AN INTERNATIONAL CELEBRATION. The Daily Chronicle finds that there is a very general desire for a formal celebration of the great event signified by the signing of the Treaty of General Arbitration between Great Britain and the United States. Any such celebration would, of course, follow the ratification of the Treaty. The New York World proposes that as soon as the Treaty is ratified, Parliament and Congress should appoint a day of international celebration. It is stated that on this side the Atlantic a committee is already being organised. We hope that any celebration will not be sectional, and that a "strictly non-party and non-sectarian," and, if possible, a distinctly international complexion, will be given to any such movement. As to what should be done, several suggestions are made, such as the holding of a thanksgiving service, the presentation of addresses to the statesmen and diplomatists who have conducted the negotiations, and a great public demonstration. The Echo announces that the first celebration in London will probably take the form of a banquet, which many distinguished persons interested in the matter will attend. The Lord Mayor of London urges that such a demonstration might be made a salient feature of the commemoration of the Diamond Jubilee. It is to be hoped, however, that any celebration of what has been rightly described as "the greatest event of the century," and of what Mr. Morley called "a new light on the horizon of the world of civilised man," will not be tacked on to any other celebration, and the greater subordinated to the less. From an American comes the suggestion that, as the American people duly celebrate Independence Day, so the day, when the Arbitration Treaty shall have been ratified, shall be marked and henceforth kept as Re-union Day. It is the worthiest suggestion which has been made. We shall be delighted to see Re-union Day one of the celebrated days in our annals; and its annual observance by the two peoples would do more than anything else to secure the observance of the Treaty and its general acceptance by other nations. Whatever form the observance takes, the Peace Society, which for the major part of a century has worked and waited, will be ready to join in it heartily and gratefully. Already the Secretary has written the following letter to the Chronicle: Sir, The Committee of the Peace Society, at its usual monthly meeting last evening, desired me to express their gratification at the splendid service rendered to the cause of International Arbitration and amity by the Daily Chronicle, and to thank you very heartily for it in the name of the oldest of the Peace and Arbitration Societies. For more than three-quarters of a century this Society has laboured earnestly for the promotion of International Arbitration, especially between the two great sections of the Anglo Saxon family, and for considerably over half a century in conjunction with the American Peace Society, which has also had this steadily in view. It, therefore, welcomes all new allies, and has a special cause for rejoicing in the success which has so far attended our common efforts. Your proposal of a "Peace Day" was considered by our Committee, and they desired me to express their hearty approval of the suggestion, and to offer our co-operation in any way that may be practicable, and to the utmost of our ability. issue to be celebrated by official dinners or popular demonstrations of mere holiday-making. It is a religious event. No mere demonstrations can adequately express the deep and grateful joy with which the Treaty should be received. President Cleveland's letter on the subject was noble alike in sentiment and expression, and Lord Salisbury's dignified and statesmanlike attitude should be most eagerly and thankfully acknowledged by the undivided English people throughout the world." TEXT OF THE ANGLO-VENEZUELAN TREATY. The following is the text of the Treaty which has been agreed upon, between Great Britain and the United States, in regard to the Guiana-Venezuela boundary, which occasioned so much anxiety a year ago. Through General Andrade, Venezuelan Minister at Washington, word has been received that the Venezuelan Government has accepted the Treaty. ofThe last obstacle to signing has been removed by Lord Salisbury, who has consented to a modification of the Agreement entered into between Mr. Olney and Sir Julian Pauncefote so as to make it acceptable to Venezuela. Article 2 of this Agreement has been modified to permit Venczuela to appoint one member, and the United States Supreme Court the other, the remaining two to be appointed, as originally provided, by Judges of the British Supreme Court. THE TREATY. 1. An Arbitral Tribunal shall be immediately appointed to determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana and the Republic of Venezuela. 2. The Tribunal shall consist of two members nominated by the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, and two members nominated by the Judges of the British High Court of Justice, and a fifth selected by the four persons so nominated, or, in the event of their failure to agree within three months from the time of their nomination, selected by the King of Sweden. The person so selected shall be the President of the Tribunal. The persons nominated by the Judges of the Supreme Court of the United States and the British High Court of Justice respectively may be Judges of either of said Courts. 3. The Tribunal shall investigate and ascertain the extent of the territories belonging to, or that might be lawfully claimed by the United Netherlands or by the kingdom of Spain respectively, at the time of the acquisition by Great Britain of the Colony of British Guiana, and shall determine the boundary line between the Colony of British Guiana and the Republic of Venezuela. 4. In deciding the matter submitted, the Arbitrators shall ascertain all facts which they deem necessary to a decision of the controversy, and shall be governed by the following rules, which are agreed upon by the high contracting parties as rules to be taken as applicable to the case, and by such principles of international law not inconsistent therewith as the Arbitrators shall determine to be applicable to the case. The rules that will govern are as follows: 1. Adverse holding or prescription during a period of fifty years shall make good title. The Arbitrators may deem exclusive political control of a district, as well as actual settlement thereof, sufficient to constitute adverse holding or to make title by prescription. 2. The Arbitrators may recognise and give effect to rights and claims resting upon any other ground whatever, valid according to existing international law, and on any principle of international law which the Arbitrators may deem to be applicable to the case, and are not in contravention to the foregoing rules. 3. In determining the boundary line, if the territory of one party be found by the Tribunal to have been in the occupation of the subjects or citizens of the other party, such effect shall be given to such occupation as reason, justice, the principles of international law, and the equities of the case shall, in the opinion of the Tribunal, require THE HERALD OF PEACE. LONDON, FEBRUARY 1ST, 1897. THE ANGLO-AMERICAN TREATY. HE Treaty which, on the 11th January last, was signed by Sir Julian Pauncefote and Mr. Richard Olney, on behalf of Great Britain and the United States, is consistent with, and really the culmination of, Anglo-American practice during the past hundred years. For within eleven years after the Treaty of Peace, in which this country formally recognised the independence of her former colonies-that is, in the year 1794-there was formed what is known as the Jay Treaty between the two countries, which, in its 5, 6, and 7 Articles, provided for three Arbitration Tribunals that duly met and accomplished the tasks entrusted to them. From that time, with the exception of one unfortunate war, when the fighting fever was running high in the whole civilised world, the two countries have uniformly resorted to Arbitration in settling the difficulties which were inevitable to near neighbours, whose frontier line exceeds in length that between any two countries in Europe. All through the century there has been, not only an affinity, but a vital action and reaction, between the two countries, especially in regard to this question of International Peace. This was manifested when, in the years 1814-16, the Peace sentiment sprang up simultaneously and spontaneously in both countries, and crystallised into Peace organisations, which have mutually stimulated each other, and co-operated together, ever since, and whose victory has been consummated in the signing of this Treaty. We put it thus advisedly, for it must not be forgotten that the Treaty is a triumph due solely to public opinion, which for more than three-quarters of a century these organisations have laboured to excite and direct; and due to public opinion, not in the general sense only, but in the specific sense also. As the Milan Secolo justly says: "Lord Salisbury was forced to accept Arbitration by public opinion." It will be within the memory of all that, when the negotiations began, the Premier was by no means enthusiastic in the matter, and the probability is that then, as the Times reminds us, he had no great faith in general Arbitration, nor a strong desire to see it tried. But "the common sense of most" prevailed. Behind the diplomatic proceedings there was the strong popular opinion and feeling of the two countries; and in these countries, at any rate, the popular voice is strong, and the popular will is sovereign. Since they became a nation, the American people have been devoted to Arbitration, and the common sense, indeed, one might say, the sweet reasonableness, of their Anglo-Saxon kinsmen has been no less pronounced. The Treaty has been signed; and we may confidently expect that its ratification, whatever delays may ensue, will follow from the same causes that compelled its creation and completion. The conclusion of the Treaty is none the less a remarkable piece of diplomacy on the part of the two negotiators, whose work was evidently done con amore, and whose share therein will live in history. Turning to the instrument itself, it is impossible to avoid being struck at once by its elaborateness and its simplicity. It makes careful provision for every kind of dispute that could arise, furnishes a last resort in case of difficulty, and renders war almost an impossibility-as impossible as it is practicable to make it by any formal agreement. It is an embodiment of the best teaching of our era; not only that of the wisest Peace advocates, but of international jurists, philosophers and statesmen. Altogether, as President Cleveland has said, it represents "a long step in the right direction, as embodying a practical working plan by which disputes between the two peoples might reach a peaceful adjustment as a matter of course and ordinary routine." In these words Mr. Cleveland touches its real significance. It is a step forward. Hitherto we have had isolated cases of Arbitration and tribunals formed ad hoc, every instance of which has been of value, as illustrating the practicability of the principle, and as adding something to precedent, to authority, and to conviction. This Treaty goes farther, and herein it differs from all Treaties of Arbitration, which have been hitherto concluded; it furnishes a working plan that will create a custom, and foster a habit, which will gradually become a settled order of things. It is hardly realised how much of the present social order of the world which has superseded the old feudal state of private war, is "a matter of course and ordinary routine;" and how much the universal submission to legal processes and authority is more a matter of habit and of deliberate judgment than of mere physical compulsion. We have had occasion to point out frequently, that the process by which society has advanced from feudal conditions, in which private war was paramount, to the present state of social order and government by law, is being repeated as regards public war. This Treaty marks a second stage in that development. It is a fresh departure. It is not the end but only a beginning. It is, indeed, a long stride in the right direction, that of adjusting international disputes by peaceful means and of the more complete reign of law in international affairs. The Treaty is an experiment. All advances are, of necessity, experimental; and this is no exception. It is an experiment, in the practice of Arbitration, and in the highest realm of international ethics; and it is one which, says the Graphic, if it prove successful, "will do a great deal towards stimulating other nations to activity in the same direction." It is, perhaps, too much to expect that the example will be followed immediately, although reports are current that its contagion is being even now felt, and responded to; and it will be remembered that France, a year ago, took emphatic and unanimous action in the same direction. But to doubt for a moment, that, in the words of the Queen's speech," this arrangement may have a further value in commending to other Powers the consideration of a principle by which the danger of war may be notably abated," is to assume that intelligence, prudence, and the ethical faculty, are confined to the Anglo-Saxon race, or that the other Powers are less regardful of their true interests and the danger of war-an assumption that cannot be entertained for a moment. The Brazilian Legislature has passed a bill providing for the payment of an indemnity, to the amount of 1,000,000 lira, for injury done to the life and property of Italians in Brazil. This constitutes, therefore, the termination of all the differences which at one moment appeared to be on the eve of bringing about a war between Italy and Brazil, and which it was later proposed to refer to President Cleveland for Arbitration. YEAR BOOK OF THE DUTCH PEACE SOCIETY. The "Annual" of the Dutch Society has, for the four-andtwentieth year, been published at the Hague. The book has been prepared with its usual fulness and excellence. It contains the annual report of the Society, together with other notes of its work, a review of the year 1896, a translation of the Arbitration Alliance's petition to Governments, an excellent account of the Buda-Pesth Congress, by Dr. Baart de la Faille, and much interesting matter beside. have issued it for a number of years. The publishers are Belinfante Bros., who The Federal Council of the Swiss Confederation has given its award in its Arbitration between France and Venezuela. This was respecting a claim against the Government of the latter preferred by M. Fabiani, a French subject, on the ground of a denial of justice by the Venezuelan courts. The indemnity given to France by the award was 4,300,000 fr. (£172,000), instead of 46,000,000 fr. (£1,8 10,000), as demanded. 195 PROGRESS IN GERMANY. A new Peace Society has been recently formed at Würtemberg; another at Sindelfingen, under the presidency of Mr. Dorner, with about 91 members; a third at Böblingen, under the presidency of Mr. Rau; and still another is in course of formation at Schorndorf. Mr. Richard Reuter, of Naumberg, lectured a short time ago at Nordhausen, and the formation of an association has followed from his lecture. A new Society, the "Ethische Bund" (Ethical Alliance), has in its constitution declared its adherence to the moral principles which inspire the Peace Societies in their propaganda against war. In the Reichstag, on the 4th December last, M. Galler supported a petition from the German Peace Society, praying the Reichstag to combine with other Governments in organising a permanent Arbitration tribunal. The Assembly decided to transmit the petition to the Chancellor. NEWS FROM FRANCE. Our Agent, M. Vasseur, writes cheerily concerning his manifold labours, and especially his work in the Press. A French Peace Bureau has been formed in Paris, as a succursal of the Berne Bureau, to represent and unite the French Peace Societies by a central organisation. The Friends of Peace in the Puy de Dome, under the presidency of M. Pardoux, has been carrying on an active and vigorous propaganda. The General Council of the department of the Seine, at a meeting last November, expressed by vote its opinion that the French Government should take the initiative in forming a European Congress, with the object of securing a mutual and progressive disarmament. The French Arbitration Society (10, Rue Pasquier, Paris) has offered a prize of a thousand francs for the best historical manual. FROM ITALY. The Lombard Peace Union, at Milan, has recently received numerous adhesions, notably that of Prince Scipio Borghese, who has sent it 550 lira (francs), besides other gifts from his wife, ported the work of the Society. The Peace Society at Turin is together with an encouraging letter, in which he warmly supcontinuing its active propaganda on behalf of the Armenians. It is proposed to organise at Turin a committee of women to promote the cause of Peace. The "Secolo" of Milan and the "Scaramuccia of Florence have published eloquent articles in favour of Peace; and Messrs. Moneta and Giretti have held successful meetings at Torre Pellice, in the Canton of Vaud. MR. GLADSTONE ON THE ITALIAN PEACE. Dr. Ciurino, of Rome, has received the following letter from Mr. Gladstone :- "Hawarden Castle, Dec. 30th, 1896. "Dear Dr. Ciurino,-In reply to your letter, I ought to say that pleasure, and as an event which highly honours the prudence and I view the Peace between Italy and Abyssinia with unbounded wisdom of the Italian Government. "W. E. GLADSTONE." SIGNOR E. T. MONETA ON THE TREATY. Signor Moneta concludes a very able article in the Secolo on the Anglo-American Treaty, wherein he traces all the steps by which it has been accomplished, in the following words :"Here, then, is a great victory due to public opinion in the conclusion of the Anglo-American Treaty. The Peace Societies of England and those of the United States, which have had the principal part in it, ought to feel the highest satisfaction with their work, and, turning to all the other societies of Europe, they are able to say to them, 'We have opened the way, now it is for you to follow it up.' TEXT OF THE ANGLO-AMERICAN TREATY. (From the "Daily Chronicle” of January 12th.) The General Arbitration Treaty was signed yesterday in Washington by Mr. Olney, Secretary of State, and Sir Julian Pauncefote, the British Ambassador. We have the greatest satisfaction of being, we believe, the only newspaper in the world to present its readers with the contents of this momentous and epochmaking document. PREAMBLE. The Treaty states in the preamble the desire of the Governments of Great Britain and the United States of consolidating the relations of amity so happily existing, and of consecrating by treaty the principle of International Arbitration. They have therefore concluded a Treaty of which the following is the text: ART. 1.-The high contracting parties agree to submit to Arbitration, in accordance with the provisions and subject to the limitations of the Treaty, all questions in difference between them which may fail to adjust themselves by diplomatic negotiations. ART. 2.-All pecuniary claims or groups of pecuniary claims which do not in the aggregate exceed £100,000 in amount, and which do not involve the determination of territorial claims, shall be dealt with and decided by an Arbitral Tribunal constituted as provided in the next following article. In this Article, and in Article 4, the words "groups of pecuniary claims" mean pecuniary claims by one or more persons arising out of the same transactions or involving the same issues of law and of fact. ART. 3.-Each of the high contracting parties shall nominate one arbitrator, who shall be a jurist of repute, and the two arbitrators so nominated shall within two months of the date of nomination select an umpire. In case they shall fail to do so within a limit of time, the umpire shall be appointed by agreement between the members for the time being of the Supreme Court of the United States, and the members for the time being of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council of Great Britain, each nominating body acting by a majority. In case they fail to agree upon an umpire within three months of the date of the application being made to them in that behalf by the high comtracting parties, or either of them, the umpire shall be selected in the manner provided for in Article 10. The person so selected shall be President of the tribunal, and the award of the majority of the members shall be final. ART. 4.-All pecuniary claims or groups of pecuniary claims which shall exceed £100,000 in amount, and all other matters in difference in respect of which either of the high contracting parties shall have rights against the other under treaty or otherwise, provided such matters in difference do not involve the determination of territorial claims, shall be dealt with and decided by an Arbitral Tribunal constituted as provided in the next following Article. ART. 5.-Any subject of Arbitration described in Article 4 shall be submitted to the tribunal provided for by Article 3, the award of which tribunal, if unanimous, shall be final; if not unanimous either of the contracting parties may within six months from the date of the award demand a review thereof. In such case the matter in controversy shall be submitted to an Arbitral Tribunal consisting of five jurists of repute, no one of whom shall have been a member of the tribunal whose award is to be reviewed, and who shall be selected as follows, viz., two by each of the high contracting parties, and one, to act as umpire by the four thus nominated, and to be chosen within three months after the date of their nomination. In case they fail to choose an umpire within the limit of time mentioned, the umpire shall be appointed by agreement between the nominating bodies designated in Article 3, acting in the manner therein provided. In case they fail to agree upon an umpire within three months. of the date of an application made to them by the high contracting parties or either of them, an umpire shall be selected, as provided for in Article 10. The person so selected shall be President of the tribunal, and the award of the majority of members shall be final. ART. 6.-Any controversy which shall involve the determination of territorial claims shall be submitted to a tribunal composed of six members, three of whom, subject to the provisions of Article 8, shall be judges of the Supreme Court of the United States or Justices of Circuit Courts, to be nominated by the President of the United States; and the other three, subject to the provisions of Article 8, shall be judges of the British Supreme Court of Judicature, or members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, to be nominated by her Britannic Majesty, whose award by a majority of not less than five to one shall be final. In case of the award being made by less than the prescribed majority, the award shall also be final unless either Power shall, within three months after the award has been reported, protest that the same is erroneous, in which case the award shall be of no validity. In the event of the award being made by less than the prescribed majority, and protested against as above provided, or if members of the Arbitral Tribunal shall be equally divided, there shall be no recourse to hostile measures of any description until the mediation of one or more friendly Powers has been invited by one or both of the high contracting parties. ART. 7.-Objections to the jurisdiction of an Arbitral Tribnnal constituted under the Treaty shall not be taken except as provided in this Artlele. If, before the close of the hearing upon the claim submitted to an Arbitral Tribunal constituted under Article 3 or Article 5, either of the high contracting parties shall move such tribunal to decide, and thereupon it shall decide, that the determination of such a claim necessarily involves the decision of a disputed question of principle of grave general importance affecting the national rights of such party as distinguished from private rights, whereof it is merely an international representative, the jurisdiction of such arbitral tribunal over such claim shall cease, and the same shall be dealt with by Arbitration under Article 6. ART. 8.-Where the question involved concerns a particular State or Territory of the United States, the President may appoint a judicial officer of such State or territory to be one of the arbitrators. Where the question involved concerns a British colony or possession, her Majesty may appoint a judicial officer of such colony or possession to be one of the arbitrators. ART. 9.-Territorial claims in the Treaty shall include all claims to territory and all other claims involving questions of servitude, rights of navigation, and of access to fisheries, and all rights and interests necessary to the control and enjoyment of territory claimed by either of the high contracting parties. ART. 10.-If, in any case, the nominating bodies designated in Articles 3 and 5 shall fail to agree upon an umpire, the umpire shall be appointed by his Majesty the King of Sweden and Norway. Either of the high contracting parties may at any time give notice to the other that by reason of material changes in the conditions as existing at the date of the Treaty, it is of opinion that a substitute for his Majesty should be chosen. The substitute may be agreed upon. ART. 11.-In case of the death, &c., of any arbitrator the vacancy shall be filled in the manner provided for in the original appointment. ART. 12.-This Article provides for each Government paying its own counsel and arbitrators, but in the case of an essential matter of difference submitted to arbitration it is the right of one of the parties to receive disavowals of or apologies for acts or defaults of the other, not resulting in substantial pecuniary injury. The Arbitral Tribunal finally disposing of the matter shall direct whether any of the expenses of the successful party shall be borne by the unsuccessful party, and to what extent. ART. 13. The time and place of the meeting of the Arbitral Tribunal and all arrangements for the hearing and all questions of procedure shall be decided by the tribunal itself. This Article also provides for the keeping of a record and employment of agents, &c., and stipulates that the decision of the tribunal shall, if possible, be made within three months from the close of the arguments on both sides, and shall be in writing and dated and signed by the arbitrators who assent to it. ART. 14.-This Treaty shall remain in force for five years from the date it shall come into operation, and, further, until the expiration of twelve months after either of the high contracting parties shall have given notice to the other of its wish to terminate it. ART. 15.-This Treaty shall be ratified by the President of the United States and her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, and the exchange of ratifications shall take place in Washington or London within six months of the date hereof, or earlier if possible. RESOLUTION Adopted by the Committee, January 15th, and forwarded to Lord "The Committee of the Peace Society respectfully congratu late Her Majesty's Government, and the Government of They venture to express the opinion that nothing which has "And they trust that the Treaty which has been so auspiciously MR. FELIX MOSCHELES AND THE 22ND FEBRUARY. The proposal of the Buda-Pesth Peace Congress that the 22nd of February should be observed by the Peace Societies, similarly to last year, as an occasion for reaffirming their principles, was considered by the Committee of the Peace Society at their last meeting, and the following resolution, suggested by Mr. Moscheles for general adoption, was heartily received and endorsed :"We welcome in the Treaty of Arbitration between England and the United States, which has just been signed, one of the most important events in the history of our times; "Whilst we recognise in this consummation the realisation of our immediate aims and of our ardent desires, we look upon it only as a first step towards the establishment of a system which shall submit all differences between nations to the arbitrament of international law; And, encouraged by the signal success which has been obtained through the efforts of those who have so persistently advocated peaceful solutions of international disputes, we to-day re-affirm the principle of Arbitration, and we declare that we will continue to uphold that principle until it is recognised and put into practice from one end of the civilised world to the other." Mr. Moscheles is arranging a Meeting for the afternoon of the 22nd February, at his Studio, 80, Elm Park Road, S. W., in which prominent and representative men will, as last year, take part. All members of Peace Societies, and friends of the movement, are heartily invited. 197 EXTRACTS FROM THE QUEEN'S SPEECH. MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN : friendly character. The appalling masacres which have taken place in Constanti- The action undertaken by His Highness the Khedive of Egypt against the Khalifa, with my approval and assistance, has so far been entirely successful. His forces, supported by my officers and troops, have won back the fertile Province of Dongola to civilisation by operations conducted with remarkable skill, and the way has been opened for a further advance whenever such a step shall be judged to be desirable. My Government have discussed with the United States, acting as the friend of Venezuela, the terms under which the pending questions of disputed frontier between that Republic and my Colony of British Guiana may be equitably submitted to Arbitration. An arrangement has been arrived at with that Government which will, I trust, effect the adjustment of existing controversies without exposing to risk the interests of any colonists who have established rights in the disputed territory. It is with much gratification that I have concluded a Treaty for General Arbitration with the President of the United States, by which I trust that all differences that may arise between us will be peacefully adjusted. I hope that this arrangement may have a further value in commending to other Powers the consideration of a principle by which the danger of war may be notably abated. The rebellion in Matabeleland and Mashonaland has been repressed by the steadfastness and courage of the settlers, reinforced by my troops and by volunteers, both of English and Dutch race, from other parts of South Africa. I deplore the loss of valuable lives which these operations have entailed. GENTLEMEN OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS: The Estimates for the year will be laid before you. While desirous of guarding against undue expenditure, I have felt that the present condition of the world will not permit you to depart from the spirit of prudent foresight in which you have during recent years provided for the defence of my Empire. SIR EDMUND HORNBY. Last November, at Rapallo, Italy, died Sir Edmund G. Hornby who had had a career of great usefulness and interest extending over a large number of years. Long residence in Turkey and in the Far East had given him a deep insight into problems of government. He began his public career as private secretary to his uncle while the latter was British Minister at Lisbon and at Rio de Janeiro. He then laid the foundations of that extensive acquain tance with questions of diplomacy and international jurisprudence which distinguished him through life. His industry brought him early advancement, for in 1853 he was appointed one of the Commissioners to settle outstanding claims between Great Britain and America. Two years later the Foreign Office sent him to Turkey as British Commissioner in relation to the Turkish Loan. At this period Mr. Hornby also acted as judicial assessor at Constantinople and arbitrator in all disputes respecting supplies to the Army in the East. The experience he gained in this way was turned to good account very soon, for at the instance of Lord Clarendon, then Minister for Foreign Affairs, he was selected to organize and administer the Consular Courts of the Levant, and |