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The shipbuilding armament programmes extend over a period of ten years, and it is expected that by March 31st, 1906, the Japanese Navy will be increased by the addition of ships aggregating 200,000 tons displacement. Summing up the various items, it appears that the special expenditure of Japan during the period named, on the expansion of her national armament, will amount to approximately 295,000,000 yens; and that the increased current expenses of maintenance incidental to the expansion will amount to 21,623,488 yens, of which 13,822,669 yens will be required for the army, and 8,800,819 yens for the navy. As to the source from which the money is to be obtained, it is to be noted that out of a total indemnity paid by China of 345,000,000 yens, 79,000,000 were taken to cover war expenditure, so that only 266,000,000 remained available for purposes of military and naval expansion. There is thus a deficit of 29,000,000 yens, to which must be added the supplementary fund of 6,500,000 yens appearing in the Formosa Budget for the next fiscal year. Moreover, there are extraordinary expenditures aggregating 70,500,000 yens to be met during the next ten years, so that 106,000,000 yens have to be provided over and above the indemnity. It is proposed to raise a Public Undertakings Loan for 135,000,000 yens (about £14,000,000), so that Japan will soon have what appear to be necessary accompaniments of modern civilisation, namely, great armaments and a large national debt. The financial affairs of the Japanese will require very careful handling during the next few years, and it is to be hoped that the progress in commerce and industry may not be put back by undue expenditure on national armaments.-Engineering.

THE DOGS OF WAR.

IN an article on the recent Greco-Turkish war, the News says:"We may well shudder when telegram after telegram flashes to England the tale of war. It needs no imagination to read between the brief lines, no staring horror on the newspaper placards to convince us of the reality. War is semper eadem. No brush could paint, no pen describe a battlefield; it must be a hundred times more awful than the most graphic painter or writer dare attempt to reproduce.

"To-day the engines of war are again at work. Carnage, havoc, such as we can but faintly realise, must be the inevitable result of the loosing of the dogs of war. This is no time to blind our eyes or turn away from a ghastly sight, because war is not in progress within a few miles of our own homes. We are separated, after all, only by minutes from scenes where the dying are in agony, where the shells scream through the air and plough up the earth, where regiments march at the word of command into the jaws of death. It is but a few minutes away. Before the last shot is fired we know how the battle began.

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"It seems but yesterday that we inspected the machine guns which hurl a continuous rain of bullets, the latest rifles, acting like revolvers, and capable of carrying immense distances, and other so-called improvements of modern means of warfare. The old soldier who explained the marvellous mechanism by which it seemed clear that a regiment might be almost annihilated by a few turns of a handle, grew grave when we questioned him as to the terrors of a battle in which such instruments were used. 'God keep us from it!' was all he said: and his memory went back to the never-to-be-forgotten field of Sedan. We have it on the authority of Dr. Russell, an eye-witness of the fight, that no nightmare could have been so frightful. No human eye,' he wrote, ever rested on such revolting sights. Imagine masses of coloured rags glued together with blood and brains, and pinned into strange shapes by fragments of bones. Conceive men's bodies riddled with shot, and scattered and dismembered limbs on every side, bodies lying with skulls shattered, faces blown off, flesh and gay clothing all pounded together as if brazed in a mortar, extending for miles, not very thick in any one place, but recurring perpetually for weary hours; and then it is impossible, with the most vivid imagination, to picture the sickening reality of that butchery.' No wonder that Dr. Russell added that he could not imagine anything so trying to the bravest men as to meet death in such a scene as that.

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"These things,' it was once said in a daily paper, however

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fearful, are the necessary accompaniments of warfare; and however much we may deplore them, still, as they come under the category of the inevitable and usual, we do our best to ignore them? What a confession! Thank God they are no longer usual'; we may even question whether they are inevitable.' But in any case we would not have the horrors of war either hidden or for gotten. Enough to sicken the heart of Europe, we pray that they may do so; and thus fill the public mind with a deep and abiding disgust of war, and a loathing at the very thought of what is falsely called military glory' and territorial aggrandisement.' "As these feelings are deepened and nourished, it will be felt that the readiness to resort to arms in times of national misunderstanding, involves a fearful sin against God and humanity; and that nothing short of the sternest necessity, which can only arise when the aggressor gives no choice after every effort has been made to avert the evil, can justify the national decision which sets loose on the earth one of God's 'four sore judgments.'

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"If anything is more heartrending than the actual battle it is the horrors that follow. Two years ago we were in Metz, and found it impossible to believe that there where peace reigned some of the most tragic scenes in the world's history had been enacted within the memory of the living. Is there necessity to alter a single word in this description of what followed the defeat of the French? Has it not been re-enacted on the Greek frontier? When out of reach of shot and shell, the poor people and villagers who had taken shelter in Metz seemed suddenly to realise the entire ruin which had fallen upon them. They began to think of their families and friends, who were all scattered, flying in desperation through the deep woods where the darkness was deepening with the falling night. Such scenes of anguish and misery I never saw before, and hope never to see again. Mothers who had lost their children, seeking for them with frantic cries and gesticulations; tottering men and women stumbling feebly along, laden with some of their poor household goods, silent with the silent grief of age; little children, only half conscious of what all these things meant, tripping along, often leading some cherished household pet, and seeking for some friendly hand to guide them; husbands supporting their wives, carrying their little ones (sometimes two or three) on their shoulders, and encouraging the little family group with brave and tender words. The woods rang with shrieks and lamentations and with prayers. It is impossible to describe in language the sadness and the pathos of that most mournful exodus. If all the world could only catch a glimpse of such a scene, I will venture to say that war would become impossible; that fierce national pride, and Quixotic notions of honour, and the hot ambitions of kings, and emperors, and statesmen, would be for ever curbed by the remembrance of all the pity and the desolation of the spectacle.'

"We need scarcely add to these words of appeal to the nations. We are not now concerned with the original causes of the war, or the much-debated problem whether the Concert of Europe has been actuated by the motives of the peacemaker or those of mere national gain. All we do know is that, whether it was the fault of Turkey or Greece that recourse was had to war, certain it is that both nations have suffered terribly in men killed, in homes desolated, in money wasted. And when this carnage was over the Cretan difficulty was no nearer solution than before the war began; but a long way further off.

"It is, unhappily, one of the drawbacks to International Arbitration that it is slow-paced; and when we take into account the fact that the would-be arbitrator was a concert of nations with widely different ideas of right and wrong, it is small wonder that hostilities should begin before a decision could be arrived at. Only when seeing a battlefield where the after-silence broods over the slain can we understand that any possible sacrifice in the interests of an honourable peace cannot be too great for a nation to make rather than let loose the maddened dogs of war."

The earliest known system of fortification was the stockade. It has been employed, at one time or another, by all nations, but it is still in use in Turkey.

Offa's Dike was a defensive wall built by the Romans against the Welsh. It was an earthen fortification, 113 miles long, and entirely cut off Wales from England.

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Secretary, Peace Society, 47, New Broad Street, E.C.

SIR,-By a letter just received, the Minister of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg informs me that the Emperor, having been graciously pleased to accept the Petition in favour of Arbitration from the Churches of Great Britain, America, and Australia, together with a volume on " International Tribunals," gave order that his Imperial Majesty's thanks be conveyed to you for the above presentation.

It affords me much pleasure to be the medium for carrying out this supreme order, and I have the honour to be,

Sir,

Your obedient servant,

STAAL.

declare, through Your Excellency, that Paraguay, in accordance with the honourable traditions of its international policy, will not fail, as opportunity offers, to use its efforts to have recourse to this becoming and worthy method, in those cases of difference that may occur, by providing on each occasion that in the agreement which may be formed, the principle of Arbitration may be adopted on similar lines to what has been stipulated before now in various treaties made with various nations and in accord with the declarations adopted by the Pan-American Congress, held in Washington in 1890, to which our Delegate adhered in the said Conference."

I communicate, with profound pleasure this Resolution, in order that it may be transmitted to Dr. Darby, and Your Excellency is authorised to forward a copy of the present note if he should desire you to do so. I seize with pleasure the opportunity of renewing to Your Excellency the assurances of my most distinguished consideration.

(Signed) José S. DECOUD. In thus fulfilling the instructions of my Chief I have the pleasure of saluting you and of subscribing myself Yours very obediently and sincerely,

Chesham House, 30th June, 1897.

31, Marloes Road,

Kensington, W., 14th July, 1897.

DEAR SIR, His Excellency Monsieur Scontondis, Minister of Foreign Affairs, has directed me to express to the Peace Society the warmest thanks of His Majesty the King of Greece for the sympathetic address which you sent me for transmission in the month of May last.

His Majesty was much touched at the Churches of Great Britain, America, Australia, &c., joining in so fervent an expression of goodwill, and desires to express his warmest thanks to all those who signed the address. I have the honour to be,

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Secretary of the Peace Society, London.

MY DEAR SIR,-I have received from Asuncion a note from His Excellency the Minister for Foreign Affairs, dated 26th May, with instructions to transmit to you its contents as follows:

"I had the honour of receiving at my office, on the 6th April last, both the Petition and the book which Dr. Evans Darby, Secretary of the Peace Society of London, delivered to Your Excellency, and which I hastened to place in the hands of the President of the Republic, in conformity with the wishes expressed by him.

"The President, General Don Juan B. Eguzquiza, has received with special satisfaction that notable document, which advocates the advantage of the principle of Arbitration, and through Your Excellency he cordially felicitates Dr. Darby and the great dignitaries of the Churches of America, Great Britain, and Australia, on the noble and philanthropic initiative, whose definitive triumph would not only involve the peace and happiness of the human family but would mark a happy period in the history of the civilised nations of the world.

"The Governor of the Republic, receiving with the most sincere respect an idea so fraternal, directed to suppressing the bloody and disastrous wars among the peoples, and to implant the reign of Right and Justice by means of the peaceful solution of differences which arise between nations, has charged me to

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The Rev. J. J. Ellis reports: Meetings seem to be entirely suspended for the summer, excepting those of a social and convivial character held in gardens and parks, more or less distant from the city. He attends the Conferences, he says, that he may not be, as the bulk of the dead, forgotten.

He has attended Conferences at Hednesford (June 14th), Acock's Green (15th), Oaken Gates (18th), Leamington (29th), Northfield (July 6th).

June 11th Mr. Ellis attended a service at the Park Road Congregational Church, Aston, Birmingham, when the Rev. F. Moore preached on "The Danite Invasion of Laish and its Lessons."

June 20th Mr. Ellis preached at the Primitive Methodist Chapel, Sparkhill, Birmingham, on "The Record Reign-the Victorian Wars."

And at Yates Street, Baptist Chapel, Aston, in the evening on the same topic.

June 24th Mr. Ellis gave an address at the Annual Breakfast Experiences." of the No. 10 Class Carr's Lane Chapel on "Some Personal

July 4th he preached at the Wycliffe Baptist Chapel, Birmingham, on "Carnal and Spiritual Weapons."

DEATH OF MR. THOMAS GILL.

Our readers will regret to hear of the great loss sustained by our friend Mr. John Gill through the death of his son, Mr. Thomas Gill, which took place at his residence, Roseleigh, Penryn, on Thursday, July 1st, after a lingering illness of ten months. Ile was taken into partnership with his father about thirty-five years ago, and his integrity and uprightness, combined with superior business capacity, contributed to the continuance of the success of the business, which was established above thirty years before.

The difference between a fort and a fortress lies in the fact that the former is designed to contain solely the garrison and their munitions, while the latter is often a city containing a large number of non-combatants.

THE HERALD

AND

OF PEACE

-ASTOR, LENOX AND
TILDEN FOUNDATIONS.

INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION.

"Put up thy sword into his place for all they who take the sword shall perish with the sword."-MATT. xxvi. 52. They shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning-hooks: nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war any more."-ISAIAH ii. 4.

No. 577.

NEW SERIES.

SEPTEMBER 1ST, 1897.

[PRICE 1d.

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ARBITRATION BETWEEN BRITAIN AND BELGIUM.

The question of Mr. Ben Tillett's expulsion from Belgium is to be submitted to Arbitration. The Belgian Minister of Foreign Affairs has brought in a Bill for authority to accept Lord Salisbury's proposal to settle the dispute by Arbitration. The Bill briefly sets forth the circumstances of Mr. Tillett's expulsion from Antwerp, and the reasons for refusing reparation. Its appearance in the Chamber was a mere formality as required under Article 68 of the Constitution, and was treated as such, inasmuch as there was not a quorum present to discuss it. Negotiations for the composition of the tribunal are, however, already well advanced, and the matter would have been closed long ere this but for the Eastern complications.

THE ANGLO-VENEZUELA TREATY.

The text of the Arbitration Treaty between Britain and Venezuela, in respect of the boundary dispute, has now been printed and circulated. The main lines of the Treaty have already been made public, but among the rules which are drawn up for the guidance of the Arbitrators there are three of considerable importance. The first lays down the doctrine that adverse holding or prescription for fifty years shall make a good title, and constitutes the political control of a district an adverse holding within the rule. The second provides that the Arbitrator may recognise and give effect to any rights and claims which may be valid according to International Law and which do not controvert the first rule. The third is that, in determining the boundary, effect shall be given to the rights accruing from occu

two rules will prevent great injustice being done to settlers, although they will not protect them from a change of Government, while the first should considerably assist the British case. A perusal of this Treaty leads one to ask why it could not have been arranged long ago, without so much fuss and trouble.

The meetings of the Universal Peace Congress in Hamburg, from August 12-16th, have been very successful. Their tone was unusually good, and the speak-pation either in International Law or equity. The last ing was sometimes, especially at the more public and social gatherings, of a very high order. Quite a feature of the proceedings was the great public meeting on the evening of the 12th, at which more than 3,000 persons were present; and as the result of which 150 members were added to the Hamburg Peace Society. The arrangements for the Congress relatively to those of the Conference at Brussels were unfortunate. It is a pity that the two should practically clash with each other.

MANICALAND DELIMITATION.

The British Government has asked the Portuguese Government to agree to the postponement until next year of the delimitation on the spot of the Manica frontier, as determined by the award of Signor Vigliani, K.C.M.G., the arbitrator.

BRITAIN AND THE TRANSVAAL.

Mr. Chamberlain's statement in Parliament that Arbitration on the Convention with the Transvaal was out of the question, has been discussed in the Volksraad, and strong opinions were expressed as to its absurdity. At the same time President Kruger, while admitting the obligation, and declaring the intention of the Transvaal Government to maintain the Convention of 1884 in its entirety, denied that England possessed any suzerainty over the Transvaal.

THE QUEEN AND PRESIDENT STEYN. President Steyn has received an autograph letter from the Queen, tendering her hearty thanks for his cordial congratulations, in connection with the Jubilee, offered in the name of the people of the Orange Free State. "We trust," says her Majesty, "that through mutual co-operation the peace and prosperity of South Africa will continue to increase." General Goodenough, who is going, via the Orange Free State, to Natal on a tour of inspection, has been cordially received at Bloemfontein by President Steyn. The general and his staff will be entertained at the cost of the State.

PAX BRITANNICA.

England is again busy with those "little wars" which prove so costly, and yet so unprofitable. In Mashonaland the last embers of rebellion (so-called) are being crushed out. A punitive expedition to Tochi has been employed in destroying the villages in the district which made an attack upon a frontier force a few weeks ago. The sudden rising in the Swat Valley has come as an unpleasant reminder that the North-West frontier of India is in an inflammable condition. The Swat Valley lies on the road to Chitral, which is one of our latest unrighteous acquisitions, the communications with which remote district it controls. Still later, the general rising of the Afridis in the same neighbourhood occasions grave anxiety, especially as it has been accompanied by what seems a serious reverse of arms. Doubtless this will only be temporary, and the usual result will follow. We are once more at work in the Soudan. Abu Hamed has fallen, and we are told that this must involve a "general advance." But why or wherefore, or how far these movements are the fruit of political necessity, and how far in the interests of financiers, or in the supposed interests of humanity, or in those of the British Empire, it is not easy for those outside the secret councils of the Government to determine.

REFERENCES IN THE QUEEN'S SPEECH.

"I am grateful to you for the liberal provision to which you have assented for increasing the maritime forces of my Empire. It has given me great pleasure to sanction the arrangements you have made for enlarging the important harbours of Dover and Gibraltar, and for strengthening the military defences of the Empire. I anticipate that the facilities you have given for the practice of military manoeuvres will conduce to the greater efficiency of the army"; such are among the most important references in the Queen's Speech at the close of the Parliamentary Session. It is all "increasing," "enlarging," "strengthening," "greater efficiency," &c., of the maritime and military forces and defences of the Empire. There is a terrible lack of originality about it all. Could we not, by way of change, hear something about the moral defences of the Empire and about the righteousness which exalts a nation and establishes its throne?

CONQUEST OF THE SOUDAN.

The real conquest of the Soudan is being effected just as fast as the railway across the desert is laid, and the progress of the line is marvellously rapid, the last twenty-two miles having been laid in eighteen days. Our soldiers will do their part in breaking up the Dervish armies, but the permanent work that will win

the Soudan for Egypt and civilisation is being done by the peaceful workers who toil with pick and shovel. THE EPISCOPAL ENCYCLICAL AND INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION.

The Encyclical Letter from the Archbishops and Bishops attending the recent Lambeth Conference connothing which more tends to promote general employtains the following timely paragraph :-"There is ment and, consequently, genuine comfort among the people than the maintenance of Peace among the nations of mankind. But besides and above all considerations of material comfort stands the value of Peace itself as the great characteristic of the Kingdom of our Lord, the word which heralded His entrance into the world, the title which specially distinguishes Him from all earthly princes. There can be no question that the influence of the Christian Church can do more for this than any other influence that can be named. Without denying that there are just wars and that we cannot prevent their recurrence entirely, yet we are convinced that there are other and better ways of settling the quarrels of nations than by fighting. War is a horrible evil, followed usually by consequences worse than itself. Arbitration in place of war saves the honour of the nations concerned and yet determines the questions at issue with completeness. War brutalises even while it gives opportunity for the finest heroism. Arbitration leaves behind it a generous sense of passions restrained and justice sought for. The Church of Christ can never have any doubt for which of the two modes of determining national quarrels it ought to strive."

RUDYARD KIPLING'S JUBILEE POEM.

This reference in the Times to Mr. Kipling's poem is welcome:"There is a tendency, in these days, to rush into dithyrambic raptures over every great exhibition of national power. It is well that we should be reminded by a poet who, more perhaps than any other living man, has been identified with pride of Empire and with confidence in the destinies of our race, that there is a spiritual as well as a material side to national greatness. The lesson has been taught Milton and Wordsworth, by Burke and Carlyle. We before by some of our noblest men of letters-by all acknowledge its truth, in our hours of serious thought, but, none the less, we need, all of us, the warning words of the seer and the bard-Lest we forget-lest we forget!' The most dangerous and demoralising temper into which a State can fall is one of boastful pride. To be humble in our strength, to avoid the successes of an over-confident vanity, to be as regardful of the rights of others as if we were neither powerful nor wealthy, to shun 'Such boasting as the Gentiles use, Or lesser breeds without the Law,'-these are the conditions upon which our dominion by sea and land is based even more than on fleets and armies. At this moment of Imperial exaltation, Mr. Kipling does well to remind his countrymen that we have something more to do than to build battleships and multiply guns."

PEACE.

President Faure is visiting St. Petersburg, and the air is ringing with jubilations and assurances of Peace and friendship. His visit was anticipated by that of the Emperor of Germany, when Kaiser and Czar vied

with each other in declaring that their great aim was Peace. Most politicians are amused at the want of originality displayed by these potentates. Napoleon III. was the inventor of the phrase "The Empire is Peace," "The Empire is Peace," and very strangely its policy and action were at variance with its motto. It may be so in the present case. When President Faure, in visiting Russia, declares that the Republic is Peace, there is no doubt he means it, but it is Peace as the fruit of a military alliance. The German Emperor, too, was not courting the Czar so ostentatiously for the maintenance of that which requires no maintenance at all. He had other ideas in his mind, and they were probably better understood in France than anywhere else.

ASSASSINATION OF THE SPANISH PREMIER.

The horrible assassination of the Premier of Spain, Señor Canovas, has sent the usual thrill of horror throughout Europe, and already the murderer has paid the penalty of his deed. It was the fruit of Anarchist counsels, and once more an Italian figured as the assassin. The crime is stated to be in retaliation "for the cruel persecution and torture which the dead statesman inflicted on Spaniards who held advanced opinions of any kind." This is from a resolution passed by the executive of the Council of the Social Democratic Federation, which, while holding this view, professes itself strongly opposed to the theories and tactics of the Anarchists. That Spain is a country where liberty of opinion has yet to be born is known to all the world; but liberty will never be born of murder and crime.

BRITISH FOLITICAL ASYLUM.

"Some writers, in the continental Press," is the comment of the Christian, "accuse England of permitting Anarchists to devise plots and manufacture weapons against other Goverments without any checks on their actions. This charge is quite unjustified. The whole Anarchist colony, which centres in Goodge Street, W., is closely and unceasingly watched by Scotland Yard, though with as little publicity as possible. Arrests are made from time to time, and the confederation has been again and again broken up by sudden raids. The Anarchist movement has never been more than "a very sickly plant in this country," and this is mainly because no opportunity is given to its members to pose as the victims of persecution. Just now the leading organ of Anarchist Communism in England has ceased publication owing to lack of funds. There is probably no country in Europe where Anarchism is so moribund, or its advocates so discredited and discouraged.".

WASTE OF WAR,

The stir recently made by the discovery of a leaf from a lost book containing "Sayings of Jesus Christ," emphasises one of the terrible results of war, which is mainly responsible for the "Lost Treasures in Literature," treated of in Professor Walsh's interesting book. The extant classics are but a beggarly remnant of a vast library. Out of 2,000 dramas extant at the time of Aristophanes, only forty are now in existence. Some of the greatest writers of the ancient world are represented by only a few odes or even lines. This is also in a measure true of Christian literature. Extant writers of the early centuries contain abundant references to lost works of importance. The chief instrument of

their destruction has been war. Over 400,000 MSS. perished during the siege of Alexandria by Julius Cæsar. The Saracens in 610 A.D. burnt a second library of 700,000 volumes. There are, doubtless, many treasures still lying among the ruins of ancient cities and among the Mohammedan monasteries of the East, but the vast masses of ancient literature have perished by that organised destruction called war, which cares as little for human genius as for human lives.

AN HISTORICAL OBJECT-LESSON.

An article on the future of the Red Man in the current Forum has a pathetic interest. It is from the pen of Simon Pokagon, the last chief of a band of North American Indians. His charge against the white man's treatment of his forefathers at the time of their

first impact is one that is true of almost all the relations between white and coloured men. He says:

"Having briefly reviewed some of our past history, the fact must be admitted that when the white men first visited our shores we were kind and confiding, standing before them like a block of marble before the sculptor, ready to be shaped into noble manhood. Instead of this, we were often hacked to pieces and destroyed."

What if the white man had risen to his opportunity and done his part in civilising his red brother? This chief believes that Nature had placed no impassable gulf between his countrymen and civilisation.

He thankfully confesses, however, that of late there has been a great and beneficent change of policy on the part of the U.S. Government towards the remnants of native tribes that still remain.

"Where hundreds of thousands of dollars were paid out annually to fight him, like sums are now being paid yearly to educate him in citizenship and self-support; that his children may not grow up a race of savages, to be again fought and again cared for at the expense of the nation. I rejoice in the policy now being pursued. If not perfect, it is certainly on the right trail to success."

As to the future of the race, Simon Pokagon thinks it certain that it will lose its identity by amalgamation with the dominant race. In this way possibly the final result will be enriched, as the British nation has been enriched in vitality and energy by the absorption of subject races; and the red man of the forest, while losing his separate identity, will contribute his share to the making of the man of the future on the American Continent. This civilising policy, in so far as it applies, is an object-lesson for us in our South African dependencies.

THE INTERPARLIAMENTARY CONFERENCE.

The Eighth Interparliamentary Conference opened its sittings in the Chamber of Representatives, Brussels, on Saturday morning, August 7th, when there were members present from Great Britain, France, Austria, Hungary, Germany, Italy, Spain. Denmark, the Netherlands, Roumania, and the United States. Members of the Belgian Parliament were of course in evidence, and Great Britain was represented at the Conference by Messrs. Clark, M'Laren, Stanhope, Hazell, and Woodall, Members of Parliament, and Messrs. Byles, Cremer and Snape, and Dr. Darby,

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