He con

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HOUSEHOLD ECONOMIES [CHAP. XXI Canary, as well as beer and cider. sidered "strong liquors as good at times and better than physic.” He was no smoker, for in the account-book there is only one entry for tobacco.

That William Penn set himself against superfluities is not surprising not only on account of his views, but from distaste for lavish waste. He had seen the national wealth squandered by the monarch, and the rich and careless about the court, his good sense revolted against extravagance, though he spent his income liberally to support his state as Proprietor, and knew that the only true use of money is to spend it with care, he always held that frugality was only good if liberality was joined with it.

He gave largely in charity, and poor dependants were never forgotten. His cashbook has many entries of gifts to the poor.

CHAPTER XXII

LIFE AT PENNSBURY MANOR

GOVERNOR PENN entertained his Indian subjects very liberally. He gave great feasts, to which they came in such numbers, he had to receive them out of doors, they would be seated in rows in the Poplar Avenue, and food was served to them in abundance, turkeys, venison, and buckwheat cakes, and after the feast, they were invited to dance. Penn sought in every possible way to hold friendly intercourse with them, and to inspire them with confidence in white men. They would visit him in state, decked with feathers and paint, and he would receive them as honoured guests, and always took advantage of such occasions to address them on solemn subjects in the simple manner they could understand. Penn also travelled a great deal about his province, making friends with all classes, rich

He would sit down in the farmhouses and taste the goodwife's beer, or make friends with the children. All classes loved him; Isaac Norris, a rich colonist, writing at that time,

and poor.

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2 C

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THE GOVERNOR'S LADY [CHAP. XXII

records: “The Governor is our pater patriæ, and his worth is no new thing to us. His wife and daughter are well, and his son a lovely babe. Madam Penn is well beloved here, exemplary in her station, of an excellent spirit, and has a great place in the hearts of the people. In short, we love them, and they deserve it.”? Though they came in to Philadelphia pretty often, social and business calls being frequent, what they really preferred was life at Pennsbury. “Let my children be husbandmen and housewives,” Penn wrote; "a country life is what I like best for my

children.” He had a true love of nature, and delighted in his life away from the city, when he could wander at his own free will, and forget for a time at least the cares of a

government Hannah was an admirable helpmeet to him, and looked well to the ways of her household. Her letters to Logan, the private secretary, have been preserved, which prove that the Governor's lady was no proud or haughty dame. She saw to the supplies for her store cupboard, ordered firkins of butter and pounds of wick with which to make her candles. The road into Philadelphia was nearly impassable save for horsemen. Madam Penn and Letitia generally rode pillion, though they had a calash—"a rattling leathern conveniency," but when Hannah paid visits she went in a sedan chair. The Governor rode a