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made by the defendants to dissolve the injunction. Many affidavits were produced on both sides; those on behalf

diately after the date of the said recited letters patent, as in and by the same, reference being thereunto had, will more fully and at large appear. Now know ye, that in compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Elijah Galloway, do hereby declare that the nature of my said invention consists

First, in an improvement of the steam-engine, whereby I am enabled to obtain a rotatory motion from the alternating action of the axis of a piston, which piston makes about three-fourths of a revolution within the steam cylinder; and,

Secondly, in an improvement on paddle-wheels for propelling vessels, whereby the float-boards or paddles are made to enter and come out of the water in positions the best adapted (as far as experiments have determined the angle) for giving full effect to the power applied.

And in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Elijah Galloway, do hereby describe the manner in which my said invention is to be performed by the following description thereof, reference being had to the drawing hereunto annexed and to the figures and letters marked thereon; that is to say

Description of the Drawing.

In the part marked Drawing A, Fig. 1, is an end view of a steamengine, with my improvement applied; the piston of which performs about three-fourths of a revolution.

Fig. 2, shows a side view of the engine; and

Fig. 3, a cross section of the steam cylinder, showing the piston and the steam passages.

I will here observe that I only represent as much of the steam-engine in the drawing as is necessary for the purpose of explaining how my improvement is to be applied; and no particular description will be necessary of those parts, which are well known to engineers. In all the figures the same letters of reference indicate similar parts of the machinery, and the parts which constitute my improvement are tinted with blue and yellow. a, the crank, fixed on to the shaft, which carries the fly-wheel; b, the connecting rod, which is connected to the crank, a, by the pin, c, and to a lever, d, by the pin, e; which said lever, d, is fixed to the crank pin, g, by which the lever, d, receives its backward and forward motion by the alternating rotative motion of the axis, f, in the lever, d, is a mortice, h, into which mortice a bearing, i, is fitted, on which the lever, d, slides, and which is for the purpose of guiding the lever, d, and thereby causing the end, e, of the connecting-rod to perform the curve shown by the dotted red line. j, is a pin passing through the frame-work of the engine, the point of which enters into and supports the bearing, i, yet allowing it to turn and accommodate itself to the different positions which the lever, d, takes, in being moved by the axis of the piston.

Now it will be evident that if the piston be moved by the steam from m, to n, in the direction of the arrow in figure 3 (which motion is hereafter more particularly described), the end, g, of the lever, d, will be carried round to the position shown by the dotted red lines in figure 1,

of the plaintiffs pointing out the novelty and utility of the invention, and, at the same time, showing the distin

which will be about three-fourths of a circle; and the crank, a, will, by the intervention of the connecting rod, b, have performed the revolution of about half a circle, as indicated by the dotted lines from o, to p; and the momentum obtained in the fly-wheel will carry it somewhat further; and the return stroke of the piston from n, to m, in figure 3, will cause the crank, a, to perform the remainder of the revolution from p, to o.

Although I have described the sliding lever, d, as having a mortice in it, and sliding on the bearing, i, it is evident that the same effect may be produced in various ways, for instance, instead of a mortice there may be a raised tenon formed on the lever, d, and a grooved piece substituted for the bearing, i; or there may be a friction roller in place of the bearing, i, or any other similar mechanical contrivance, my improvement consisting in obtaining a rotatory motion from the axis of a piston in a steam-engine (which piston makes something less than a revolution in the cylinder) by means of a sliding lever, in the manner above described. The manner in which the motion is given to the piston is shown in figure 3. A cock (as shown at figure 5) is placed at x; the steam comes in at w, and passing round the cock and along the passage, z, enters the cylinder at m, and the piston is turned in the direction of the arrow towards n, the position of the cock being changed by the apparatus shown at x, in figure 2, (so that the aperture, o, shown in figure 3, as coinciding with 2, is made to coincide with 1,) the steam is admitted through the passage, v, and enters the cylinder at n, the waste steam in both cases escaping through o, x, y (see figures 3 and 5).

Fig. 4, represents another modification, where the sliding motion and the lever, d, are done away with, and the mechanism, g, k, e, substituted, a crank, (similar to that described as attached to the axis, f, in figures 1 and 2,) connected at g, with the mechanism, being made to perform about three-fourths of a revolution; and a radius, j, k, by vibrating upon the fixed pin at j, together cause the extremity, e, of the mechanism to describe the curve, shown by a dotted red line; which, motion, by means of a connecting rod attached at e, would produce a rotatory movement in the crank, a, in figures 1 and 2.

Having now described that part of my invention which relates to steam-engines, I will proceed to that which relates to paddle-wheels, or machinery for propelling vessels.

Description of that part of the Drawing marked Drawing B.

Fig. 1, represents a section of a paddle-wheel, constructed according to my improvement.

Fig. 2, an end view; and

Fig. 3, shows one of the side framings of the wheel.

The same letters of reference, indicating similar parts, in all the figures.

a, b, c, d, and e, the float-boards or paddles, which are affixed, by straps and screw bolts, or by any other suitable means, to bent stems, marked f, which stems are shown separately in figure 4. g, h, i, j, and k, are connecting rods, attached at one of their ends by pins or bolts, r, to the bent stems, f, of the float-boards; and the other ends of all these

guishing features of novelty claimed by the patentee, when contrasting the invention with those which had be

rods, excepting g, are attached to the disc, a, by pins or bolts, s, as shown in figure 5. The disc, a, is made to revolve on the crank, B. C, is the framing; D, are the radiating arms of the wheel; t, are the axes (which carry the stems of the float-boards, and which connect the two sides of the framing of the wheel), shown separately with their screws and nuts, v, in figure 4; E 1, and E 2, are the naves or bosses, to which the radiating arms are fixed by screw bolts, or by any other suitable means. The crank, B, is represented separately at figure 6; and it will be seen that it is fixed in the outer bearing, F, and is prevented from turning therein by the adjusting screw, x, or by keys, or by both. The outer nave-plate or boss, E 2, figure 2, revolves round the part, y, figure 6, which forms its axis. G, is the shaft which communicates rotatory motion from the engine, and which shaft, o, is made fast to the inner nave-plate or boss, E 1, figure 2; and thus the wheel is made to revolve independent of the crank, the part, z, being merely a bearing, and not a fixture.

Now it will be evident from the above description that, on turning the wheel in the direction of the arrow, figure 1, the paddle or float-board, d, will be carried forward to nearly the position of e. It will be seen that the lever, g, is made fast to the disc, A, and does not turn on a pin, as is the case with the others; consequently, the advancing of d, to the position of e, will turn the disc, a, and with it the other levers, h, i, j, and k, which, together with the revolving of the wheel, will cause each of the paddles or float-boards successively to take the position shown by d, and all the other positions shown in the drawing. It is only necessary further to add, that the improvement in the steam-engine is applicable to engines for driving machinery on land and for raising water, as well as for marine purposes, and that the improvement in the paddlewheel may be applied to undershot water-wheels, as well as for propelling vessels.

Now whereas I claim as my invention,

First, as regards my improvement in steam-engines, the obtaining of a rotatory motion from an alternate motion of the piston by means of the lever, d, the mortice, h, and the pin or bearing, i, or by means of the mechanism or combination of levers shown at figure 4; and,

Secondly, as regards my improvements on machinery for propelling vessels, the mode hereinbefore described of giving the required angle to the paddles by means of the rods, g, h, i, j, and k. The bent stems, marked f, the disc, A, and the crank, B, and such my improvements, being, to the best of my knowledge and belief, entirely new, and never before used within that part of His said Majesty's United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland called England, his said dominion of Wales, or Town of Berwick-upon-Tweed, nor in any of his said Majesty's colonies or plantations abroad, I do hereby declare this to be my specification of the same, and that I do verily believe that this my said specification doth comply in all respects fully, and without reserve or disguise, with the proviso in the said hereinbefore in part recited letters patent contained, wherefore I do hereby claim to maintain exclusive right and privilege to my said invention.-In witness, &c. ELIJAH GALLOWAY.

fore been published by R. Buchanan, by J. Oldham, and by J. Udney.

The affidavits on the part of the defendants tended to show want of novelty of the invention of the patent, by reason of those previously published. They also endeavoured to show that the wheels of the defendants were not colourably different from the plaintiffs', but were materially improved, and that the plaintiffs' wheels, as specified, would be unsafe in use, by reason of the axle not running through the wheels.

Mr. Knight, Mr. Jucubs, and Mr. G. Richards, were for the plaintiffs, and Mr. Solicitor-General (Rolfe), Mr. David Pollock, and Mr. Parker were for the defendants.

Mr. Solicitor-General stated that this was a motion to dissolve the injunction obtained by the plaintiffs, on the 27th of May last; and then, after briefly explaining the progressive improvements made in paddle-wheels of late years, the Learned Counsel said-The float-boards of common wheels are fixed radially, and produce a great deal of splash in the water, and have none of that motion which is called "feathering." The great object in paddlewheels is to have the machinery so contrived as that the paddles shall enter and leave the water with as little violence as possible. The first improvements that were patented for this object was an invention by a person of the name of Buchanan, in 1813. All subsequent inventions have been merely modifications of Buchanan's principle. This principle is well known among mechanics; it is called an "eccentric movement," namely, by the motion of one wheel to obtain another to move on a different centre. The eccentric movement is acquired by the application of the eccentric movement to paddle-wheels. The paddle-wheel is fixed at a right angle, and the floatboards enter the water nearly perpendicular, without any splash, in the position in which it has the greatest power, being always perpendicular to the horizon. This invention of Buchanan was not found to answer very well, and many other inventions were from time to time made exactly with the same view. Galloway obtains the false centre by having an arm coming down from the true centre: he obtains his false centre precisely in the same way as that which has been described by Buchanan, by radii fixed on a disc which goes round the false centre, having at the ends of it cranks fixed, not communicating, as

in Buchanan's to the paddle-wheel, but in a crooked way, notwithstanding which the principle is exactly the same. Now all the stems in Galloway's wheel, h, i, j, and k, are attached to the disc by means of pins, and are moveable, except one of them, g, which is entirely fixed. The reason for having g, fixed, is, that in turning the great wheel which communicates with the false centre, if it all depended upon the radii connected by pins, there would be a vibratory motion; something is wanted to completely and firmly catch hold; one is therefore fixed, and called the fixed stem. This patent was assigned to the plaintiffs. The wheels made by the plaintiffs, according to the patent, were found not to succeed at all; and shortly afterwards they were obliged completely to alter the form of their wheels. They retained the same principle; but there were two or three difficulties found to be almost insurmountable. One was,

that the moment the elongated paddles on the bent arm came in contact with the rough sea, the wheels were crushed in pieces, because the pin, instead of being in the centre of the float-board, was at the extremity of it; the consequence of which was, that the machinery was very ricketty and unsafe, and it became necessary to brace them together at the top. It was further found that there was no use in the outer crank at all; the motion being communicated not by means of the axis, but by means of the wheel itself, from which braces go across to set the wheel in motion, the axis communicating with the crank, so as to form a false centre. They also found that this wheel was extremely insecure, by reason of the great stress on the float-boards: they, therefore, altered their plan altogether, and instead of having the stems communicating with the bent arms which communicated with the floatboards, they have stems much longer with no bent arms whatever connected with them, and which communicated with the centre instead of the side of the float-boards. The principle of this may be just the same as before, but it is a totally different thing from the float-boards and bent arms originally used. This is necessary to be observed, because it is evident that in many of the affidavits the witnesses speak of Morgan's present wheel, and not the one that was patented. Now the defendants only claim to do that which, in one form or the other, engineers have been in the habit of doing for the last twenty years. The defendants are engineers of the greatest re