surplus copies from all the catalogues. The books to be disposed of are to be arranged by size, and numbered in order, the order numbers to be added to the title-slips, and these latter arranged alphabetically. The volumes then await the next Commission of Library Revision. This body will test a number of the volumes to judge if the selection is suitable and accurate. The books, and also any defective books of which it is desired to rid the library, shall be stamped, to show that they have been discarded. The titles shall have added to them information as to the condition of the books, and the selling price (new or second-hand, as the case may be). These titles thus enlarged are to be printed and the list sent to all the other university and "students'" libraries, with the request that they will state what books they are prepared to acquire at the prices affixed, or, in the last resort, by offering other books in exchange. The eventual disposal of the duplicates, according to the answers sent in, rests with the librarian or, in the case of university libraries, the academical body controlling him. In contested cases the Minister of Public Instruction shall give the final decision.

A new decree of 3rd May 1897 provides for the duplicates of books published since 1850. The public libraries kept up at State expense have for the future to give away their duplicates. To this end an exchange is to be organised on the one hand among these libraries themselves, on the other between them and the libraries of high schools, seminaries, and institutes. These appear

A

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to be also supported by the State, though not public libraries. Municipal and provincial libraries (not, we presume, State supported) are also admitted to the exchange on a basis of reciprocity. Defective copies, or those evidently worthless, are to be thrown away. The exchange is effected among the libraries of the respective provinces of Austria (Galicia, Moravia, &c.) through the medium of a selected library in each province. The authorities draw up a list of participating libraries in each province, and the Minister of Public Instruction puts them in order of merit. The lists of duplicates are collected by the authorities of the central library in each province, and printed or otherwise multiplied by them. The complete list being circulated, each library marks its desiderata, and the order of merit drawn up by the Minister decides as to the assignment when a book is desired by more than one library. At the end of each year the list of duplicates not disposed of is sent to the University Library at Vienna, which, after taking what its own collections require, circulates the list among the provinces generally for further exchange.

Belgium.-Bibliographie de la Belgique. Muquardt: Brussels.

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway.-Nordisk Boghandlertidende. Boghandlerforeningen i København : Copenhagen. [Weekly]

France.-Journal général de l'imprimerie et de la librairie; Bibliographie de la France. Paris. [Weekly.] Germany.-Wöchentliches Verzeichnis der erschienenen und der vorbereiteten Neuigkeiten des deutschen Buchhandels. Hinrichs: Leipzig. [Weekly]

Greece. None.

Hungary. Corvina. Buda - Pest.

monthly.]

[Three times

Holland.-Nederlandsche Bibliographie. M. Nijhoff: The Hague. [Monthly.]

Italy. - Bibliografia Italiana. Biblioteca nazionale centrale di Firenze. Bollettino delle pubblicazioni italiane ricevute per diritto di stampa. 1886, &c. 8vo.

Norway. See Denmark.

Poland.-Przewodnik bibliograficzny. Cracow. 8vo. [Fortnightly.] Portugal.-None.

Roumania.-Bibliografia romana, buletin mensual, &c. Bucharest, 1879, &c. 8vo.

Russia.-Knizny Vyestnik. [Appearing at irregular intervals.]

Spain. Boletin de la libreria. M. Murillo: Madrid. [Monthly.]

Sweden.-See Denmark.

Switzerland.-Bibliographie und literarische Chronik der Schweiz. Bâle. [Monthly.]

Turkey.-Bibliographie ottomane ou notices des livres

turcs, arabes, et persans imprimés à Constantinople. [Published periodically in the Journal Asiatique.]

United States.-Publishers' Weekly. New York. Oriental books in general. Orientalische Bibliographie. Berlin. [Half-yearly.]

CHAPTER III

CATALOGUING

HAVING treated of the location of books in libraries, we are next concerned with the means adopted for recording their existence and making them available to the reading public. The latter end is served to a small extent in every public library by allowing a certain portion of the books to be freely examined on the shelves and removed for use. In the Readingroom of the British Museum some 20,000 books, and in the Salle de Travail of the Bibliothèque Nationale some 12,000, are made available in this way. A movement is being eagerly pushed forward in this country, and already prevails extensively in the United States, to throw open the whole extent of popular libraries to the personal inspection of the reading public. This "Open Access System" is further discussed in Chapter V. Whatever the developments in this direction may be, the librarian and reader alike can never dispense with CATALOGUES. These may be divided into three main categories, according to their functions:

I. The Author-Catalogue, where the books are arrayed in order under their authors' names in alphabetical succession. Books having no authors' name