people went dressed in the tunic, never wearing the toga, the ordinary habit of the men at Rome, during all their lifetime.-Nisi mortuus. The corpses of ordinary citizens, among the Romans, were arrayed in a white toga; magistrates in their official robes.-Herboso theatro. The first permanent theatre even in Rome itself was that built by Pompey of hewn stone.-Si quando. "If at any time." Quando for aliquando. — Majestas. "The solemnity."- Tandem. At the expiration of the year, or at the conclusion of the serious piece. In either case it is meant to denote a previous eager longing. — Redit. Final syllable lengthened by the arsis. — Pulpita. "The stage." Strictly speaking, pulpitum is that part of the stage upon which the actors stood when they delivered their dialogues or speeches.-Exodium. "Interlude." The exodium was not a farce, as has commonly been supposed, but an old-fashioned and laughable interlude, deriving its name from ¿§ and ódós, and indicating something not belonging to the main representation.-Persona pallentis hiatum. "The wide-distended mouth of the ghastly mask." The dramatic mask covered the whole head, having the mouth more or less open, in order to increase the volume of sound. On the present occasion, the unnaturally distended mouth indicates the manducus, a grotesque kind of masked character, with an enormous mouth set full of teeth, in order to excite merriment by his ugliness and voracious propensities, whence the name.

158-166. Habitus. "Costumes." Later Latin for vestimenta.Illic. In the rural districts of Italy.—Similes. Arrayed alike." -Orchestram. In the Greek theatres, the orchestra was the place where the chorus performed its evolutions. In the Roman theatres, on the contrary, as the Romans had no chorus to their dramatic representations, it was occupied by the senators and persons of distinction. In the present instance, therefore, the term is employed to denote, not only the Decuriones, or rural senate, but also the upper classes in the rural theatre, or, as we would say, the country gentlemen, who would occupy seats nearer the stage than the rest of the audience.-Clari velamen honoris. "As the attire of distinguished preferment."-Edilibus. Put here for "magistrates" generally. The ædiles in the rural districts, though resembling in their functions and duties the ædiles at Rome, were, as might be expected, of more consequence than the latter.-Hic. "Here at Rome, on the contrary."-Ultra vires. "Beyond one's means."—Interdum aliena,

&c. "Sometimes the money (for making this appearance) is obtained from another's strong-box,” i. e., by borrowing, &c.— Vitium. The living beyond one's means, in consequence of the ambition of

the poorer classes to make a display and ape the wealthy.-Quid das, &c. In the shape of a bribe to the domestics of the great man, in order that, after long dancing attendance, you may at length be admitted to his morning levee. Observe the force of aliquando.— Cossum. Cossus is here a fictitious name for some wealthy nobleman of the day.-Te respiciat. "May look over his shoulder at you." The great man merely deigns to give one glance of contemptuous indifference, without uttering a syllable in reply to the morning salutation of his inferior.-Veiento. Juvenal may possibly mean Fabricius Veiento, an infamous informer and flatterer under Domitian.

167-170. Ille metit barbam, &c. "That one lops off the beard, this one cuts the locks of some favourite minion." The wealthier Romans, on arriving at early manhood, used to dedicate the first shavings of their beard and the pollings of their hair (worn uncut up to this time) to some deity, most commonly Apollo, and the day when this was done was celebrated as a festival. The clients on such occasions were accustomed to bring presents. In the present instance, the hair of some young favourite slave is lopped for the first time, and the presents consist of cakes, nominally as an offering to the god, but in reality to be eaten by the guests. So many of these complimentary cakes, moreover, are sent in honour of the event, that they are actually sold to get rid of them, thus forming an important perquisite for the slave.-Libis venalibus. "Of venal cakes." These cakes were a kind of gingerbread, made of flour, honey, and oil.-Accipe, et istud, &c. "Listen still farther, and take this as a leaven unto your feelings,” i. e., and let it work like leaven within your spleen.-Et cultis augere, &c. "And to increase the private gains of pampered slaves." The peculium of a slave was the money or property which he could accumulate and hold with his master's consent.

171-173. Quis timet, &c. Another evil connected with the living at Rome, namely, the insecure state of the dwellings of the lower classes, and the constant danger of fires.-Præneste. Either used here in the feminine, in imitation of the Greek (Пpaíveσtos, ov, †), or else having urbe understood, with which gelida is to agree. Compare Virg., Æn., viii., 561. The ordinary gender of Præneste is neuter. This was one of the most ancient towns of Latium, and was situate on a steep and lofty hill about twenty miles southeast of Rome. In consequence of its lofty situation, it was a cool and healthy residence in the great heats of summer. Its remains are to be seen at the modern Palæstrina.-Ruinam. "The fall of a

house."-Volsiniis. Volsinii, one of the most ancient and powerful of the cities of Etruria, was situate on a lofty hill at the northeastern extremity of the Lacus Vulsiniensis, now Lake of Bolsena. It was razed to the ground by the Romans, and the inhabitants compelled to settle on a less defensible site in the plain. On this latter site stands the modern Bolsena.-Simplicibus. Gabii is here called "simple," from the ease with which Sextus Tarquinius is said to have duped its inhabitants. It stood between Rome and Præneste, and was in earlier times one of the most powerful of the Latin cities.-Aut proni Tiburis arce. "Or on the heights of sloping Tibur," i. e., at Tibur, situate on sloping heights. Tibur, now Tivoli, lay on the slope of a hill, upon the left bank of the Anio, sixteen miles northeast of Rome.

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174-177. Tenui tibicine fultam. Supported on only a slender prop." In many parts of Rome, the dwellings of the lower orders were so ruinous as to require props or shores to keep them from falling. Tibicen has here a figurative meaning. The prop supports the building, just as the flute-player supports the singer in a public performance. Nam sic labentibus obstat, &c. "For in this way the steward keeps up the falling inmates." Literally, prevents or opposes. With labentibus supply incolis, not parietibus, as some do. Sic refers to the propping up or shoring. Some editions read si for sic, and change quum texit, in the succeeding line, to contexit, but this wants force.-Securos. "Without apprehension."

178-183. Illic. In the country. If the houses in the city do not tumble down, still they are in constant danger of being burnt down. -Jam poscit aquam, &c. The repetition of jam three times is meant to denote the progress of the fire.-Ucalegon. A playful allusion to Virgil's "proximus ardet Ucalegon" (Æn., ii., 310), and denoting here, not the next-door neighbour, as we might at first suppose, but the owner and occupant of the house itself in which the fire has broken out, and who has rented the upper stories to poor tenants.— Frivola transfert. "Is removing his furniture of inferior value." He has already removed the more valuable articles of property, and now is engaged in saving his less valuable chattels. This is meant to show how long the fire has been raging, and yet during all this while he has not bestowed a single thought upon his poor tenant up stairs.-Tabulata tibi, &c. "The third story now smokes for you." Heinrich makes tibi equivalent here to in domo, in qua habitas. It is much better, however, to give it the force of in perniciem tuam.— Tu nescis. You are sound asleep and unconscious of your danger.Nam si trepidatur, &c. "For if the alarm begin from the bottom

of the stairs, he will be the last to be burnt," &c. The poor tenant who occupies the garret.-Tegula. "The tiling.”—Molles ubi reddunt, &c. The roof was used as a dove-cote.

184-189. Lectus erat Codro, &c. If a poor man is burnt out, no one thinks of helping him. An instance of this is now given in the case of an indigent poet named Codrus. Compare note on Sat. i., 2.Procula minor. "Too short even for little Procula." This is commonly supposed to be the name of his wife. It is better, however, to regard the appellation Procula as a kind of proverbial one for a dwarfish person. Perhaps it was the name of some dwarf well known at Rome.-Nec non et. "And also both."-Abaci. "Of his sideboard." This consisted of a marble slab, which was sometimes inserted into the wall, but more commonly supported on a bracket or a single foot.-Infra. "Beneath it."—Cantharus. This was a goblet or drinking-cup of Greek invention, having two handles. It was the cup particularly sacred to Bacchus.-Chiron. A reclining figure of the Centaur under the marble abacus. Chiron was famed for his skill in medicine, music, gymnastics, and the art of prophecy. His acquaintance with the musical art recommends him here to the favour of the poet.-Jam vetus. "Now grown old."-Opici. Used here in the sense of barbari. The Opici, or Osci, were an Ausonian tribe, on the River Liris, from whom many barbarous innovations were introduced into Roman manners and language.

190-195. Totum illud nihil. "The whole of that nothing."-UItimus autem, &c. "The crowning point, however, of his accumulated misery was," i. e., the climax.-Nudum. "When stripped of every thing." — Frustra. "Broken victuals." - Hospitio tectoque. "With hospitable shelter." Hendiadys. Literally, "With hospitality and a roof."- Cecidit. "Has fallen a prey to the flames.”— Horrida mater. "Each Roman matron stands all dishevelled to the view." In all public calamities, the Roman ladies took their part in the common mourning by appearing in funereal garb, without ornaments, and with dishevelled hair. Horrida, in fact, implies all this, being equivalent here to sine cultu et incomtæ.-Pullati proceres. "The nobles are clad in mourning." The pulla vestis was a dark-gray garment of undyed wool, the dress of mourners. It was also the attire of the lower orders, so that pullati, besides its meaning here, is sometimes employed as a general term to indicate the common people.-Differt vadimonia. "Adjourns court." Vadimonium properly means security, or a recognizance for one's appearing in court on a certain day when the trial is to begin. Hence differre vadimonia signifies, strictly," to put off the day of appearance,”

the plural indicating several law-suits. The closing of the courts was technically called a justitium.—Tunc geminus, &c. We now lament the fire as a national calamity.

196-202. Ardet adhuc.

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"The pile still blazes."-Et jam accurrit. "And already up runs one." Accurrit is the true reading here. Occurrit, one meets him," wants force. - Aliquid præclarum. "Some masterpiece.”—Euphranoris et Polycleti. Euphranor, who flourished about B.C. 336, was a distinguished statuary and painter, and a native of the Corinthian isthmus, but he practised his art at Athens. Polycletus was one of the most celebrated statuaries of antiquity, but was also a sculptor, an architect, and an artist in toreutic. He was a native, probably, of Sicyon, and flourished about B.C. 452-412.-Hic Asianorum, &c. The common reading is Hæc, "this lady," but the change of gender is exceedingly awkward, and we have therefore given Hic, with Jahn and others. Some MSS. read Phæcasianorum instead of Hæc Asianorum, making the word equivalent to Græcorum. The term paikáoιov, or paikús, means a species of white shoe worn by Athenian gymnasiarchs and Egyptian priests, and hence Phœcasianus will be phæcasio indutus, i. e., Græcus. This, however, is very far-fetched.

Forulos. "Cases." The forulus was a dwarf book-case, or cabinet for books, not permanently fixed to the walls like the armarium, but forming a small movable repository for a few favourite authors.-Mediamque Minervam. "And a bust of Minerva." The Greek προτομή.Modium. "A whole peck." The modius was the Roman corn-measure, equivalent nearly to our peck, not, as some suppose, to our bushel. It contained sixteen sextarii, or the sixth part of a Greek medimnus, that is, nearly two gallons English.— Meliora et plura reponit, &c. "Persicus, now the most richly provided of the destitute, actually replaces what he has lost by better and more numerous things." Asturius is here called Persicus (i. e., "the Persian") in derision, on account of his luxurious style of living and the great wealth he had possessed.—Orborum. Incorrectly rendered by some, "Of childless men." The reference is to his losses by the fire, and lautissimus orborum is purposely meant as a pleasant oxymoron.

204-212. Si potes avelli Circensibus. "If you can tear yourself away from the Circensian games." Supply ludis. The Circensian games were so called from their being celebrated in the Circus Maximus. The Romans, particularly the lower orders, were passionately attached to them. Compare Sat., X., 81. — Soræ, &c. Three small towns in Latium are here mentioned, where one might