of nouns lents avoid § 11. y. The repetition, in comparisons and other Repetition connexions, of the substantive or its equivalent, or of the and equiva word 'one,' 'ones,' is unnecessary in Latin; e. g. magnae ed. majora sunt vitia quam parvæ urbis; such substantive when referring to two adjectives, &c., generally comes after the second, in the singular if the two ideas are singular and separate, in the plural if they are joined as a plural idea; cf. 16, 15. Cf. § 16 e. 5, 12; 25, 30; 26, 41, 62; 44, 3. Less fre § 12. Substantives are not used so much in Latin as § 12. by us, and must often in translation be (a) taken into the quent use of verb, replaced by (B) adverb, (y) adjective, (8) participle, tives in (e) gerundive, relative or other verbal clauses. In such cases the qualifying adjective will often become an adverb. Cf. (2) 9; (11) 17; (25) 6. a. Facta quae imperavit. Cf. 1, 26; 7, 19; 9, 22. 6 B. Haec saepius dicta, the frequent repetition of these remarks.' Cf. (2) 27; (3) 7; 7, 37. y. Trepidi coeunt, ‘in alarm.' Cf. (4) 3; (6) 3; 7, 9; 8, 9. 8. Pauca locutus, 'after a few words.' Cf. (1) 10; (5) 26; 7, 11; 8, 26. E. Nescis quid possint, quid sit agendum, 'their power,' 'line of action;' quanti esset, emerit, 'value,' 'purchase-money.' Cf. Näg. §§ 36-9. So also the 'site,' 'scene'=qua; 'the question' = -ne, num; ‘the reason for'=cur; 'amount' quantum; 'time'=quum; 'limit,' 'maximum' = quo ne longius, pluris, &c. or quoad with verb. Cf. (6) 2; (12) 15; 23, 8. It should be specially noticed that the English substantive is used for definite times of action without expressing it, where a tense form must therefore be used in Latin: e. g. 'non-payment' may be quod non solvitur, solvebatur &c., ne solvatur &c. in any tense. substan Latin. § 13. Abstract concrete nouns. § 13. In Latin substitute the concrete reality for the replaced by abstract idea; the thing or person (qualified or not) for the quality or characteristic of it; e.g. aperte adulantem nemo non odit, 'open flattery all hate,' and, generally, matter-of-fact phrases for idealisms or mental conceptions: as the top of the mountain,' summus mons; ‘the capture of the city,' capta urbs; 'the rest of the booty,' reliqua præda; 'all of us,' 'three hundred of us,' nos omnes, nos trecenti; 'city of Rome,' urbs Roma; 'Rome,' Romani; 'the hour of nine,' hora nona; sometimes on the contrary we find vox voluptatis, 'the word pleasure,' &c., but rarely; cf. Madvig, §286. Person preferred to thing as subject. cf. §§ 7, 14. Realism of ef. § 13. Substan tival prepo sitions rarer in Latin. cf. § 50. Cf. (2) 10, 23; (4) 12; (5) 3; (6) 11; (7) 53. The nominative case will often have to be changed to avoid making an idea the subject; cf. § 7. Cf. (3) 10; (17) 19; (19) 9; (25) 9. Cf. Näg. §§ 9-19, on the usage of the Species for the Genus. § 14. The same tendency to realism and matter of fact is shown in such direct personification of ideas as aures for 'ear,' oculi the 'eye,' corpus for 'self.' Cf. scribere sua manu, 'to write one's self.' Cf. 2, 11; 15, 12; 17, 13; 26, 53; 52, 10. Write Marcus fertur dixisse, rather than fertur Marcum dixisse, thereby making a person rather than a sentence or idea the subject. Cf. 8, 9; 17, 7; 20, 26. The (English) tendency to the use of substantives appears in prepositional terms: in spite of, tamen, nihilominus; in consequence of, ob, ex, propter; in the midst of, inter; in accordance with, ex, secundum; in return for, pro; on condition that, ita ut; in proportion as, prout; by the side of, propter; as we often use present participles also (e.g. 'owing to,' 'respecting,' 'pending,' 'touching,' 'according to') as prepositions, cf. § 25 B. §§ 15, 16] Pronouns. Articles and §§ 15-17. § 15. a. The so-called indefinite article 'an' (un, ein, § 15. uno) is sometimes expressed by unus in early Latin; pronouns, often by quidam; sometimes by aliquis, or is (a man) an,' quiqui; mostly it is left unexpressed; e.g. inest hominibus vis quaedam ('a power'). Cf. 21, 11; 31, 14, 24. dam, &c. 'one,' B. The English 'one' (except as numeral, cf. 3, 4) Indefinite is rarely unus, but quidam, (is) qui, quis, aliquis, some- 'some.' times alius—alius; in some senses tu, or rather the verb in the 2nd person; and it is often left untranslated as in § 11 y, as also the indefinite 'some;' e. g. is erat qui, 'he was one of those men who;' sunt qui, &c.; Dama ex servis (quidam), 'one of his slaves.' Cf. 3, 16; 9, 24. = ille, &c. or The that (cf. le, la, il, lo, le from ille) is a weak 'The'=hic 7. demonstrative, omitted in Latin where the definiteness is omitted. otherwise expressed; or translated by hic, ille, is, iste, or the relative. Cf. 1, 15, 18; 25, 28; 32, 12. Is for proper § 16. a. Is takes up the subject of a previous sentence $16. where we repeat a proper name (§ 10); often = a, the, name. cf. § 10. "Is'='such.' such as, such. Cf. 1, 7; 9, 21; 29, 27; 31, 26. B. Ille points to a new or different subject; and so Ille. illud generally=tóde (or ékeîvo), that which follows. It is often used also of celebrities of the distant past, of the ancients (esp. in oratory), as hic of the moderns. Cf. 39, 19; 45, 26; 54, 4; 55, 8. Y. With hic, ille means generally the more remote, Hic, ille. i.e. the former, hic the nearer, the last or latter. Hic, in the sense of 'this last,' often takes up the subject of a preceding sentence, like is. Cf. 5, 4; 31, 5, 18. Hic is used frequently in Cicero of Rome-the Roman world, as if 'this that you see before your eyes;' just as we say 'our government,' 'our army.' Cf. Cic. Cat. IV. 4.7; Att. XII. 19. 1; p. Cal. vi. 14, &c.; Näg. § 44. Ista. Cmission of 'that,' &c. S. Iste refers to the second person, as ille to third, and hic (this near me) to the first. E. 'That' is omitted (cf. § 11 y) in sentences like 'them,' 'it,' 'my wish and that of Cicero,' or the substantive is repeated as in 1, 24. So also the personal pronouns 'them,' 'it,' when mere repetitions of an object before expressed; cf. § 9 ẞ, § 10; but not always. § 17. Personal pronouns, when expressed. Idem; ipse. Nemo; quisquam; nul Cf. 13, 14, 19; (15) 10; 21, 17; (36) 13. 17. a. Pronouns in Latin when emphasized or contrasted must be expressed, and then sufficiently represent our additions of 'for my part,' 'on the one hand,' &c. Sometimes quidem, vero, &c. are added. Cf. § 47, Cf. 26, 31; (26) 47; 45, 8, 21. &c. B. Idem will often express our 'all the same,' 'on the other hand,' 'at once,' 'again,' 'very,' &c.; and ipse, our 'very,' 'the fact of,' 'of itself,' with numerals 'exactly:' e.g. hoc ipsum terret, triginta dies erant ipsi, hunc ipsum, tum ipsum. Cf. 21, 10; 30, 3; 32, 7; 34, 15. 7. Nemo and quisquam are substantival, the latter lus; ullus. being used in negative sentences, or questions implying negation. Nullus and ullus are generally used for their genitive and ablative; e.g. nullo cogente; nullius te miseret; nullius avari; nec prohibente ullo (Livy), not quoquam; est ne quisquam? Otherwise nullus and ullus are adjectival and used in the same kind of sentences. Aliquis; quis; quidam, &c. Nemo and quisquam are also used adjectivally with homo, vir, parens, mulier, and other appellatives. 8. aliquis, aliquid, substantival 'at least some' butun defined, may be called definite indefinites. So nonnullus also and nescio quis. quidam, substantival and adjectival, is definite. quivis, adjectival and substantival, quilibet, adjectival, quis, substantival, qui, adjectival, after si, ne, or relatives ; indefinite. = alter repos, other, second, of two, as neuter, uter, uterque; so quisque of many, uterque of two. § 17. e. The suffix que (orig. quei, indefinite ablative from qui) seems to give the force of 'soever,' otherwise given by repetition; as ubiubi ubicunque ubique; utut=utcunque=utique, 'howsoever;' 80 quisquis quicunque=quisque (cf. Tacitus for this usage of quisque), the adjunct being enclitic and indefinite. = = The force then of primus quisque is not ' each first,' but the first whoever he be,' and so all the first;' primo quoque tempore, 'the first opportunity whatever it be;' cf. 13, 6; 26, 53; 43, 16. The usage of quisquis and quicunque for ‘every' is noticeable in phrases such as quidquid progredior, 'at every step;' quidquid increpat, 'at every noise;' cf. Näg. § 36. &c., §§18-24. tives or epi § 18. a. In English, adjectives or participles (or Adjectives, other words) are prefixed to substantives for pure word- Attribu painting, as attributives, or to suggest allusively class, thets, when superfluous. quality, cause, condition, &c. In Latin either omit them or express the cause, condition, &c., separately and directly, by participle, adjective, or verbal clause, placed after the substantive; e.g. 'the disappointed adventurers murmured,' milites elusi fremere. The participle is also omitted in such expressions as 6 a man named Cotta,' Cotta quidam. in Latin. B. Where in English they are artificial or meta- Simplified phorical, simplify. Cf. (9) 18; (15) 2, 8, 11; (16) 23; (25) 15, 18, 20; (42) 2. y. The English participial adjective must be ex- Participial adjectives, pressed by a simple adjective; or treated separately as rarer in a verbal predicate, as above; or expressed by a relative Latin. |