The inferences drawn from these interesting and important facts are as follow:

That calculi formed in the kineys, and immediately voided, are almost always composed of uric acid, and that the phosphates are very frequent ingredients in calculi of the bladder. They are uniformly deposited upon extraneous substances introduced into the bladder, but never form small kidney calculi. In what is commonly called a fit of the gravel, a small uric calculus is forined in the kidney, and passes along the ureter into the bladder. For, some time after a stone ha- passed from the kidney, the urine is generally unusually loaded with uric acid, and deposits that substance upon the nucleus now in the bladder. After this, the subsequent additions to the calculus consist principally of the phosphates.

Where the disposition to form uric acid in the kidneys is very great and permanent, the calculus found in the bladder is principally composed of uric acid; but where this disposition is weak, the nucleus only is uric acid, and the bulk of the stone is composed of the phosphates. When the increased secretion of uric acid returns at intervals, the calculus is composed of alternate layers of uric acid and the phosphates. There are besides these many variations in the formation of the calculi.

In speaking of the solvents, Mr. Brande admits, that the internal exhibition of the alkalies often prevents the formation of the uric acid, and of course an increase of a calculus in the bladder, as far as the uric acid is concerned; hut that its action will not proceed any farther; because from his experiments he finds there is at all times a quantity of uncombined acid in the urine; and hence it follows, that, although the alkali may may arrive at the kidneys in its pure state, it will there unite with the uncombined acid, and be rendered incapable of exerting any action upon the calculus in the bladder. Mr. B. also observes, that whenever the urine is deprived of a portion of the acid which is Datural to it, the deposition of the triple phosphate and phosphate of lime more readily takes place, which is effected by the exhibition of the alkalies; and, therefore, though alkaline medicines often tend to diminish the quantity of uric acid, and thus prevent the addition of that substance in its pure state to a calen us in the bladder, they favour the de position of the phosphates.

With regard to the exhibition of the acids, particularly the muriatic acid, in order to dissolve the phosphates, Mr. B. admits, that, during the use of this acid, the phosphates are either dammished, or disappear altogether; and even the urine acquires sometimes an additional acidity, and therefore a solution of that part of the calculus, which consists of the phosphates, may be expected; but even then the nucleus of uric acid would remain, and thus a great deal of time would be lost without any permanent advantage. He is also decidedly against the injection of these soivents into the bladder, at once, by means of instruments; bccause in every case that has come under his observation, it has always aggravated the sufferings of the patient. He concludes, that as the nuclei of calcul originate in the kidnies, and that of these the greater number consist of uric acid; the good effects so frequently observed during the use of an alkali, arise not from any actual solution of calculous matter, but from the power which it possesses of diminishing the secretion of urine acid, and thus preventing the enlargement of the calculus; so that, while of a very small form, may be voided by the urethra.

In a following number we shall give an account of Mr. Home's observations on the same subject.

NATIONAL INSTITUTE.

Messrs. Gay Lusac and Thenard have given an account of the method which they adopted in decomposing the boracic acid. They put equal parts of potassium, and pure vitreous boracic acid, into a copper tube, to which a bent glass tube was fitted. The copper tube was placed in a smail furnace, and the extremity of the glass tube plunged into a bason of quicksilver. As soon as the temperature was raised to 1500 (Reaumur, we presume), the mixture became suddenly red, much heat was produced, the glass broken, and almost the whole of the air in the apparatus was driven out with great force. Only atmospheric air was disengaged, and a few bubbles of hydrogen. All the potassium disappeared, although it only decomposed a part of the acid. These substances were changed by their reciprocal action into an olive grey substance, which is a compound of potash, and of the basis of boracic acid. The boracic radical was separated from it by washing it with hot or cold water. That which does not dissolve, is the ra dical itself, which possesses the following properties: this radical is greenish

brown;

brown; fixed, and insoluble in water. It has no taste, nor any action on tincture of litmus, or on syrup of violets. Being mixed with oxymuriate of potash, or nitrate of potash, and projected into a red-hot crucible, it entered into vivid combustion, of which the boracic acid was one of the products. The most curious and most important of all the phenomena produced by the boracic radical when placed in contact with other bodies, are those that it presents with oxygen. When four grains and a half of boracic radical, were projected into a silver crucible covered with a jar, containing a little more than a quart of

oxygen, and the whole placed over quicksilver, a most rapid combustion took place, and the quicksilver rose to about the middle of the jar. The boracic radical exhibits the same phenomena with air as with oxygen, only that the com bustion is less rapid. Hence it follows, that the boracic acid is composed of oxygen, and a combustible body: and that this substance is of a peculiar nature, and ought to be classed with phosphorus, carbon, and sulphur. It requires a great quantity of oxygen to change it into boracic acid, and it previously passes into the state of a black oxyde.

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THE EXHIBITION OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF LONDON 1809, THE FORTY-FIRST.

• Όστις μη α'σπαζεται την Ζωγραφίαν αδικεί την ̓Αλήθειαν, ἀδικεῖ δε και Σοφίαν όποτε ἐς Ποιητής ήκει, φορά γαρ ίση αμφοιν ἐς τα των Ηρωων είδη και έργα.

Φλ. Φιλοστράτου Εικ. προοιμι.

HE opening of the exhibition of the

T forms in epoch

in the annals of British Art. It af fords the critic a scale, whereby to estimate the progress of the Fine Arts, and to measure the improvement or retrogradation of our native artists.

The Fine Arts of a nation are certainly the grand criterion by which a philosopher can judge of the progress of mental refimement; and as perfectibility of that species of refinement assuages the horrors of barbarism and anarchy, and makes man more resemble what his great archetype and creator intended him to be; so a watchful eye towards the progress of the Fine Arts, is not the least useful of a philosophical observer. The

is encreasing, and ought" not " to be diminished."

This year's exhibition is superior to any that has been seen for many years; the great room, in particular, beams with inore talent, and shews much improvement of the British school, in tone of colouring. So much perfection and justness of colouring perhaps, was never seen coalesced together in the walls of the Royal Academy,

Academical drawing, or knowledge of the human figure, seems to be more attended to than formerly; though not yet quite to the requisite degree. Certainly the junior artists, from whom expectation

demands