the Biscayan provinces. The Marquis de Valdespina, a man well known for his bigotry and devotion to the pretender, entered Bilboa, at the head of a considerable body of the priesthood and peasantry, and, after massacring many of the inhabitants, proclaimed Don Carlos as king. Pampeluna showed a disposition to rise, but was kept quiet by the presence of a strong body of troops. Vittoria declared for absolutism, and expelled the liberal portion of its citizens.

On the other hand, the liberals enthusiastically declared their adhesion to the young queen, in Tolosa, St. Sebastian and Barcelona. Saarsfield, the commander of the army of observation on the Portuguese frontier, Amarilles, captain general of Andalusia, and Murrillo, captain general of Gallacia, gave as surances of their fidelity, and it was understood that general Molitor, at the head of the French army of observation 50,000 strong, would cross the Pyrenees if any aid should be given to Don Carlos from Portugal.

After some delay in making the necessary preparations, movements were made to dispossess the Carlists of their strong posts, and orders were given to disarm the royal volunteers in places known to be disaffected. This was attended with some bloodshed, but at the end of the year the Carlist rebellion, if not suppressed, was at least at a stand. Strong symptoms of discontent were still occasionally manifested, and it

was not difficult to perceive that bigotry and ignorance were still too prevalent among the people to permit the easy and peaceful establishment of a constitutional government. In the mean time the government sought to improve the condition of the nation by promulgating several very important laws.

One of the most crying evils under the old order of things, was an all-pervading system of privileges and monopolies, which entirely checked freedom of trade. On the 22nd of October, the Madrid Gazette contained a decree which revoked the privileges of the royal manufactory of cut-glass. This was hailed as a forerunner of more important things; the preamble to the decree setting forth that it was the anxious wish of government to relieve the national industry from the shackles which had been put upon it. At the same time, a determination was intimated to attend immediately to the means of internal communication.

A decree was also" issued, on the 24th of October, granting an annuity to the exiled liberals; prescribing a system for the internal government of Spain, similar to that of France, appointing two commissioners for regulating the corn trade, and defining the duties of the police. Again, on the 30th of October, the Madrid Gazette contained two others, appointing two commissions to remedy evils. Onc of these commissions was to revise the absurd old laws which prevent Spaniards from remov

ing their establishments from one city or town to another. The other commission was to remodel the laws respecting the post office, the censorship of the press, and public education.

These indications of the liberal views of the new govern

ment promise much for the future, and lead us to expect that a few years will witness the entire regeneration of a nation whose great natural advantages and noble qualities seem to have been hitherto bestowed in vain.

WHILE the policy of England and France was thus triumphant in the south of Europe, the giant power of the north was making rapid strides in consolidating her power on her Asiatic frontier. The treaty of Adrianople had, in effect, placed her ancient Ottoman enemy in the power of Russia, and had given to the Czar a right of interference, which it was easy to forsee, would soon render Turkey merely a dependent province of that vast empire.

The "untoward event" of Navarino had afforded but little inducement to the "ancient ally of England" to apply in time of trouble for aid, either to that power or France; and it was obvious that the time had passed, when a diplomatic mission could rouse the Turks to arms against the infidels of the north. Indeed, the events of the year proved that the existence of Turkey as a separate power, depended upon the protection of her recently most dangerous enemy.

A quarrel which broke out in 1831, between Mehemet Ali, pacha of Egypt, and Abdallah, pacha of Acre ,terminated in 1832, May 27, by the capture of the latter, after enduring a siege

at Acre for six months. As this war was undertaken by Mehemet without the permission of the Porte, such an act of insubordination outweighed his services in the war with Greece, and the sultan espoused the cause of Abdallah, and strongly reprobated the conduct of his conqueror.

This course determined Mehemet, who saw that there was no safety in submission, to act upon the offensive, and he accordingly sent his army under Ibrahim, into Syria, which was occupied almost without re sistance.

Negotiations were then opened for an adjustment of the difficulty between the Porte and his ancient "vassal," but the terms demanded by the latter, i. e. the annexation of Palestine and Syria to Egypt, thus uniting under his sway a territory equal to the dominions of the Fatimite caliphs, were too hard for Mahmoud, and he preferred to abide the event of the war.

This was soon brought to a conclusion. The strong post of Koniah, (the ancient Iconium,) where the Turkish army awaited the Egyptians, was relinquished in consequence of the hostile disposition of its inhabitants, and

Reschid Pacha, the grand vizier, retreated to Acksheber, abandoning a great part of his ammunition and baggage. Here, near the defile of Mount Taurus, on the 21st of December, 1832, a sanguinary engagement took place, which ended in the total defeat of the grand vizier, who was taken prisoner by the Egyptians. This victory laid at the feet of the conquerer the whole of Asia Minor, where there no longer remained any means of defence, and where the mass of population was indifferent to the contest, or prepossessed in favour of Ibrahim Pacha. Smyrna, which is perhaps, in importance, the second city in the Ottoman empire, and Magnesia, a very considerable city, submitted at the summons of an Egyptian officer accompanied by a handful of men. Meanwhile, Ibrahim marched forward to Kutaiah, within a few leagues of the Bosphorus, whence he threatened Constantinople itself. At this crisis Sultan Mahmoud took the extraordinary resolution of applying for immediate aid to the Emperor of Russia. This prayer was joyfully granted by the Russian court, which sent orders that an auxiliary naval and military force should be instantly prepared on the Black Sea.

On this being known, the other ambassadors preferred the mediation of their respective governments, and the sultan was induced to ask the aid of Austria, England and France in conjunction with Russia.

A communication was made

to Ibrahim Pacha, and he concluded an armistice, on condition that the sultan should revoke the ex-communication pronounced against him and his father-that Syria and Palestine should be annexed to Egypt, and an indemnity paid by the Porte for the expenses of the war. In the mean time, Feb. 20th, the Russian fleet anchored in the Bosphorus; on the 16th of March, a large body of Russian troops crossed the Pruth, and on the fifth of April, a second Russian squadron with five thousand soldiers on board joined the fleet in the Bosphorus.

The negotiation had hitherto been protracted by the indecision of the sultan, now looking for aid to Russia, and then again seeking a peace through the mediation of France and the other powers; now agreeing to such reasonable terms as his mediators should arrange, and now refusing to cede the districts of Tarsus and Adana, both of which Ibrahim insisted on as preliminaries to the withdrawal of his army.

Before the arrival of the Russian reinforcements, the sultan had agreed to purchase peace by the cession of these places to Egypt.

Despatches to this effect had reached both Mehemet Ali and Ibrahim, and the pacha and his successful general equally believed that peace was secured. Elated by the presence of his auxiliaries, the wavering Mahmoud changed his purpose once more, and disavowed the proposals for giving up Adana.

The arrival of a third Russian armament for a while confirmed him in his last resolution, and the aspect of things seemed to indicate that the Emperor of Russia was to settle the affairs of the East in his own way, and with his own bayonets. But again the sultan wavered.

The united voices of the European ministers warned him not to trust to his new ally, and on the 4th of May, he consented to the cession of all the territories demanded by the Pacha of Egypt.

A firman of peace and reconciliation was published on the 6th of May; and, on the 24th, Ibrahim Pacha began to withdraw his troops from Asia Minor. From the results of this war, Mehemet Ali has become incomparably a more powerful monarch than Sultan Mahmoud. He is now left in undisputed possession of Egypt, the fine is land of Candia, the Holy Land, and all the country of the Levant, from the confines of Asia Minor to the mouths of the Nile. In some of the districts-and particularly in that of Adana, which was so long the stumbling-block in the path of negotiation-he has made himself sure of an invaluable supply of forest-timber, fit for the purposes of his growing navy.

Mehemet Ali has also shown a disposition for the immediate improvement of these territories, having employed several foreign engineers, to survey the coasts and the interior of the country, with a view of facilitating communication by roads and canals,

for the purposes of commerce. At the same time, he has begun to strengthen the important passes of Mount Taurus with a succession of forts.

Other important results grew out of this war. On the 8th of July, and six days after the Russian troops began their march homeward, a perpetual treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive, was concluded between Russia and Turkey. By this treaty, Russia engages to furnish such forces by sea and land, as Turkey may require, and Turkey pledges herself to close the Dardenelles against the entrance of any foreign vessel upon the requisition of Russia.

The Czar now holding possession of Wallachia and Moldavia, styling himself the "protector" of the Servian subjects of Turkey, and claiming by treaty a right to close the Dardenelles, and to protect Turkey from all foreign aggression, needs but one step more to unite the shores of the Baltic and the Black Sea under one government in form as they are in reality. The sultan is now but a humble vassal of Russia; while, on the other hand, there is good reason to believe that the Pacha of Egypt, in strengthening himself by his late accession of territory, has been merely the instrument of the other powers in opposition to the ambitious designs of Russia.

They saw that Turkey must fall into the Russian empire, and their policy led them to aid in apportioning to the powerful Pacha of Egypt, as many of the provinces of Asia Minor, as

would form an obstacle to the further progress of Russia towards India.

The manner in which Mahmoud lent himself to the views of Russia, although he had no alternative, excited the indignation of the Turks. Immediately after the departure of the Russian forces, July 11th, a conspiracy against him was formed, but discovered. Early in August, threatening notices were posted up in various parts

one

of Constantinople. On August 30th, aboutone o'clock in the afternoon. it became evident thatt hese threats had been carried into execution. In the course of that day, and the following night, about fourth of the city was consumed. At the same time, great discontents prevailed in the Asiatic provinces; and in the European, the Bosniaks and a portion of the Albanians seemed again disposed for insurrection.

THE close of 1832 found Otho of Bavaria, the elected monarch of Greece, on his passage from Munich to Napoli. He arrived at this place on the 31st of January, and was received with great apparent joy. A Greek ministry was formed. The well known Tricoupi was its president, and at the same time minister of foreign affairs, and of commerce. Rizo, a man of considerable literary attainments, had the direction of religion and public instruction; one of the Mavrocordatos was charged with the finances: and the other departments were allotted to Greeks of fair reputation.

The first important step taken by the government of Otho, was to establish three courts of justice; one at Napoli di Romania, the second at Missolonghi, and the third at Thebes; each of these tribunals had a Greek president. The authority of the state was supported by a body of German soldiers, and by the troops of some of the Capitani.

The aspect of affairs was, for some months, flatteringly tranquil, and at the beginning of August, the residue of the French forces, who alone had preserved the country from a state of anarchy, during the period which clapsed between the assassination of Count Capo d'Istria, and the arrival of Otho, embarked and sailed for France. This step is said to have been in pursuance of a tripartite treaty between England, France, and Russia. Previously to this, the new regency and ministry had decided on the important measure, that the church government of free Greece should be entirely separated from that of the Greek church in the sultan's dominions, and rendered independent of the patriarch who resides at Constantinople. The kingdom of Greece was to have a separate head of its own church, as is the case with case with her co-religionist, Russia. Meanwhile, with the return of tranquillity, commerce had revived; and the revenue