Brown sugar $120,000 11,235 209 $177,384 Register's Office, June 8, 1841. T. L. SMITH, Register. Another Anthracite Furnace. The Crane Iron Company have commenced the erection Chronology and Statistics of Tobacco. BY JOEL MUNSELL. The whole world, within the space of about three centuries, have become chewers, smokers and snuffers. The Chinese chews and smokes his opium, the East-Indian his betel, and the European and American their tobacco. Against these practices it is useless to declaim. It was in vain that the Parliament of England discouraged the flagrant delit of smoking; in vain did James I. assure his subjects that the custom was "loathsome to the eye, hateful to the nose, harmful to the brain, dangerous to the lungs and in the black stinking fume thereof, nearest resembling the horrible Stygian smoke of the pit that is bottomless." The strong arm of the law opposed it; the priest and the physician, the moralist and the philanthropist arrayed themselves against it; all to no purpose. Opposition only served to make proselytes, and the custom has spread far and wide under persecution, till over the whole surface of the globe its fumes arise, constantly to the atmosphere, and it is at this moment, perhaps, the most general luxury in existence. In the city of New York alone, the consumption of cigars is computed at ten thousand dollars a day-a sum greater than that which its inhabitants pay for their daily bread; and in the whole country the annual consumption of tobacco is estimated at one hundred million pounds, being seven pounds to every man, woman and child, at an annual cost to the consumer, of twenty millions of dollars! It may be curious to mark by what gradations the use of tobacco has reached this grand crisis. The subject attracted the attention of Prof. Beckmann of Gottingen, about the middle of the last century, who took great pains to ascertain the dates of its introduction into the different countries of Europe, and from whose work some of the following items are gathered. He conjectures that even before the discovery of the fourth quarter of the globe, a sort of tobacco was smoked in Asia; and this opinion was also entertained by the celebrated traveller, M. Pallas, who says that, "Among the Chinese, and among the Mogol tribes who had the most intercourse with them, the custom of smoking is so general, so frequent, and become so indispensable a luxury; the tobacco purse affixed to their belt so necessary an article of dress; the form of the pipes, from which the Dutch seem to have taken the model of their's as original; and, lastly, the preparation of the yellow leaves, which are merely rubbed to pieces and then put into the pipe, so peculiar, that we cannot possibly derive all this by the way of Europe from America, especially as India, where the habit of smoking tobacco is not so general, intervenes between Persia and China." It may be too late now to investigate the subject, even if it should be considered worth the trouble. But there is one more important confirmation of Prof. Beckmann's conjecture to be adduced from Ulloa's Voyage to America, who says: "It is not probable that the Europeans learned the use of tobacco from America; for as it is very ancient in the eastern countries, it is natural to suppose that the knowledge of it came to Europe from those regions by means of the intercourse carried on with them by the commercial states on the Mediterranean Sea. Nowhere, not even in those parts of America where the tobacco grows wild, is the use of it, and that only for smoking, either general, or very frequent." We have nothing, however, authentic, earlier than the following: In 1496, Romanus Paine, a Spanish monk, whom Columbus, on his second departure from America had left in that country, published the first account of tobacco, with which he became acquainted in St. Domingo. He gave it the name of cohoba, cohabba, gioia. In 1519, tobacco is said to have been discovered by the Spaniards near Tobasco, though it is assigned to the next year.* In 1535, the negroes had already habituated themselves to the use of it, and cultivated it on the plantations of their "Cette plante, (tabac,) acre et caustique, trouvee in 1520, pres de Tobasco dans le golfe du Mexique."-Precis sur l'Amerique, p. 116. masters. Europeans likewise already smoked it. We also find from a passage in Cartier's Voyage, that it was used in Canada.* In 1559, tobacco was introduced into Europe from St. Domingo, by a Spanish gentleman named Hernandez de Toledo, who brought a small quantity into Spain and Portugal. In the same year Jean Nicot, envoy from the court of France to Portugal, first transmitted thence to Paris, to Queen Catharine de Medicis, seeds of the tobacco plant; and from this circumstance it acquired the name of Nicotiana. When tobacco began to be used in France, it was called herbe du grand prieure, from the grand prieure of the house of Lorraine, who was then very fond of it. It was also called herbe de St. Croix, after Cardinal Prosper St. Croix, who, on his return from Portugal, where he had been nuncio from the Pope, introduced the custom of using tobacco. It was received at once in France and the Papal States with great enthusiasm, in the form of powder, or snuff; it was sometime after this period, that smoking became popular. In 1565, Conrad Gesner became acquainted with tobacco. At that time several botanists cultivated it in their gardens. The same year Sir John Hawkins carried tobacco from Florida to England, where "all men wondered what it meant." In 1570, they smoked in Holland out of conical tubes composed of palm leaves, plaited together. In 1575, first appeared a figure of the plant in Andre Thevot's Cosmographie. In 1585, the English first saw pipes made of clay among the natives of Virginia, which had just been discovered by Sir Richard Grenville. It appears likewise that the English soon after fabricated the first clay tobacco pipes in Europe. In 1590, Schah Abbas of Persia, prohibited the use of tobacco in his empire; but the practice had become so deeprooted among his subjects, that many of them fled to the mountains, and abandoned everything else to enjoy the luxury of smoking. In the beginning of the seventeenth century they began to cultivate tobacco in the East Indies. In 1604, James I. of England endeavored by means of heavy imposts, to abolish the use of tobacco, which he held to be a noxious weed. In 1610, the smoking of tobacco was known at Constantinople. To render the custom ridiculous, a Turk, who bad been found smoking, was conducted about the streets, with a pipe transfixed through his nose. For a long time after, the Turks purchased tobacco from the English, and that the refuse. It was late before they began to cultivate the plant themselves. In 1615, tobacco began to be sown about Amersfort, in Holland, which afterwards became famous for its cultivation. In 1616, the colonists began to cultivate tobacco in Virginia. It is not known whether the plant was indigenous, or whether it came from a more southern country. It is supposed the seeds were from Tobago. But it seems to have been in use among the Virginia Indians at the time they were visited by the English, and was called by them petun, or petum. Clavigero says, "tobacco is a name taken from the Haitine language." Humboldt also derives it from the same language, and says that the term was used to designate the pipe, or instrument made use of by the natives in smoking the herb, which the Spaniards transferred to the herb itself, and after them, the other nations of the old world. In 1619, James I. wrote his Counterblast to Tobacco, and ordered that no planter in Virginia should cultivate * "There groweth a certain kind of herbe, whereof in summer they make great provision for all the yeere, and only the men use of it; and first they cause it to be dried in the sunne, then weare it about their neckes, wrapped in a little beastes skinne made like a little bagge, with a hollow peece of stone or wood like a pipe; then when they please they make poudre of it, and then put in one of the ends of the said cornet or pipe, and laying a coal of fire upon it, at the other end sucke so long, that they fill their bodies full of smoke, till that it cometh out of their mouth and nostrils, even as out of the tonnell of a chimney." more than one hundred pounds a year. He also prohibited its sale in England or Ireland until the custom should be paid and the royal seal affixed. Twenty thousand pounds were exported this year from Virginia to England, the whole crop of the preceding year. In 1620, ninety young women were sent over from England to America and sold to the planters for tobacco, at one hundred and twenty pounds each. The price at first was one hundred pounds, which gradually increased to one hundred and fifty pounds. King James issued a proclamation restraining the disorderly trade in this obnoxious article. In the same year some English companies introduced the smoking of tobacco into Zittau, in Germany, and Robert Konigsman, a merchant, brought the tobacco plant from England to Strasburg. In 1622, the annual import of tobacco into England from America, for the last seven years, was 142,085 pounds. In 1724, Pope Benedict XIV. revoked the Bull of excommunication published by Innocent, because he had acquired the habit of taking snuff. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny a pound. In 1747, and the two years previous, there were annually exported to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 pounds of tobacco, 7,000,000 of which was consumed in England. The annual revenue was about $4,500,000. In 1753, the King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about $2,500,000. The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, amounted to $6,330,000. In 1759, the duties on tobacco in Denmark, brought in $40,000. In 1770, the Empress of Austria received a revenue from tobacco of $300,000. In 1773, the duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, amount In 1775, the annual export of tobacco from the United States, for the last four years, was one million pounds; for the last thirty years it averaged 40,000,000 pounds, of which 7,000,000 were consumed in Great Britain, and 33,000,000 in the other European countries. In 1624, the Pope published a decree of excommunica-ed to $446,000. tion against all who should take snuff in the church, because then already some Spanish ecclesiastics used it during the celebration of mass. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer isles, and forbade its importation from any other quarter, considering England and Wales "as utterly unfyt in respect of the clymate, to cherish the same for any medicinal use, which is the only good to be approved in yt." In 1631, smoking of tobacco was introduced into Misnia, by some Swedish troops. In 1634, a tribunal, called the chamber of tobacco, was formed at Moscow, which prohibited smoking under pain of having the nose slit; and the Grand Duke defended the entrance of tobacco with the infliction of the knout for the first offence, and death for the second. In 1639, the grand assembly of Virginia passed a law that all tobacco planted in that and the two succeeding years, should be destroyed, except such a proportion to each planter as should make in the whole 120,000 pounds, and that the creditors of the planters should receive 40 pounds for every 100 pounds due them. In 1780, the King of France received from tobacco a revenue of about $7,250,000. In 1782, the annual export of tobacco during the preceding seven years' war of the Revolution, had been 12,378,504 pounds. Of the total seven years' exportation, 33,974,949 pounds were captured by the British. In 1787, the quantity imported into Ireland was 1,877,579; in 1829, 4,124,742 pounds. In 1789, the quantity exported from the United States, together with the two previous years, averaged about 90,000,000 pounds. In 1820, the quantity of tobacco grown in France had doubled in three years, being 32,887,500 pounds. In 1828, the revenue on tobacco in the State of Maryland was $27,275. In 1830, the revenue on tobacco and snuff in Great Bri was nearly $13,000,000. In 1653, smoking began in the canton of Apenzell, in Swit-tain zerland. At first the children ran after those who smoked in the streets. They were likewise cited before the council and punished, and the inn-keepers were ordered to inform against such as should smoke in their houses. In 1661, the police regulation of Berne, in Switzerland, was made, which was divided according to the ten commandments. In it, the prohibition to smoke tobacco, stands under the rubric," thou shalt not commit adultery," and was continued in force until the middle of the last century. In 1669, the crimes of adultery and fornication, were punished in Virginia by a fine of from 500 to 1000 pounds of tobacco. In 1670, and the two following years, smoking of tobacco was punished in the canton of Glaurus, by a fine of one crown Swiss money. In 1676, the whole custom on tobacco from Virginia, collected in England, was $600,000. In the same year two Jews first attempted the cultivation of tobacco in the mar gravate of Brandenburg; but which, however, was not brought to bear till 1681. In 1689, Jacob Francis Vicarius, an Austrian physician, invented the tubes for tobacco pipes, which have capsules containing bits of sponge; however, about the year 1670, already pipes were used having glass globules appended to them, to collect the oily moisture exuding from the tobacco, In 1690, Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who should be guilty of taking snuff or tobacco in the church of St. Peter at Rome. In 1697, great quantities of tobacco already were produced in the palatinate of Hesse. In 1709, the yearly exports of tobacco from America for the last ten years, were 28,858,666 pounds; of which 11,260,659 pounds were annually consumed in Great Britain, and 17,598,007 pounds in the countries of Europe. In 1719, the Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco from an apprehension that it would diminish the growing of corn, In 1834, the value of tobacco used in the United States, was estimated at $16,000,000; of which $9,000,000 were supposed to have been for smoking Spanish cigars; $6,500,000 for smoking American tobacco and chewing; and $500,000 for snuff. In 1838, the annual consumption of tobacco in the United States was estimated at one hundred million pounds, valued at twenty million dollars cost to the consumers, being seven pounds to each individual of the whole population. In 1840, it was ascertained by a committee appointed to procure and report statistical information on the subject, that about one million five hundred thousand persons were engaged in the manufacture and cultivation of tobacco in the United States; one million of whom were in the States of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Allowing the Population of the whole country to be seventeen millions, it will be seen that nearly one-tenth are in some way engaged of the export during that year was nearly $10,000,000. in the cultivation or manufacture of this article. The value [Northern Light. Albany, September, 1841. Effect of Enterprise. The Directors of the Great Western Railroad made a report to the Legislature of Massachusetts last winter, in which they gave encouragement that this stupendous work would be finished to the State line, thirty miles from the Hudson river, during the month of May, 1842. Last Saturday week the work was completed, and for the first time the cars ran direct from Boston to the Hudson river, a distance of about 160 miles! This has been accomplished eight months in advance of the time stipulated, a circumstance without a parallel in the history of railroads, and will cause a saving of about $200,000 to the stockholders.-North American, Steamship Clarion and Anthracite Coals. This packet ship, provided, as our readers are aware, with an auxiliary steam power and the Erricson Propeller, made a trial excursion in the Bay last Saturday, the result of which may be considered of some importance in connexion with the progress of American steam navigation. It has long been urged by grave authorities, that nature has interposed an effectual barrier to prevent the United States from competing with Great Britain in steam navigation, owing to the scarcity and inferior quality of our bituminous coals. The absurdity of this opinion was strikingly illustrated in the trial alluded to. Revolutionary Reminiscence. of Ashford, Connecticut, who died a few weeks since, was Mr. Bagley was a private soldier in Capt. Sawyer's comThe public generally are not aware that the Clarion's boilers have been constructed for burning anthracite coals pany, and Col. Frye's regiment of Massachusetts minute only, and that artificial draught is employed in order to dis- He left Haverhill, on the Merrimack, at 1 o'clock on the men, having enlisted in this regiment, in December 1774.pense with the usual tall and cumbrous smoke-pipe. Hith-19th of April and arrived at Cambridge, at 10 o'clock the erto some difficulty has been experienced in keeping up a sufficient supply of steam in the "Clarion;" but by the addition of a small steam cylinder for working the blower ap plied to the boiler, this difficulty has now been most completely removed, and nothing could be more perfect than the control which the engineer had over the steam during the trial. By simply turning a stop-cock attached to the small cylinder, the quantity and pressure of the steam in the boilers were raised at pleasure. until the evening, of the 16th of June. On that evening, next day. Nothing worthy of notice, he says, transpired Col. Frye's regiment, together with Col. Dodge's of Connecticut, crossed the neck, and went on to Bunker Hill, where the British troops had previously halted on their retreat from Concord, in April. After remaining there about an hour, both regiments proceeded to Breed's Hill. Here they commenced breaking grounds for their entrenchments, between 10 and 11 o'clock at night, working all night so secretly and silently that the Glasgow sloop of war, lying in the river at a short distance, did not discover them. At day from Copp's Hill and from the shipping. The Glasgow soon light they were discovered and a fire was opened upon them hauled up the stream, in order to rake the Neck with her shot, and prevent reinforcements from reaching the hill.— Notwithstanding the shot and shells continued to pour in upon them, the Americans continued to work upon their entrenchments, and but one man was killed by the cannonade. Sentries were stationed to watch the flash from the gun, and on their calling out "shot!" the men would lie down flat upon the ground, and then rise and resume their work. This when the Americans were compelled to leave the spade and continued until the British troops landed at Charlestown, pick-axe, and resort to their guns. and Considering the small quantity of stowage room required by anthracite coals, its cleanliness, powerful heating qualities, and the perfect absence of smoke, we hazard nothing in asserting, after what we witnessed on board the "Clarion," that so far from the United States laboring under any disadvantage respecting coals for steam navigation, we possess, in our inexhaustible stores of anthracite coals, an absolute advantage over our transatlantic neighbors. And in warfare we have an advantage of the most vital importance. at Steamers burning bituminous coal can be "tracked" sea at least seventy miles before their hulls become visible by the dense columns of black smoke pouring out of their pipes, and trailing along the horizon. It is a complete telltale of their whereabouts, which is not the case with those burning anthracite coal, as the latter kind sends forth no smoke. Therefore all steamers like the "Clarion of war. "Kamschatka," are decidedly superior to all others in time And we regret very much that our two new war steamers, the Missouri" and "Mississippi," have been constructed to burn foreign bituminous coals only! We regret very much that the "Board of Construction" had so little foresight. But this en passant. Having had the advantage of conversing with some thorough-bred engineers who were on board the Clarion, we cannot avoid noticing the performance of the propeller during the trial. The speed of the engine being accurately tried, it was found to give 4,700 revolutions to the propeller in running over a space of 14 miles. Now, the propeller being 64 feet in diameter; and its spiral plates being set at an angle of 46 degrees at the circumference, its progressive movement through the water will be precisely 20 feet for each revolution; had therefore the resistance of the water been perfect, the vessel could only have passed over a space of 95,900 feet. But 14 miles is equal to 73,900-thus it will be seen that only 2-9ths was lost by slip on the receding of the watera remarkable fact, considering the large midship section of the "Clarion," compared with the small dimension of the propeller. Respecting the consumption of fuel in the "Clarion," it has now been fully ascertained 320 pounds per hour is the average, which is less than that required by a British steamer of forty horse power.-New York Herald. Oldest Man in New England. Deacon John Whitman was born in Bridgewater, March 25, 1735. and entered upon his one hundred and seventh year last Friday, (March 26th.) His bodily health is good, and he is able to walk out without a cane. His mental faculties have failed him, and he has lost his eye-sight. He has been a temperate man all his life; not having tasted ardent spirits for the last fifty years. The first division of the British troops, on landing, halted till the second had crossed der cover of the fire from Copp's Hill, and from the sloop of the river, when both formed, and advanced up the hill, unwar and the gun boats. As is well known to every reader, the Americans reserved their fire, until the British were within a hundred yards, when they opened so deadly a fire upon them, that they twice repulsed them, and it was not until the third rally that the British succeeded in surrounding the lines, so as to rake the breast work, and compel the Americans to retreat. Fifty years after this memorable battle, Mr. Bagley was present, with Lafayette, and other survivors of the revolution, at the laying of the corner stone of the Monument, and on the 10th of September, 1840, he was there again at the Great Whig Convention, in the full vigor of manhood, and he mental pile.-Newburyport Herald. hopes yet to live to see the top stone laid upon the monu. more than one hundred pounds a year. He also prohibited its sale in England or Ireland until the custom should be paid and the royal seal affixed. Twenty thousand pounds were exported this year from Virginia to England, the whole crop of the preceding year. In 1620, ninety young women were sent over from England to America and sold to the planters for tobacco, at one hundred and twenty pounds each. The price at first was one hundred pounds, which gradually increased to one hundred and fifty pounds. King James issued a proclamation restraining the disorderly trade in this obnoxious article. In the same year some English companies introduced the smoking of tobacco into Zittau, in Germany, and Robert Konigsman, a merchant, brought the tobacco plant from England to Strasburg. In 1622, the annual import of tobacco into England from America, for the last seven years, was 142,085 pounds. In 1624, the Pope published a decree of excommunication against all who should take snuff in the church, because then already some Spanish ecclesiastics used it during the celebration of mass. King James restricted the culture of tobacco to Virginia and the Somer isles, and forbade its importation from any other quarter, considering England and Wales "as utterly unfyt in respect of the cly mate, to cherish the same for any medicinal use, which is the only good to be approved in yt." In 1631, smoking of tobacco was introduced into Misnia, by some Swedish troops. In 1634, a tribunal, called the chamber of tobacco, was formed at Moscow, which prohibited smoking under pain of having the nose slit; and the Grand Duke defended the entrance of tobacco with the infliction of the knout for the first offence, and death for the second. In 1659, the grand assembly of Virginia passed a law that all tobacco planted in that and the two succeeding years, should be destroyed, except such a proportion to each planter as should make in the whole 120,000 pounds, and that the creditors of the planters should receive 40 pounds for every 100 pounds due them. In 1653, smoking began in the canton of Apenzell, in Switzerland. At first the children ran after those who smoked in the streets. They were likewise cited before the council and punished, and the inn-keepers were ordered to inform against such as should smoke in their houses. In 1661, the police regulation of Berne, in Switzerland, was made, which was divided according to the ten commandments. In it, the prohibition to smoke tobacco, stands under the rubric," thou shalt not commit adultery," and was continued in force until the middle of the last century. In 1669, the crimes of adultery and fornication, were punished in Virginia by a fine of from 500 to 1000 pounds of tobacco. In 1670, and the two following years, smoking of tobacco was punished in the canton of Glaurus, by a fine of one crown Swiss money. In 1676, the whole custom on tobacco from Virginia, collected in England, was $600,000. In the same year two Jews first attempted the cultivation of tobacco in the mar gravate of Brandenburg; but which, however, was not brought to bear till 1681. In 1689, Jacob Francis Vicarius, an Austrian physician, invented the tubes for tobacco pipes, which have capsules containing bits of sponge; however, about the year 1670, already pipes were used having glass globules appended to them, to collect the oily moisture exuding from the tobacco. In 1690, Pope Innocent XII. excommunicated all who should be guilty of taking snuff or tobacco in the church of St. Peter at Rome. In 1697, great quantities of tobacco already were produced in the palatinate of Hesse. In 1709, the yearly exports of tobacco from America for the last ten years, were 28,858,666 pounds; of which 11,260,659 pounds were annually consumed in Great Britain, and 17,598,007 pounds in the countries of Europe. In 1719, the Senate of Strasburg prohibited the culture of tobacco from an apprehension that it would diminish the growing of corn, In 1724, Pope Benedict XIV. revoked the Bull of excommunication published by Innocent, because he had acquired the habit of taking snuff. In 1732, tobacco was made a legal tender in Maryland, at one penny a pound. In 1747, and the two years previous, there were annually exported to England from the American colonies, 40,000,000 pounds of tobacco, 7,000,000 of which was consumed in England. The annual revenue was about $4,500,000. In 1753, the King of Portugal farmed out the tobacco trade for about $2,500,000. The revenue of the King of Spain from tobacco, amounted to $6,330,000. In 1759, the duties on tobacco in Denmark, brought in $40,000. In 1770, the Empress of Austria received a revenue from tobacco of $300,000. In 1773, the duties on tobacco in the two Sicilies, amounted to $446,000. In 1775, the annual export of tobacco from the United States, for the last four years, was one million pounds; for the last thirty years it averaged 40,000,000 pounds, of which 7,000,000 were consumed in Great Britain, and 33,000,000 in the other European countries. In 1780, the King of France received from tobacco a revenue of about $7,250,000. In 1782, the annual export of tobacco during the preceding seven years' war of the Revolution, had been 12,378,504 pounds. Of the total seven years' exportation, 33,974,949 pounds were captured by the British. In 1787, the quantity imported into Ireland was 1,877,579; in 1829, 4,124,742 pounds. In 1789, the quantity exported from the United States, together with the two previous years, averaged about 90,000,000 pounds. In 1820, the quantity of tobacco grown in France had doubled in three years, being 32,887,500 pounds. In 1828, the revenue on tobacco in the State of Maryland was $27,275. In 1830, the revenue on tobacco and snuff in Great Britain was nearly $13,000,000. In 1834, the value of tobacco used in the United States, was estimated at $16,000,000; of which $9,000,000 were supposed to have been for smoking Spanish cigars; $6,500,000 for smoking American tobacco and chewing; and $500,000 for snuff. In 1838, the annual consumption of tobacco in the United States was estimated at one hundred million pounds, valued at twenty million dollars cost to the consumers, being seven pounds to each individual of the whole population. In 1840, it was ascertained by a committee appointed to procure and report statistical information on the subject, that about one million five hundred thousand persons were engaged in the manufacture and cultivation of tobacco in the United States; one million of whom were in the States of Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. Allowing the population of the whole country to be seventeen millions, it will be seen that nearly one-tenth are in some way engaged in the cultivation or manufacture of this article. The value of the export during that year was nearly $10,000,000. [Northern Light. Albany, September, 1841. Effect of Enterprise. The Directors of the Great Western Railroad made a report to the Legislature of Massachusetts last winter, in which they gave encouragement that this stupendous work would be finished to the State line, thirty miles from the Hudson river, during the month of May, 1842. Last Saturday week the work was completed, and for the first time the cars ran direct from Boston to the Hudson river, a distance of about 160 miles! This has been accomplished eight months in advance of the time stipulated, a circumstance without a parallel in the history of railroads, and will cause a saving of about $200,000 to the stockholders.-North American, |