at Van Diemen's Land.

"FINE WOOL will also be an article of export to the mother-country, as from New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land at the present moment. And here it should be remarked, that, although land is uniformly to be sold, instead of being given away, such arrangement is not meant to prevent the occupation of land for breeding purposes without purchase, only on the distinct understanding that it shall not be cultivated or used in any other way. As to this article, therefore, the inducements offered to the Sydney capitalists apply also to capitalists settling in the proposed Colony; with the advantage on the part of the latter of a greater facility of obtaining shepherds, wool-dressers, &c., than is at present possessed either in New South Wales or Van Diemen's Land. This consideration is of great importance, since a want of shepherds, by preventing a proper division of flocks, is, in those countries, a cause of great mortality among the sheep.

"HIDES, TALLOW, and HORNS, after a few years, may be expected to add to the list of colonial exports. Tobacco, although not an article of export from Australia, still, as its cultivation is encouraged in New South Wales and Van Diemen's Land, may be mentioned here. That it cannot for a considerable time be an article of extensive export from the colonies already established in Australia, is evident from the fact that 200,000lbs. of tobacco were imported into New South Wales in 1829, at a duty of 2s. per lb. The cultivation of this plant requires a constant and plentiful supply of labour, which it is clear cannot be enjoyed in a colony where the dispersion of the inhabitants is very great. It may, however, be regarded as one of the first articles to which the attention of capitalists in the new colony will be directed.

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Under the third head-Articles at present imported into the Australian Colonies, but which might be cultivated there advantageously with a combination of labour, are comprised all, or nearly all commodities, the produce of similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere. The most important of these is

"WINE. It has been ascertained that the soil and climate of New South Wales are very favourable to the cultivation of the grape; but in this, as in many other instances, the want of combination of labour has prevented the production of this article for exportation. A vineyard must have existed some years before a generous grape can be produced; and if the supply of labour should not equal the demand for the purposes of the vineyard in any one year of the series, the vineyard is destroyed, and the capital invested is lost *.

*"How," says Mr. Blaxland, a great land-proprietor of New South Wales, "how should our settlers undertake to plant vineyards, when years must pass before any wine could be got?-years during which much labour must be employed

"FLAX and HEMP, if not indigenous as in New Zealand and Van Diemen's Land, can be introduced with a certainty of success, and will afford to females an opportunity of working in-doors at a time which can be spared from domestic arrangements. The flax of New Zealand is of admirable quality; and a small trade is already carried on in it by the colonists of New South Wales.

"COTTON would form another article of export. Specimens sent home are of the best quality; but a sufficiently extensive trial has not been made, to ascertain what would be the cost of production, if followed with spirit and perseverance. ALMONDS, ANISEED, BEES' WAX and HONEY, BARILLA, CHEESE for India and China, CARRAWAY, COCHINEAL, Coriander, Dried FRUITS, such as figs, currants, raisins, and prunes; HOPS, VEGETABLE OILS, OLIVES, Citrons, ORANGES, &c. &c., may all be produced; to which may be added the very important article SILK."

in tending the vines; when, for gathering the grapes and turning them into wine, much more labour would be required; and when the supply of labour is always, not only small, but uncertain."-England and America.

As a most useful article for exportation to South Australia in the first instance, we should recommend books relating to the agriculture of Spain, Italy, Greece, and Turkey; a subject little understood by Englishmen, and respecting which it has not hitherto been worth the while of settlers in Australia to acquire much knowledge.

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CHAPTER III.

MODE OF COLONIZATION.

The proper disposal of waste land, the first object in colonization -Purpose of the Government in disposing of waste land— Evils of profusion in granting land-Effects of profusion at Swan River-Causes of the failure of the Swan River settlement-Best mode of dealing with waste land-Method of proceeding for the new colony-Disposal of the purchasemoney of waste land-Selection of poor emigrants-Anticipation of the emigration fund.

IT is scarcely necessary to say, that, in planting a colony, one of the chief elements with which we have to deal, is the unoccupied land of the new country. All this land is held by the government in trust for the public; and the mode in which the government disposes of public land to individuals, inevitably exerts the most important influence on the state of the colony. This subject is so very important to all who may think of settling in the new colony, that we shall endeavour, with the aid of a recent work wherein the whole subject is carefully examined, to give a full explanation of the peculiar mode of disposing of waste land, which is to be pursued in South Australia.

"All these cases pretty well establish, that in no modern colony has the best way, or indeed any one way of treating waste land been pursued systematically: to these cases, it would be easy to add several hundreds of