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Specification of the Patent granted to EUGENE FRANÇOIS VIDOCQ, of the Gallierie Vivienne, in the Kingdom of France, for Improvements in combining Materials to be employed in the Manufacture of Teatrays, Boxes, Trunks, Table-covers, Oil-cloths, and other Articles to be used in the place of the Materials now employed in such Manufacture.-Sealed November 20, 1845.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c., &c.— My invention consists in the employment, in the manufacture of paper card-board, tea-trays, and the other articles above mentioned, of what are known as shavings, scrapings, cuttings, and parings of leather; and,

Secondly, in combining the same with other materials, as will be hereafter explained.

The scrapings, cuttings, shavings, and parings of leather, are obtained from the tanners, shoemakers, and curriers. The materials, having been thoroughly cleansed by washing, are placed in an ordinary paper engine, and treated precisely in the same manner as rags are treated in the manufacture of paper (excepting that I omit the process of bleaching), until they are brought into a state of pulp. In this state it may be manufactured into fabrics in sheets, which, being dried, are suitable for being made up into tea-trays, boxes, trunks, table-covers, oil-cloths, and other articles, in substitution of the materials before used for such purposes, and the ordinary modes of making such articles are to be resorted to. When it is desired to render the leather hard and compact, to be employed for purposes requiring such hardness, I combine with it, when in a state of pulp, a quantity of the following materials:

Six parts of tan,
Six parts of gluten,
Six parts of resin,
Six parts of alum,
Six parts of blood.

These materials are to be well mixed together, and are combined with each 100 parts of pulp of leather, in the proportion of thirty per cent. of them to every 100 lbs. of pulp. After they have been thoroughly amalgamated with the pulp, it is to be made into sheets, in the

ordinary way of paper-inaking. Having previously brought it into sheets, I apply to the surfaces a coat of glue, and then place them in a heated chamber to be dried; and, when thoroughly dry, the surfaces of the sheets are to be covered with a coating of fish oil, when they will be in a fit state to be used for the manufacture of various articles.

When it is required to make the leather pliable, in order to make it applicable to the manufacture of articles requiring such pliability, I combine with the pulp, as before explained, a certain portion of the following materials :Five parts of residue of cotton or wool,

Five parts of oakum,

Five parts of old waste paper,

Five parts of farina of potatoes,

Five parts of clay,

Five parts of animal excrements,
Five parts of dust of hemp or flax.

These materials are to be well mixed together, and about thirty-five per cent. of them added, for each 100 parts of pulp, to the leather pulp, and the whole mixed together; and the sheets are to be treated as before explained.

Having thus described the nature of my invention, and the manner of performing the same, I would have it understood that I do not confine myself to the precise details, so long as the character of my invention be retained.

But what I claim is,

First, the employment of the scrapings, parings, cuttings, and shavings of leather, reduced to pulp, in the manufactures herein described; and,

Secondly, I claim the combining with the parings, shavings, cuttings, and scrapings of leather, the materials herein described.-In witness, &c.

Enrolled May 20, 1846.

EUGENE FRANÇOIS VIDOCQ.

Specification of the Patent granted to DAVID WILKINSON, of Potters Pury, in the County of Stafford, Gentleman, for Improvements in obtaining Motive Power.-Sealed October 10, 1845.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c., &c.My invention consists of a mode of combining heated air with steam, and causing them, when combined, to act together in moving the piston of an engine, in place of employing steam or air alone for that purpose; and in order that my invention may be fully understood and readily carried into effect, I will proceed to describe the means pursued by me; and, in doing so, I will suppose that I have a high-pressure steam-engine. In order to cause the same to be worked according to my invention, I apply an air-pump of about half the cubic contents of the cylinder of the engine-but I do not confine myself to that size; and, by means of such air-pump, I cause atmospheric air to be forced through tubes or other suitable apparatus externally heated (so that the air may become highly heated), into a steam boiler or generator, or other apparatus, so that the heated air will combine with the steam and go together into the working cylinder of the engine, and be the joint means of working the engine; and although this my invention is more particularly intended when working with high-pressure steam, yet it is also advantageous when working by condensation. And in applying the invention to such last-mentioned class of steamengines, I apply it in the same manner as just described in respect to high-pressure steam-engines.

Having thus described the nature of my invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, I would remark that I am aware that it has been before proposed to cause heated air to pass into a steam-boiler; and for such heated air to act conjointly with steam in working an engine; but in such cases the air was heated, and more or less decomposed, by being passed in contact with the fire by which it was heated, and the air and products of combustion passed together into the boiler.

And I mention this circumstance in order to state that I make no claim to the use of heated air combined with steam, when the same has been brought into contact with the fire that heated it, and then causing it to pass, toge

ther with gases and products of combustion, into the steam-boiler. What I claim is, the forcing of air through pipes or other suitably heated surfaces, and then mixing the same with steam, and causing the steam and heated air conjointly to work an engine, as herein described.—In witness, &c.

Enrolled April 10, 1846.

DAVID WILKINSON.

Specification of the Patent granted to WILTON GEORGE TURNER, of Gateshead, in the County of Durham, Doctor in Philosophy, for an Improved Mode of treating Guano, for the Purpose of obtaining Chemical Compounds therefrom.-Sealed December 24, 1845.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c., &c.My said invention consists in the improved modes of treating guano, hereinafter described, so as to produce oxalic acid therefrom, without rendering it less applicable for the production of certain other chemical compounds, for the manufacture of which it has heretofore been used.

Now the purposes to which guano has hitherto been applied in the manufacture of chemical compounds have been confined to the production of ammonia, and certain compounds of cyanogen. The principal, if not the only source of these substances in the guano, is the uric acid which it contains, and they have been derived from the uric acid either by the destructive distillation of the guano, or by its combustion in fused potash. The object of my improved mode of treating the guano is to obtain oxalic acid from it, previously to its being applied to the production of ammonia and compounds of cyanogen. This I effect by acting on the uric acid of the guano with peroxide of lead or manganese, suspended in water at a boiling temperature, by which means it is well known that it will be decomposed into oxalic acid allantoin and urea. The former of these forms an insoluble compound with the lead or manganese, and is thus separated from the allantoin and urea, and as the two last contain all the nitrogen originally existing in the uric acid, this production of oxalic acid is not attended with any loss of the nitrogen

compounds. And in further compliance with the said proviso, I, the said Wilton George Turner, now proceed to describe my said improved mode of treating guano, or, in other words, the manner in which my said invention is to be performed.

In the first place, I must remark that the guano imported into this country may be divided into two classes: the one containing the products of the urine of birds in a perfect condition; the other, (and this is by far the most common,) characterized by the presence of various products not originally existing in the urine, but arising from after chemical changes. These classes of guano may readily be distinguished by the action of cold water; if the guano belong to the first class, the solution thus formed, like all fresh urine, will have an acid reaction on test paper. Whereas, it will have an alkaline reaction on test paper, if it be of the second class, and I would remark, that this distinction of guano is essential, as the methods of treating each must be slightly modified.

Guano of the first class, which has hitherto been imported only from Bolivia, should first be reduced to powder by grinding or pounding, and steeped and well washed in cold water. This will move the soluble urine salts, consisting of sulphates and muriates of soda and potash, and the superphosphates of lime. These may be recovered by boiling to dryness, and will form valuable manures. The insoluble residue remaining after the washing should now be digested in a strong but cold solution of carbonate of soda or potash. This is to free the guano, as much as possible, from colouring matter. [Note: The albrali of course may be afterwards purified by exposure to a red heat for the purpose of being used again.] The insoluble residue now consists of urate of ammonia and bone earth, and may be at once treated with dilute sulphuric acid, which will liberate the uric acid, and bring it into a fit condition to be acted on by peroxide of lead. The only guide required for the quantity of the acid is that it should remain to the last a little in excess beyond what is required to neutralize the ammonia. I prefer, however, although adding slightly to the expense, the following process; that is to say, to boil the residue in a dilute solution of soda, or its carbonate, by which I obtain a solution of urate of soda; care should be taken that a large excess of soda be not used in this process, although it is equally important to have enough to

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