Under the auspices of this Committee a large body of persons was collected, with the intention of settling in the intended colony; but the Committee having failed, after a long negociation with his Majesty's government, to obtain the desired charter, those persons were dispersed, and the project was necessarily abandoned for a time.

At the beginning of the present year, another Society was formed, with the same objects, under the name of the South Australian Association; and measures having been taken to bring the subject more fully under the notice of his Majesty's government, it has been determined, that the colony shall be founded, not, indeed, as was formerly proposed, by means of a royal charter, but by act of Parliament. It will be seen presently that this mode of proceeding is, in some respects, preferable to that of a chartered

company.

But, at all events, the South Australian Association, which it was proposed should be incorporated, with extensive powers, by means of a charter from the Crown, will continue their existence as a private but temporary Society, desirous to promote the happy establishment and future prosperity of the colony. Here follows a list of their acting committee:

COMMITTEE

OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN ASSOCIATION.

W. WOLRYCHE WHITMORE, Esq., M.P., Chairman.

A. W. Beauclerk, Esq., M.P.
Abraham Borradaile, Esq.
Charles Buller, Esq., M.P.
H. L. Bulwer, Esq., M.P.
J. W. Childers, Esq., M.P.
William Clay, Esq., M.P.
Raikes Currie, Esq.
William Gowan, Esq.
George Grote, Esq., M.P.
Benjamin Hawes, Esq., M.P.
J. H. Hawkins, Esq., M.P.
Rowland Hill, Esq.
Matthew D. Hill, Esq., M.P.

William Hutt, Esq., M.P.
John Melville, Esq.

Samuel Mills, Esq.

S. W. Molesworth, Bart. M.P.
Jacob Montefiore, Esq.
George Warde Norman, Esq.
Richard Norman, Esq.
G. Poulett Scrope, Esq., M.P.
Dr. Southwood Smith.
Edward Strutt, Esq., M.P.
Colonel Torrens, M.P.
Daniel Wakefield, jun., Esq.
Henry Warburton, Esq. M.P. ›
Henry G. Ward, Esq., M.P.
John Wilks, Esq., M.P.
Joseph Wilson, Esq.

John Ashton Yates, Esq.

Treasurer, GEORGE GROTE, Esq. M.P.

Solicitor, JOSEPH PARKES, Esq.

Honorary Secretary, ROBERT GOUGER, Esq.

The leading provisions of the Act of Parliament for erecting South Australia into a British Province, and for establishing therein a peculiar system of colonization, will be fully noticed hereafter. Meanwhile, we have to offer some remarks by way of introduction to the subject of these pages.

Of the general principles, or what may be termed the theory of Colonization, we shall here say very

little. The subject has been treated at great length in two volumes recently published, under the title of 'England and America.' To that work we must refer the reader who is desirous to ascertain the objects of an old state in planting or extending colonies, the errors hitherto committed by colonizing governments, and the best means of rendering colonization highly advantageous to a country situated like England. These are questions which interest all classes at home. But in the discussion of these questions, the writer arrives at a conclusion which deeply concerns those whom we now address; viz., persons who may contemplate settling in the new colony of South Australia. The conclusion is, that, whatever the objects of an old state in promoting colonization, the attainment of those objects depends upon attention to details in the plantation of colonies.

This point may properly be noticed more at length.

Sir Joseph Banks, wishing to ornament a bare piece of ground in front of his house near Hounslow, transplanted into it some full-grown trees. Those trees were torn from the beds in which they had grown to maturity. In order to save trouble in moving them, all their smaller roots and branches were cut off: the trunks, thus mutilated, were stuck into the ground; and there, wanting the nourishment which they had before received through innumerable leaves and fibres, they soon died and rotted. A way,

however, has lately been discovered of transplanting full-grown trees so that they shall flourish as if they had not been removed. The art, for a knowledge of which we are indebted to Sir Henry Steuart, consists in removing the whole of the tree uninjured; the stem, all the limbs, every branch and twig, every root and fibre; and in placing the several parts of this whole in the same relative situation as they occupied before; so that each part shall continue to perform its proper office, the trunk to be nourished by its proper number of mouths above and below; and a due proportion or balance be preserved between the weight of the branches and the strength of the roots, between the action of the roots as well as branches on opposite sides, between the functions of each part and the functions of all the other parts, respectively and together. The work of colonizing a desert bears a curious resemblance to that of transplanting fullgrown trees.

In neither case is it the ultimate object merely to remove; in both cases it is to establish; and as, in the former case, the immediate object is to remove, not a mere trunk, but an entire tree, so, in the latter case, the immediate object is to remove, not people merely, but society. In both cases equally, success depends upon attention to details. The planters of modern colonies have generally gone to work without much attention to details; as if society might be established in a desert without

regard to the numerous and minute circumstances on which society depends. Many a modern colony has perished through the inattention of its founders to little matters which, it was supposed, would take care of themselves. Of those modern colonies which have not perished, many suffered in the beginning the greatest privations and hardships; while, in the least unfavourable cases, it has been as if a full-grown oak, carelessly removed and soon dead, had dropped acorns to become in time full-grown trees. But in the present case, the greatest attention will be paid to details. The present measure of colonization may be likened to the careful removal of full-grown trees from a spot in which they were injured by want of room, to one where they should have ample space to expand and flourish. The details of the measure form the subject of this explanation.

In order to render so brief an explanation as clear as possible, the subject may be divided into several parts, all of which, however, it will be seen presently, are closely related with each other. The whole measure consists of three parts: first, precautions for the removal, not of people merely, but of society; that is, of all the different classes of people who, by means of combining their powers and dividing their employments, obtain every advantage that a society enjoys over savage life: secondly, precautions for preventing that social colony from degenerating into an unsocial