5 rent.

11

30

9. (a) JERUSALEM. Urbem' arduam situ opera molesque firmaverant, quis vel plana" satis munirentur. nam duos colles in immensum editos claudebant 29 muri per artem obliqui's aut introrsus sinuati, ut latera obpugnantium ad ictus patesceextrema12 rupis abrupta; et turres, ubi mons iuvisset3 in sexagenos pedes, inter devexa" in centenos vicenos[que] attollebantur, mira specie ac procul intuentibus 13 pares. alia intus moenia, regiae circumiecta, conspicuoque fastigio turris Antonia, in honorem M. Antonii ab Herode appellata. Templum 10 in modum arcis propriique muri, labore et opere ante alios; ipsae porticus, quis templum ambibatur", egregium propugnaculum 11. fons perennis aquae, cavati sub terra montes et piscinae cisternaeque servandis imbribus. TAC. Hist. v. 11.

13

(6) MARCELLUS AT SYRACUSE. Marcellus ut moenia in15 gressus ex superioribus locis" urbem omnium ferme illa tempestate pulcherrimam subiectam oculis" vidit, illacrimasse dicitur partim gaudio tantae perpetratae rei" partim vetusta gloria urbis. Atheniensium classes demersae13 et duo ingentes exercitus cum duobus clarissimis ducibus deleti 13 occurrebant" et tot 20 bella cum Carthaginiensibus tanto cum discrimine gesta, tot tam opulenti tyranni regesque. Ea quum universa occurrerent animo, subiretque cogitatio, iam illa momento horae arsura omnia et ad cineres reditura, priusquam signa Achradinam admoveret, praemittit Syracusanos 15, qui intra praesidia Romana, 25 ut ante dictum est, fuerant, ut alloquio leni impellerent hostes ad dedendam urbem. Livy, xxv. 24.

43

12

10. Postremo promptis 20 iam et aliis seditionis ministris velut contionabundus interrogabat29, cur paucis centurionibus, paucioribus tribunis in modum servorum oboedirent. quando ausuros exposcere remedia, nisi novum et nutantem adhuc 5 principem precibus vel armis adirent? satis per tot annos ignavia peccatum, quod tricena aut quadragena stipendia senes et plerique truncato ex vulneribus corpore tolerent. ne dimissis quidem finem esse militiae, sed apud vexillum tendentes alio vocabulo eosdem labores perferre 28. ac si quis tot 10 casus vita superaverit 29, trahi adhuc diversas in terras, ubi per nomen agrorum uligines paludum vel inculta montium accipiant. enimvero militiam ipsam gravem, infructuosam 12; denis in diem3 assibus animam et corpus aestimari: hinc vestem arma tentoria, hinc saevitiam centurionum et vacationes munerum 15 redimi 28. TAC. Ann. I. 17.

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(9.) TITUS AT JERUSALEM. Jerusalem at this period" was? fortified 29 by three walls, in all those parts where it was not❜ surrounded by abrupt 19 and impassable ravines; there it had but one. The whole circuit of these walls was' guarded 29 with towers, built of the same solid masonry with the rest13 of the 5 walls. These were thirty-five feet broad, and thirty-five high; but above this height 19, were lofty chambers, and above those again upper rooms, and large tanks to receive the rain-water. The fortress Antonia stood alone, on a precipitous rock near ninety feet high, at the north-west corner of the Temple. It 10 was likewise a work of Herod. High above the whole city rose the Temple, uniting 25 the commanding" strength of a citadel with the splendour of a sacred 19 edifice. Looking down 25 upon its marble courts, and on the Temple itself, it was impossible, even for a Roman, not to be struck with wonder, or 15 even for a Stoic, like Titus, not to betray his emotion. Yet this was the city, which in a few months was to lie a heap of undistinguished ruins1; and the solid Temple itself, which seemed built for eternity", not "to have one stone left upon another." Surveying all this, Titus, escorted by a strong 20 guard" of horse, rode slowly round the city; but if thoughts of mercy occasionally entered into a heart, the natural humanity of which seems to have been steeled during the whole course" of the siege, the Jews were sure to expel them again, by some new indication12 of their obstinate ferocity.

25

12

34

28

28

28

45

28

MILMAN.

35

43

66

11

25

(10.) But no sooner was the resolution 12 of the two captains made known, than a feeling" of discontent broke forth among their followers, especially those who were to remain with Pizarro on the island. "What!" they exclaimed 13, were they to be dragged to that obscure 18 spot11 to die31 by hunger? 5 The whole expedition had been a cheat1o and a failure, from beginning to end. The golden countries, so much vaunted, had seemed to fly before them as they advanced 25; and the little gold they had been fortunate enough to glean3 had all been sent back to Panama to entice other fools to follow their 10 example. What had they got in return for all their sufferings 12 The only treasures they could boasts were their bows and arrows, and they were now to be left to die on this 35 dreary island, without 50 so much as a rood of consecrated ground" to lay their bones 45 in 50!" PRESCOTT.

15

25

11. Tunc contractos in principia iussosque dicta cum silentio accipere temporis ac necessitatis monet11. unam in armis salutem, sed ea consilio temperanda manendumque intra vallum, donec expugnandi hostes spe propius succederent; mox 5 undique erumpendum": illa eruptione ad Rhenum perveniri. quod si fugerent, pluris silvas, profundas magis paludes, saevitiam hostium superesse; at victoribus" decus gloriam. quae domi cara", quae in castris honesta, memorat; reticuit de adversis. equos dehinc, orsus a suis, legatorum tribunorumque 10 nulla ambitione fortissimo cuique bellatori tradit, ut hi, mox pedes in hostem invaderent. Haud minus inquies Germanus spe cupidine et diversis ducum sententiis agebat, Arminio12 sinerent13 egredi egressos que rursum per umida et impedita circumvenirent suadente, atrociora" Inguiomero et laeta barbaris, 15 ut vallum armis ambirent: promptam expugnationem, plures captivos, incorruptam praedam fore. igitur orta die proruunt fossas, iniciunt crates, summa valli prensant, raro' et quasi ob metum defixo.

48

41

12

46

20

9

super milite TAC. Ann. I. 67.

Fre

12. At imperitae multitudini' nunc indignatio", nunc pudor pectora versare et ab intestinis avertere" malis: nolle11 inultos hostes, nolle successum non patribus, non consulibus; externa et domestica odia certare" in animis. Tandem superant_ex5 terna; adeo superbe insolenterque hostis eludebat 29. quentes in praetorium conveniunt"; poscunt pugnam, postulant, ut signum" detur. Consules velut deliberabundi capita conferunt, diu colloquuntur. Pugnare cupiebant, sed retro revocanda et abdenda cupiditas erat, ut adversando remorandoque 10 incitato semel militi adderent impetum. Redditur responsum,

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immaturam rem11 agi; nondum tempus" pugnae esse; castris se tenerent13. Ita dimissis, quo minus consules velle credunt, crescit ardor pugnandi. Accendunt' insuper hostes ferocius multo, ut statuisse non pugnare consules cognitum est: quippe 15 impune se insultaturos 13; non credi militi arma; rem" ad ultimum seditionis errupturam, finemque venisse Romano imperio. His freti occursant portis, ingerunt probra; aegre abstinent, quin castra oppugnent. Enimvero non ultra contumeliam pati Romanus posse11; totis castris undique ad consules curritur; 20 non iam sensim, ut ante, per centurionum principes postulant1, sed passim omnes clamoribus agunt 28.

41

LIVY, II. 45.

14

43

(11.) He then summoned11 a council of his officers to consider the plan of operations, or rather to propose to them the extraordinary 18 plan on which he had himself decided. This was to lay an ambuscade for the Inca, and take him prisoner in the face of his whole army! It was a project1 full of 5 peril, bordering", as it might well seem, on desperation. But the circumstances" of the Spaniards were desperate*. Whichever way they turned, they were menaced by the most appalling dangers; and better was it bravely to confront the danger, than weakly to shrink from it, when there was no io avenue" for escape.

To fly was now too late. Whither could they fly? At the first signal of retreat, the whole army of the Inca would be upon them. Their movements would be anticipated by a foe far better acquainted with the intricacies of the sierra than 15 themselves; the passes would be occupied, and they would be hemmed in on all sides; while the mere fact of this retrograde movement12 would diminish the confidence, and with it the effective" strength of his own men, while it doubled that 16 of his enemy. PRESCOTT'S Peru.

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18

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20

(12.) As soon as this was known, the disappointed 18 adventurers 18 exclaimed11 and threatened; the emissaries1 of Cortes, mingling with them, inflamed their rage; the ferment1 became general; the whole camp was almost in open mutiny; all demanding 25 with eagerness 36 to see their commander. Cortes 5 was not slow in appearing; when, with one voice, officers and soldiers expressed their astonishment and disappointment at the orders1 which they had received. It was unworthy, they cried13, of the Castilian courage 1 to be daunted at the first aspect of danger, and infamous to fly before any enemy appeared*. 10 For their parts, they were determined not to relinquish an enterprise', that had hitherto been successful, and which tended so visibly to advance 28 the glory and interest of their country. Happy 20 under his command 13, they would follow him with alacrity through every danger, in quest' of those settlements 15 and treasures which he had so long held out to their view 12; but, if he chose rather to return to Cuba, and tamely give up all his hopes of distinction and opulence to an envious rival18, they would instantly choose another general to conduct them in that path of glory, which he had not spirit to enter13.

N.

36

ROBERTSON.

LIDR

OF TIF

12

UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

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13. (a) TYRE. Urbem a continenti quattuor stadiorum fretum dividit: Africo maxime obiectum crebros ex alto fluctus in litus evolvit. Nec accipiendo operi, quo Macedones continenti insulam iungere parabant, quicquam magis quam ille 5 ventus obstabat. Quippe vix leni et tranquillo mari moles agi 28 possunt: Africus vero prima quaeque congesta, pulsu illiso mari, subruit, nec ulla tam firma moles est, quam non exedant undae, et** per nexus operum manantes et, ubi acrior flatus extitit, summi operis fastigio superfusae". Praeter hanc diffiIO cultatem haud minor alia erat: muros turresque urbis praealtum mare ambiebat": non tormenta nisi e navibus procul excussa mitti, non scalae moenibus applicari poterant: praeceps in salum murus' pedestre interceperat' iter; naves nec habebat "9 rex et, si admovisset 16, pendentes et instabiles missilibus arceri 15 poterant. urbem tamen obsidere statuit; sed ante iacienda moles erat quae continenti urbem committeret.

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(b) Iamque paulum moles aqua eminebat, et simul aggeris latitudo crescebat, urbique admovebatur: quum Tyrii, magnitudine molis, cuius incrementum eos antea fefellerat, 20 conspecta 33, levibus navigiis nondum commissum opus circumire coeperunt, missilibus quoque eos, qui pro opere stabant in

cessere.

10

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30

Inter haec Tyrii navem magnitudine eximia, saxis arenaque a puppi oneratam, ita ut multum prora emineret, bitumine ac 25 sulphure illitam remis concitaverunt, et quum magnum vim venti vela quoque concepissent, celeriter ad molem successit : tum prora eius accensa, remiges desiluere in scaphas, quae ad hoc ipsum" praeparatae sequebantur 29. Navis autem, igne concepto, latius fundere incendium coepit, quod, priusquam posset 30 occurri, turres et cetera opera in capite molis posita comprehendit. At qui1o desiluerant in parva navigia, faces et quicquid alendo igni aptum erat in eadem opera ingerunt. Iamque non modo Macedonum turres, sed etiam summa tabulata conceperant ignem: quum hi, qui in turribus erant, partim haurirentur 35 incendio, partim, armis omissis 25, in mare semet ipsi immitterent. Nec incendio solum opera consumpta, sed forte eodem die vehementior ventus totum ex profundo mare illisit in molem, crebrisque fluctibus compages operis verberatae se laxavere, saxaque interfluens unda medium opus rupit. Prorutis igitur 40 lapidum cumulis, quibus iniecta terra sustinebatur, praeceps in profundum ruit, tantae3 que molis vix ulla vestigia invenit Arabia rediens 25 Alexander. CURTIUS, IV. 3.