CUTTER RACE ON LAKE MAKINKUCKEE BY CULVER NAVAL SCHOOL

INDIANA UNIVERSITY

State Seminary Established. The loyalty manifested by the graduates of Indiana University is doubtless due as largely tó veneration for the lineage of their Alma Mater as it is to the educational standard it has always maintained or the personal associations it has enhanced.

At the expiration of the four years prescribed by the Constitution of 1816, regarding the sale of Seminary lands, the General Assembly of Indiana on January 20, 1820, passed an act to establish a State Seminary at Bloomington, Monroe county. This marks the beginning of Indiana University, as the State Seminary became Indiana College by the legislative act of January 24, 1828, and the college in turn was merged into the Indiana University by an act passed February 15, 1838. Thus the roots of this institution were entwined in the beginning of the orIganic life of our State and bear a natural fruitage in the ancestral pride of our people.

The Father of Indiana University.-Among the members of the Indiana Constitutional Convention of 1816, was Dr. David H. Maxwell, since called the father of Indiana University, as he was closely identified with all of the legislative acts concerning the organization of Indiana "Seminary," "College" and "University." Under the act of 1820, a self-perpetuating board of trustees was elected as follows: Charles Dewey, Jonathan Lindley, David H. Maxwell, John M. Jenkins, Jonathan Nichols and William Lowe.

Site, Buildings, Funds. In June, 1820, these trustees met at Bloomington and selected the "eligible and convenient site for a seminary" and proceeded to erect a suitable building for a State Seminary and also a commodious house for a professor according to the law, which was, however, silent as to the educational status of the new institution. To house it properly seems to have been considered a paramount

duty.

At the left of the accompanying illustration may be seen the original building, sixty feet long and thirty-one feet wide. It was erected in the Clear Creek bottom lands near an excellent "spring of water," the disappearance of which is to be deplored in view of the recent vexed problem of water supply. The cost of the seminary building was $2,400. Near it, in the southwest corner of the campus, was the professor's house, costing $891. It was thirty-one feet long and eighteen feet wide and was doubtless deemed "commodious" in those early days.

In 1822, an act was passed providing for the sale of seminary lands in Gibson county and that the funds should be paid into the State treasury for the benefit of the State Seminary. Accordingly about 17,000 acres of the Gibson county lands were sold and the money paid into the State treasury, a proceeding which subsequently involved the State and Vincennes University into a lingering litigation which, though finally decided in favor of Vincennes University, fortunately did not affect the financial grants to Indiana University.

Seminary Opened.-On the first of May, 1824, ten boys were enrolled as students in the new school. From the beginning, the course of study was classical and academic. Greek and Latin were the only branches taught, until 1827, when the trustees provided for the introduction of English grammar, logic,. rhetoric, geography, moral and natural philosophy and Euclid's Elements of Geometry. From the be

FIRST BUILDINGS ON INDIANA UNIVERSITY CAMPUS ginning, the institution has maintained a high standard of scholarship among its professors.

The first of these was Rev. Bayard Hall, a native of Pennsylvania, residing temporarily with relatives near Gosport. He was paid two hundred and fifty dollars per year of ten months, divided into two terms.

In May, 1827, John M. Harney, a graduate of Miami University, was engaged to teach mathematics after he had walked from Oxford, Ohio, to Bloomington. After he had entered upon his duties, the curriculum of Indiana Seminary might be favorably compared with that of other western colleges.

In the fall of 1827, the board of visitors, including

Governor James B. Ray and Judge James Scott, joined with Dr. David H. Maxwell of the board of trustees in recommending that the Indiana State Seminary be merged into Indiana College, which was subsequently accomplished by a legislative enactment of January 24, 1828, the effort to move the institution from Bloomington having failed of its purpose.

Educational Resolution of 1821.-As far as is known, Indiana was the first State to provide by law for "a general system of education, ascending in regular gradation from the township schools to the State University."

In the light of the present day, scientific survey of educational progress, some claim that the beginning of our school system was too "top heavy," that while it apparently provided for the necessary "gradation," it actually placed too much emphasis on the seminary. or higher education and too little on the primary school. This may be true, but on the other hand, it appears greatly to the credit of the pioneer residents of Indiana that when the struggle for mere subsistence necessarily absorbed most of their energy, they found time to consider the educational emergency and, in theory at least, were "deeply impressed with the importance of knowledge and learning being diffused through the rising generation of the State of Indiana."

Though in 1821, our State was passing through a financial "storm and stress" period, on January 9, 1821, the General Assembly of Indiana adopted a joint resolution, under the provisions of which a committee of seven was appointed "to draft and report to the next General Assembly of the State, a bill providing for a general system of education," and also stipulating that "tuition shall be gratis and equally open to all," and finally warning the committee "to guard against any distinction between the rich and the poor." This elimination was an advance step, as Virginia, New Jersey and even Ohio appear to have made provision first for free "pauper" or "charity" schools. A measure so far reaching in effect was subjected to the closest scrutiny, but the bill drafted by Judge Benjamin Parke was revised and finally passed on January 31, 1824.

Log Cabin Schools.-The school buildings erected by the early settlers of Indiana were made of logs. The illustration of the Posey county log school, which appears in this sketch, was taken from a report of the State superintendent of public instruction, and may be regarded as typical of the school houses erected under the law of 1824, the specification furnishing interesting details as follows:

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"The house to be twenty by thirty feet. ith ceiling eight feet high; the walls to be of hewed lors, not less than ten inches in diameter: the floor to be well laid with the parts of logs split into halves, the face being smoothed with the broadax; the roof shingles four feet long, riven from white oak, and held in place by logs or poles securely fastened on the roof, and the ceiling to be laid of the same material; the fireplace shall be four feet high, ten feet wide and four

feet deep, and built of puncheons, notched at each end, that they may be securely held in place; the fireplace to be provided with a chimney as high as the house, to be made of small poles or split sticks of timber. The door shall be substantially built of hewn or split oak timber, well pinned together and hung on

Typical Log School House Erected in Indiana Under the Law of 1824

stout wooden hinges made of hickory, and be furnished with a wooden latch and a leather latchstring. There shall be two windows, one each side cf the room, hich shall be cne foot wide and twenty feet long, covered with rawhide or greased paper. The well chinked and

cracks btween the logs shall be laubed with mud. The fireplace to be filled with lay even with the floor of the room and the insides of the fireplace and chimney to be well plastered over with mud as a protection from the fire. The furniture of the house shall consist of seats split from logs one foot in diameter and not less than ten feet long, and with legs set in auger holes not less than four inches deep and the whole to be done in a neat and workmanlike manner."

Mills, blacksmith shops, barns, tanneries and deserted forts or abandoned cabins were sometimes pressed into service, but school houses were erected whenever it was at all possible to do so.

Equipment. There was usually a split or splint bottom chair provided for the teacher. Rude benches were constructed of slabs or puncheons for the children. These were placed with reference to the huge log fire and the light from the windows covered with greased foolscap paper. A writing desk was formed from the split log shutter, which in the daytime rested under the windows. A broom, water bucket, and gourd or cup completed this meagre equipment.

Supplies and Text Books. In the years between 1820 and 1830, foolscap paper was folded and sewed into copy books for learning to write. Goose-quill pens were used. The ink was made of sumac, oak balls or maple bark mixed with vinegar. This was placed in cow's-horn ink wells, the bottom of which were corked with hard wood.

Spelling was regarded as essential. The earliest spelling books were probably Dillworth's and Webster's American Spelling Books. Many learned their letters and to read from the family Bible. Here and there were to be found stray primers, but generally speaking, lessons were learned from any books which happened to be in possession of the pupil's parents.

WALTER F C GOLT, Banker; born Smyrna, Del, April 15, 1853; grad State

Coll, Newark, Del, A B, A M, 1875; came to Indpls 1882; Indpls Nat
Bank till 1893; orgn and mgr Retail Merchants' Assn, 1899; mgr Indpls
Clearing House, 1899; cash Columbia Nat 1901-11; V P Fletcher-Am Nat
Bank since 1901; res, Indpls.

CHAS H ADAM, Banker; born Bueckeburg, Schaumburg-Lippe, Germany, Nov 7, 1860; attd priv sch and bus coll, Indpls; elect sch commr Indpls, 1893; served 6 years; treas of bd 4 years; dept city comp, 1894; now sec Ind Trust Co; res, Indpls.

J E CASEY, Banker; born Lafayette, Ind, Feb 9, 1861; grad parochial sch and bus coll; T & Frt agt Big Four Ry 1880-7; cash Am Ex Co, Lafayette, 1887-93; trav agt Am Ex Co, Indpls, 1893-5; mngr Murdock Nat Gas & Elect Light Co, Lafayette, 1896; with Ind Trust Co since 1902; now auditor; residence, Indpls.

RALPH K SMITH, Banker; born Indpls May 31, 1862; attd pub sch; began with Fletcher's Bank Indpls, 1884; chf clk, 1900-6; asst cash, 1906-11; cash Fletcher-Am Nat Bank, 1911; res, Indpls.

AG WOCHER, Banker; born Cincinnati, O, Jan 15, 1862; attd high sch, Indpls; began Fletcher Bank, 1892; chf clk Fletcher-Am Nat, 1912; asst cash, 1913; res Indpls.

FRED K SHEPARD, Banker; born McConnelsville, O, Feb 23, 1859; came to Indpls, 1875; dept city treas, 1877-81; dept treas Marion Co, 1883-5; with Fletcher's Bank, 1889-95; dept aud Marion Co, 1895-1906; with Marion Trust Co, 1906, till consol with Fletcher Sav & Trust Co, 1912; now secy; res, Indpls.

SOL S KISER, Banker; born Ft Recovery, O, Jan 23, 1858; came to Indpls 1881; merc bus till 1894; loan & insur bus till incorp Meyer-Kiser Bank, April, 1906; now V P; local dir Jewish Orphan Asy, Cleveland, O; dir Nat Jewish Hosp for Consumptives, Denver; res, Indpls. GUSTAV H MUELLER, Banker; born Indpls, Feb 26, 1872; attd Indpls (now Shtrdge) high sch; began as messenger Merchants Nat, 1884; asst cash Fletcher Nat, 1904, until consol with Am Nat; now v-p Fletcher-Am Nat Bank; res, Indpls.

ALBERT E METZGER, Banker; born Indpls, March 20, 1865; grad Indpls high sch and Cornell Univ; (1st pres Ind Cornell Alumni Assn); orgn and dir Marion Trust Co; Am Nat Bank; German-Am Trust Co; Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; now v-p Fletcher Sav & Trust Co; v-p Marion Title Guar Co; res, Indpls.

BRANDT C DOWNEY, Banker; born Indpls Feb 17, 1873; educ Indpls high sch; Wabash Coll, 1892-4; Ind Univ, 1896; with Bradstreet Co, 1894-1900; Am Nat, 1901-9; cash Continental Nat, 1909-12; v-p Greater Indpls Indstrl Assn, 1912-14; now pres Ind State Bank; res, Indpls.

WILLIAM J FICKINGER, Banker; born Indpls, Nov 16, 1877; attd Shridge High Sch; Indpls Law Sch; with Ind Nat Bank, 1897-1912; cash Ind State since orgn, Nov, 1912; res, Indpls.

ARTHUR H TAYLOR, Banker; born Bartholomew Co, Ind, Jan 4, 1874; educ common schls Indpls; began work messenger boy Meridian Nat, 1887; with Merchants Nat, 1895; Fletcher Bank, 1896-1910; asst in orgn Continental Nat Bank, 1910; now cashier; res, Indpls.

GEORGE F QUICK, Banker; born Frankton, Ind, March 19, 1859; attd Butler Coll, 1878; began bank bus with Quick & Co, Frankton, 1878; Anderson Banking Co, 1891-1909; orgn Continental Nat Bank, 1909; pres since; res, Indpls.

J M MCINTOSH, Banker; born Connersville, Ind, Nov 14, 1859; grad Asbury Univ, class '81; adm bar 1882; mayor Connersville, 1884-88; elk Fayette Co Circ Ct, 1888-92; cash Connersville First Nat Bank, 1888; mem Ind Legis, 1895; appt nat bank exm, 1898-1907; pres Union Nat Indpls, 1907-1912; pres Nat City Bank, Indpls, 1912.

HENRY C BRINKER, Banker; born Indpls, Jan 16, 1851; attd com sch; engaged in mfg from 1878; now pres Brinker-Habeney Cigar Box Co; pres German Guarantee Realty Co; pres West Side Trust Co; res, Indpls.

GAVIN L PAYNE, Journalist and Banker; began work as reporter Indpls Sentinel, 1889; mng edt Memphis Commercial, 1892; later with papers in New Orleans and Louisville; city edt Indpls Journal, 1893-9; city edt Indpls Press till 1901; became secy Security Trust Co, later pres; was mem city council one term; now senior mem Gav L Payne & Co; res, Indpls.

MORD CARTER, Banker; born Plainfield, Ind, April 5, 1856; grad Plainfield High Sch; mem Ind Legis, 1909-11; asst orgn of Ind State Bankers' Assn (1st secy same); pres First Nat Bank, Danville, 10 years; orgn Continental Bank, Indpls, 1909; pres State Sav & Trust Co; res, Indpls. ROY ŞAHM; born Indpls, Ind, Aug 5, 1885; grad Manual Train High Sch; attd Univ of Pa, 1905-06; dep county aud Marion Co, 1908-14; secy State Sav & Trust Co; res, Indpls.

THOMAS C DAY, Broker in Real Estate Mortgages; born Bristol, Eng, Feb 28, 1844; attd Hamline Univ, St Paul, Minn; A M Wabash Coll; came to Indpls, 1877; estbl firm of T C Day & Co, 1881; was pres YMCA, Boys' Club; chmn comm to reform school law of Indpls; pres educ soc, Indpls; res, Indpls.

JOHN F WILD, Banker; born Noblesville, Ind, Sept 9, 1860; attd Noblesville High Sch; entered bond & banking bus 1891; now pres J F Wild & Co State Bank; res, Indpls.

HIRAM BROWN; born Indpls, Ind; grad Indpls high sch; deputy recorder's office, pres Bd Park Comm; mem Ind Dem Club; loan dept Thos C Day & Co; res. Indpls.

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