the centre, had been regarded as a proof of the action of the medicines upon the calculus, and led to the belief, that where the stone was small it might be wholly dissolved; but it wow appears, that the soft part is not a portion of the original calculus, but a newly-forined substance, in which the uric acid is not deposited in crystals, but mechanically mixed with phosphates, and the animal mucus in the urine. The opinion that calculi in the human bladder have been entirely dissolved has received its principal support from instances having occurred, where the symptoms went entirely away, while the patients were using alkaline medicines, and never afterwards returned. The fallacy of this opinion has been detected, by examining the subjects after death; in one case, the patient was 68, and had been long taking the saline draught, when all symptoms vanished, and the case was published in proof of its efficacy; but when he died, 20 calculi were found in his bladder; and it appeared, that the symptoms went off, ou account of the posterior lobe of the prostate gland having become enlarged (a change which frequently occurs in that period of life), and having formed a barrier between the calculi and the orifice of the bladder, so that they no longer irritated that part, either in making water, or in the different movements of the body, but lay in the lower posterior part of the bladder, without producing any painful effects. Their number, (say's M. Home,) prevented the pressure from be ing great on one part of the intestine, immediately behind the bladder, and their motion on one another rendered their external surface smooth, and probably prevented their increase. In ano ther case of the same kiud, 14 calculi were found, which were similarly situated by means of the same sort of enlargement of the posterior gland. In some cases calculi have been found enelosed in cysts, formed between the fasciculi of the muscular coat of the bladder, so as to be entirely excluded from the general cavity, and therefore had not produced any of the common symptoms of stone. To prove that calculi do sometinies increase, while the patient is using alkaline medicines, the following facts ⚫ are adduced :— A gentleman, having voided a small calculus, persisted in the use of alkaling pedicines, and passed no more calculi; but on his death, at the age of 75, the whole cavity of the bladder was found completely full of soft, light, spongy cal culi, 350 in number. They were analized, and found to consist of uric acid, the phosphates and animal mucus, and differed so much from the calculus voided soon after he began the use of alkalies, that they appear to have been formed after that period. Another person, having taken the alkali three months, finding the symptoms still more violent, submitted to an operation. The calculus, for the thickness of th of an inch, was entirely composed of triple phosphate, in a state of perfect spiculated crystals, so as to present a very rough irritating surface to the internal membrane of the bladder, while the inner parts of the calculus were made up of a mixture of uric acid and phosphates, so that the alkali had prevented the formation of uric acid, but the phosphates were deposited more rapidly than before. A gentleman, in whose urine the urie acid appears in a solid form, immediately after it is voided, has the same appearance in the urine, even when nine drachms of soda dissolved in water, impregnated with carbonic acid, are taken in 24 hours ; so that the alkali does not even counteract the formation of uric acid. SOCIETY OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, &c. Mr. Waistel has obtained the gold medal for his paper on the "Method of ascertaining the value of growing timber trees, at different and distant periods of time." Some account of this method will be deemed of great importance to all growers of timber, to enable them to ascertain the value of timber in all its stages, and to point out to them the most proper and profitable time of felling it. The author was led to the investigation of this subject from being called to value plantations, one of which very much exceeded his estimate. Hence he spared no pains in collecting all the facts connected with the subject, and he finds that the increase in the circumference of trees is generally from about one to two inches annually, and from 12 to 18 inches the annual increase in height, some fall a lit tle short, and sume exceed those measures. Adopting this, as a well-grounded theory, he has constructed a number of tables which may he useful to practical men; for whom we shall give the first and second with explanations, in order that ourisaders may judge how furthe subject is is adapted to their wants. The first table shews, every fourth year, from 12 to 100; the rates per cent. per ann, at which all trees increase, whether they grow fast or slow, provided their rate of growth does not vary. This table may be the means of saving young thriving woods from being cut down, by shewing how great a loss is sustained by felling timber prematurely; and it will point out the small interest which old trees will bring by being kept: it will likewise assist in the valuing of such timber as is not to be cut down, by enabling a person to estimate its present value, especially when it is encreasing after a high rate per cent per ann. The second table shews the rate per cent. to be the same as in the first table, though the annual increase is more both in height and circumference. It must be observed that the whole height of the trees is taken to the top of the leading shoot, and the girt in the middle. If trees increase 12 inches in height, and tin circumference annually, their increase will be as in the following Explanation of the Construction of Tables I. and 11. To render the preceding tables easy to be understood by persons not accustomed to calculations, we shall state the process of the operations in the first line of Table II. The height of the tree at 12 years of age is supposed to be 18 feet to the top of its leading shoot, and 24 inches in circumference at the ground, consequently, at half the height, the circumference is 12 inches; one fourth of this, being three inches, is called the girt. The girt being squared and multiplied into the height, gives one foot one inch and six parts for its contents. At 13 years old, the tree will be 194 feet high, 26 inches in circumference at the ground, and 18 inches at half the height; one-fourth of 13 gives S4 inch for the girt. This squared and multiplied into the height, gives one foot five inches and one part for the contents. Deduct from this the contents of the tree at 12 years of age, and there remains three inches and seven parts, which is the increase in the 13th year. Then reduce the contents of the tree when 12 years old, and the increase in the 13th year, each into parts, dividing the former by the latter, and the quotient will be 3.76; 178 9 4 08 1 5. 404.7 by this number divide 100, and the quatient is 26.5. which is the rate per cent. of increase made in the thirteenth year; consequently, whatever the tree might be worth when 12 years old, it will, at the end of the 13th year, be improved in value after the rate of 261. 10s. per cent, or in other words, that will be the interest it will have paid that year, for the money the tree was worth the preceding year. At every suceeding period, both in this Table and Table I. the like process is gone through. Observations on Tubles I. and II. The preceding tables furnish us with the following useful information, viz. 1st. That all regular growing trees, measured as above, as often as their age is increased one-fourth, contain very nearly double their quantity of timber. 2nd. That when a tree has doubled its age, its contents will be eight-fold. 3d. That when a tree has doubled the age, its annual growth will be increased four-fold. 4th. Consequently, that when a tree has doubled its age, the proportion that its annual increase bears to the contents of the whole tree, is then diminished one-half. REVIEW OF NEW MUSICAL PUBLICATIONS. The Overture, and most admired Songs and Duets, in the Opera of the Circassian Bride, as per formed at the late Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. Composed and arranged for the Piano-forte, or Harp, by H. R. Bishop. Bs. FTER a sedulous perusal of the mu pleased at being authorized by its merits, to employ in its favour, the terms of our warm and unqualified commendation. The melodies are, in most instances, uncommonly select, and particularly appropriate. The expression is faithful to Asic of the Circassian Bride, we are the sentiment of the author, the turns of the passages are marked by grace and novelty, and the general result is, an effect highly interesting and dramatic. It is to be lamented, both on account of the composer's interest, and the public gratification, that this piece was destined to be performed but once; the theatre being destroyed the night after its first representation. A Book of Glees, c. for Thret, Four, and Five Voces, composed and dedicated to Mrs. Joab Bates, by Samuel Webbe, jun. 125. The present publication comprises nine glees, a canon, around, and a catch; and occupies forty-two folio pages. A pleasing play of fancy, aided by a culti vated judgment, and a respectable portion of science, is displayed in various parts of the work, and sets Mr. Webbe's abilities for this species of composition in the most favourable point of view. The combinations are, in general, extremely well adjusted, and the bass is frequently the best that could have been selected; while the points, answered with correctness and effect, contribute to throw over the whole a striking air of mastery and talent. Sonata for the Piano-forte, composed and dedicated to Miss Finlason, by J. Ross, esq. 4s. This Sonata, in which Mr. Ross has introduced some favourite Scottish airs, is written in a free but easy style. The passages, though playful, are not dif ficult of execution, and taste prevails without the desertion of simplicity. In the general construction of the piece, we trace much talent for arrangement, and a considerable knowledge of effect, while the improvement of the finger, as well as the gratification of the ear, has been successfully attended to. A Concerto, by Mozart, adapted as a Sonata for the Pianoforte, by D. Bruguier, and "des dicated to his friend, F. Langas 65. Mr. Bruguier, in his adaptation of this concerto for the piano-forte, has evinced a thorough acquaintance with the particular points of excellence in his author, as well as a perfect knowledge of the character and powers of the instrument for which he intends it. The whole is accompanied with a violin part; and the general effect, is, we think, calculated to ensure the publication an extensive sale. The Blue-ey'd Stranger; a favorite Song, roith an Accompaniment for the Pianoforte. Gempored by W. Slapp 15. This song, the affecting words of which are written by Mr. Currell, is pleasing in its melody, and calculated to impress the bearer with a favourable opinion of the composer's taste and sensibility, while the accompaniment is judiciously arranged, and the bass not ill-chosen. A favourite Duet, for the Pians forte. Composed and dedicated to Miss and Miss Mary Eyre, by J. Jay. 65. This duer, which is comprised in one movement, is simple and easy in its style, and without the ostentation of protound science, or a severe attention to the secrets of elaborate composition, exhibits the taste of the composer in a favourable light, and is productive of a very pleasing effect. We should not do jus tice to Mr. Jay's merits, if we did not recommend this production to the atten tion of juvenile practitioners, for whose use and improvement it seems particu larly adapted. If it be Love" an Ariette, as sung by Mr. Vaughan, at the Vocal Concerts, Hanoversquare. Composed by J. F. Burrowes. 21. We find in this anette indications of an effort, with which the effect, we must in candour observe, does not perfectly correspond. Some of the passages are agreeable in themselves, and tolerably connected, but not so pregnant with meaning as we could wish; nor do we find in the whole that distinguishing feature inherent in original composition. Les Petites Rivales; a Divertimento for two Performers one Piano forte. Composed and dedicated to Miss and Miss Mary Thornbill, by Charles Edward Horn. 2s. 6d. article before us for what we are ready Mr. Horn has evidently designed the to acknowledge it-an agrecable trifle. Though nothing very scientific or artificial presents itself to us, the parts are perfectly in rule, and the effect, if not brilliant, is pleasing. Sixth Divertimento for the Piano forte. Com posed and dedicated to the Right Hon. Lady Diana Herbert, by J. B. Cramer, esq. 51. In this divertimento, Mr. Cranier has introduced a favourite Spanish fandango, serving at once to delight the ear, and relieve the other movements of the cont position. In every page of the publication we trace the talents of this excellent master, and find his genius seconded by his taste and judgment. Ben Soir 2d, Divertissement pour le Pian,fati, awee Accompagnement de Flute (ad libitum). Composé et dedié aux Dames, for T. Latour, esq. Pianiste de Son Altesse Royal Monseig meur le Prince de Gallet. 43. This divertissement is pleasingly ima giued i gined; the passages lie well for the band, and afford an improving exercise for the practioner on the instrument, for which the composition is designed. To her I love, O waft that sigh;" a favourite Canzonet, sung with the greatest applause, by Mr. Magrath, at the Bath Concerts. Composed and insorived to Miss and Miss Ann Heathcote, by J. M. Coombs. If we do not discover any striking marks of genius or original conception in 15. this canzonet, yet the passages are smooth and connected, and the general effect bespeaks both taste and judg ment. The Maid of Erin; a Balled. Composed by The unaffected ease of this little bal lad, aided by the piano-forte accompaniment, which is chiefly in the arpeg gio style, will mot fail to give it currency among the admirers of vocal simplicity." VARIETIES, LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL. Authentic Communications for this Article will always be thankfully received. E have great pleasure in present Wing our readers with a test of se-, curity, in regard to persons who have undergone the vaccination, and who may be made uneasy by the false and interested alarms of malignant persous. Let a patient be selected on whose arms the vaccine pustules have regularly advanced to the 7th, 8th, or 9th, day. From one of these pustules, let the subject intended to be put to the test of security, be re-vaccinated, and at the same time, and with a portion of the same vaccine fluid, let another child, who never has had either the cow-pox or the small-pox, be also vaccinated. On the arms of the child put to this test, if it was previously secure, the virus will produce in a short space of time, (two or three days perhaps), an inflammation around the parts punctured, and sometimes sinall irregular vesicles, accompanied with itching, which commonly dies away, long before the regular pocks on the arms of the child that had not been before secured, arrive at maturity. The reason why Dr. Jenner recommends the vaccination of a child not in a doubtful state, with the one whose situation may be supposed doubtful, is to prove to a certainty, that the vaccine fluid employed, is in a state of perfection. The insertion of variolous matter by way of test, in the early periods of the vaccine practice, was adopted and recommended by Dr. Jenner; but although it did not produce the smallpox on those previously vaccinated, it sometimes occasioned very extensive and troublesome inflammation on the arins, In a short time will be published, an Essay on Theatres, and on the Propriety of Vaulting them with Brick and Stone. Illustrated with a plan and sec tion for a new Theatre. The object of this essay is to revive the knowledge exemplified by the Free and Accepted Masons, in the construction of the vaults of the ancient cathedral; and to show that a theatre built upon similar princi ples, would be of considerable benefit to the proprietor, both in reducing the expense of the erection, and the rate of insurance; and at the same time secure the audience against the dreadful hazards, to which they are liable, from the present mode in which these edifices are built. In the course of this month, Mr. JoSEPII CRISP, of Holborn, will publish, for the use of female seminaries, Lessons in Geography, with an Introduction to the use of the Globes, calculated solely for the exercise of the memory, and as an introduction to larger works. The second edition of a Treatise on Malting, by Mr. REYNOLDSON, late of Newark, now of Bromley, Middlesex, will appear in a few days. Mr. G. DYER, who has been for some years past occupied in making inquiries into the state of the Public Libraries of this island, has, we understand, found it expedient to suspend his researches, though he has by no means given them up. But, as the work branches out into various parts, and is become far more extensive than was originally intended. it is not likely to make its appearance for some years. In the mean time, Mr. Dyer is employed in preparing for publication, a complete edition of his Pheticil Writings, in four volumes, duodecimo. It will be published by subscription Mr, JAMES NORRIS BREWER, will, in a few days, publish the first number of Descriptions |