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17. (a) SIEGE OF ROME. Sed ante omnia obsidionis bellique mala fames utrumque exercitum urgebat': Gallos pestilentia etiam; induciae deinde cum Romanis factae, et colloquia permissu imperatorum habita: in quibus cum 33 identidem Galli 5 famem objicerent, eaque necessitate ad deditionem vocarent, dicitur, avertendae ejus opinionis causa, multis locis panis de Capitolio jactatus esse in hostium stationes. Sed jam** neque dissimulari, neque ferri ultra fames poterat. Itaque, exercitus, stationibus vigiliisque fessus, superatis tamen humanis omni10 bus malis, cum famem unam natura vinci non sineret, diem de die prospectans 25, ecquod auxilium ab dictatore appareret; postremo spe quoque jam, non solum cibo, deficiente, et, cum 30 stationes procederent, prope obruentibus' infirmum corpus armis, vel dedi, vel redimi se, quacumque pactione possent, jussit; jactan15 tibus non obscure Gallis, haud magna mercede se adduci posse, ut obsidionem relinquant. Tum senatus" habitus, tribunisque militum' negotium datum, ut paciscerentur. LIVY, v. 48.

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(b) Sarta tecta acriter et cum summa fide exegerunt. Viam e foro boario [et] ad Veneris circa foros publicos, et aedem 20 Matris Magnae in Palatio faciendam 13 locaverunt. Vectigal etiam novum ex salaria annona statuerunt. Sextante sal et Romae et per totam Italiam erat; Romae pretio eodem, pluris in foris et conciliabulis et alio alibi pretio praebendum13 locaverunt. Lustrum conditum serius, quia per provincias dimise25 runt censores, ut civium Romanorum in exercitibus, quantus ubique esset, referretur numerus. Censa cum iis ducenta decem quattuor millia hominum. Condidit lustrum C. Claudius Nero. Ib. xxix. 37.

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18. Inde Vitellius Cremonam flexit et spectato munere Caecinae insistere Bedriacensibus campis ac vestigia recentis victoriae lustrare oculis concupivit 12. foedum atque atrox spectaculum, intra quadragensimum pugnae diem lacera cor5 pora, trunci artus, putres virorum equorumque formae, infecta tabo humus, protritis arboribus ac frugibus dira vastitas. minus inhumana pars viae, quam Cremonenses lauru rosaque constraverant, extructis altaribus caesisque victimis regium in morem: quae11 laeta in praesens mox perniciem ipsis Io fecere. aderat 28 Valens et Caecina, monstrabantque pugnae locos: hinc inrupisse legionum agmen, hinc equites coortos, inde circumfusas 12 auxiliorum manus: iam tribuni praefectique,

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(17.) SIEGE OF PARIS, A.D. 1590. By midsummer, Paris, unquestionably the first city of Europe at that day, was in extremities", and there are few events" in history 13 in which our admiration is more excited' by the power1 of mankind to endure almost preternatural misery, or our indignation more 5 deeply aroused 1 by the cruelty13 with which the sublimest principles" of human nature may be made to serve the purpose of selfish 18 ambition 13 and grovelling 18 superstition, than1 this famous 18 leaguer.

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Rarely have men at any epoch defended their fatherland* 10 against foreign 13 oppression with more heroism than that which was' manifested by the Parisians of 1590 in resisting religious toleration', and in obeying a foreign and priestly despotism" Men, women, and children cheerfully laid down their lives by thousands in order that the papal legate and the 15 king of Spain might trample upon that legitimate sovereign of France who was one day to become the idol of Paris and of the whole kingdom.

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A census taken at the beginning of the siege had 28 showed a population of two hundred thousand souls", with a sufficiency 20 of provisions, it was thought, to last 28 one month. But before the terrible summer was over-so completely had the city been invested the bushel of wheat was worth three hundred and sixty crowns. The flesh of horses, asses, dogs, cats, rats had become rare luxuries. It was estimated that before July twelve 25 thousand human" beings in Paris had died, for want of food, within three months.

MOTLEY.

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(18.) The emperor then inspected the field" of battle : and never was there any that exhibited a more frightful spectacle. Every thing concurred to increase the horrors of it; a lowering sky, a cold rain, a violent wind, habitations in ashes 12; a plain absolutely torn up and covered with fragments and ruins; 5 all round the horizon11 the dark 19 and funereal verdure of the North 13; soldiers roaming among the bodies of the slain; wounds of a most hideous description; noiseless bivouacs; no songs of triumph13, no lively narrations13, but a general and mournful silence. Around the eagles were the officers, and a few soldiers 10 barely sufficient to guard the colours. Their clothes were torn by the violence of the conflict, and stained with blood; yet, notwithstanding all their rags, misery, and destitution, they displayed a lofty carriage", and even, on the appearance" of LIBRAR

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sua quisque facta extollentes, falsa vera aut majora vero' miscebant. volgus quoque militum clamore et gaudio de15 flectere11 via, spatia certaminum recognoscere, aggerem armorum, strues corporum intueri mirari; et erant quos varia sors rerum lacrimaeque et misericordia subiret'. at non Vitellius flexit oculos nec tot milia insepultorum civium exhorruit laetus ultro et tam propinquae sortis ignarus instaura20 bat sacrum dis loci. TAC. Hist. II.

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19. FUNERAL OF GERMANICUS. Interim adventu ejus audito12, intimus quisque amicorum, et plerique militares, ut quique sub Germanico stipendia fecerant, multique etiam ignoti vicinis e municipiis, pars officium in principem rati, plures illos secuti, ruere" ad oppidum Brundisium; quod naviganti13 celerrimum fidissimumque adpulsu erat. Atque ubi primum ex alto visa classis 2, complentur non modo portus et proxima maris, sed moenia ac tecta, quaque longissime prospectari12 poterat, moerentium 25 turba, ac rogitantium 25 inter se, silentione an voce 10 aliqua egredientem 13 exciperent. Neque satis constabat29 quid pro tempore foret; quum classis paulatim successit, non alacri, ut adsolet, remigio, sed cunctis ad tristitiam" compositis. Postquam duobus cum liberis, feralem urnam tenens 25, egressa navi, defixit oculos, idem omnium18 gemitus, neque discerneres proxi15 mos, alienos, virorum foeminarumve planctus, nisi quod comitatum Agrippinae longo moerore fessum, obvii1o et recentes in dolore anteibant'. Miserat duas praetorias cohortes Caesar, addito" ut magistratus Calabriae, Apulique, et Campani, suprema erga memoriam filii sui munera fungerentur. Igitur tribunorum 20 centurionumque humeris cineres portabantur: praecedebant incompta signa, versi fasces; atque ubi colonias transgrederentur, atrata plebes, trabeati equites, pro opibus loci, vestem, odores, aliaque funerum solennia, cremabant....Consules, M. Valerius et M. Aurelius et senatus, ac magna pars populi, viam complevere dis25 jecti, et ut cuique libitum flentes; aberat quippe adulatio, gnaris omnibus laetam 23 Tiberio Germanici mortem male dissimulari.

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Dies, quo reliquiae tumulo Augusti inferebantur 29, modo per silentium vastus, modo ploratibus inquies: plena urbis itinera, conlucentes per campum Martis faces. Illic miles cum armis, 30 sine insignibus magistratus, populus per tribus, concidisse 45 rem publicam, nihil spei reliquum, clamitabant: promptius** apertiusque, quam ut meminisse imperitantium crederes.

TAC. Ann. III.

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the emperor, received him with acclamations" of triumph : 15 these, however, seemed somewhat rare and forced; for in this army, which was at once" capable of discrimination 1o and enthusiasm, each individual could form a correct estimate1 of the position of the whole. The soldiers were amazed to find 28 so many of their enemies killed, such vast numbers wounded, 20 and nevertheless so few prisoners. The latter did not amount in all to eight hundred.

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(19.) THE FUNERAL OF QUEEN MARY, A.D. 1691. The public sorrow was great and general. For Mary's 1 blameless life, her large charities, and her winning manners had conquered the hearts of her people. When the Commons* next met they sate for a time in profound silence. At length 5 it was moved and resolved that an Address" of Condolence should be presented 28 to the King; and then the House broke up without 32 proceeding to other business". The number of sad faces in the street struck every observer". The mourning was more general than even the mourning for Charles the 10 Second had been....

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The funeral was long remembered as the saddest and most august that Westminster had ever seen. While the Queen's remains lay in state at Whitehall, the neighbouring streets were filled every day, from sunrise to sunset, by crowds which 15 made all traffic impossible. The two Houses with their maces followed the hearse, the Lords robed in scarlet and ermine, the Commons in long black mantles. No preceding Sovereign had' ever been attended to the grave by a Parliament: for, till then, the Parliament had always expired with the Sovereign. The 20 whole Magistracy of the City swelled the procession. The banners of England and France, Scotland and Ireland, were' carried 29 by great nobles before the corpse. The pall was borne by the chiefs of the illustrious houses of Howard, Seymour, Grey, and Stanley. On the gorgeous coffin of purple and gold were 25 laid "9 the crown and sceptre of the realm. The day was well suited to such a ceremony. The sky was dark and troubled; and a few ghastly flakes of snow fell on the black plumes of the funeral car... Through the whole ceremony the distant booming of cannon was heard every minute from the batteries of the 30 Tower. The gentle Queen sleeps among her illustrious kindred in the southern aisle of the Chapel of Henry the Seventh.

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MACAULAY.

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20. (a) CHARACTER OF AUGUSTUS. Forma fuit13 eximia et per omnes aetatis gradus venustissima 12; quamquam et omnis lenocinii neglegens et in capite comendo tam incuriosus, ut raptim compluribus simul tonsoribus operam daret, ac modo 5 tonderet modo raderet barbam, eoque ipso tempore aut legeret aliquid aut etiam scriberet. Vultu erat 13 vel in sermone vel tacitus adeo tranquillo serenoque, ut quidam e primoribus Galliarum confessus sit inter suos, eo se inhibitum ac remollitum, quo minus, ut destinarat, in transitu Alpium per simula10 tionem conloquii propius admissus, in praecipitium propelleret. Oculos habuit claros ac1o nitidos, quibus etiam existimari volebat 29 inesse quiddam" divini vigoris, gaudebatque, si quis sibi acrius contuenti13 quasi ad fulgorem solis vultum summitteret; sed in senecta sinistro minus vidit1: dentes raros et exiguos 15 et scabros1; capillum leviter inflexum 19 et subflavum; supercilia coniuncta; mediocres aures; nasum et a summo eminentiorem et ab imo deductiorem "; colorem inter aquilum candidumque ; staturam brevem, (quam tamen Iulius Marathus, libertus et a memoria eius, quinque pedum et dodrantis1 fuisse tradit,) sed 20 quae commoditate et aequitate membrorum occuleretur, ut nonnisi ex comparatione astantis alicuius procerioris intellegi posset.

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(b) IUL. CAESAR. Talia agentem 12 atque meditantem mors praevenit?. De qua prius quam dicam 30, ea quae ad formam et habitum et cultum et mores, nec minus quae ad civilia 25 et bellica ejus studia pertineant non alienum" erit summatim 1o exponere. Fuisse traditur excelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus membris, ore paulo pleniore, nigris" vegetisque oculis, valitudine prospera; nisi quod tempore extremo repente animo linqui atque etiam per somnum exterreri solebat. 30 Armorum et equitandi peritissimus 13, laboris ultra" fidem patiens erat. In agmine nonnumquam equo1, saepius pedibus' anteibat, capite detecto, seu sol" seu imber esset; longissimas vias incredibili celeritate confecit, expeditus, meritoria reda, centena passuum milia in singulos dies; si flumina 30 mora35 rentur13, nando traiciens vel innixus inflatis utribus, ut persaepe nuntios de se praevenerit

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Studium et fides erga clientis ne juveni1 quidem defuerunt". Amicos 10 tanta semper facilitate indulgentiaque tractavit, ut9 Gaio Oppio comitanti se per silvestre iter correptoque subita 40 valitudine, deversoriolo eo, quod unum erat, cesserit et ipse humi ac sub divo cubuerit 30.

SUETONIUS.