man of Julius Cæsar, and subsequently a favourite of Augustus. The plural form Licinis is meant to indicate Licinus and others like him. (Madvig, L. G., § 50, Obs. 4.) Some, less correctly, make Licinis here to be a contraction for Liciniis, and refer the term to M. Licinius Crassus, famed for his riches, as well as to other wealthy members of the Licinian time.-Sacro nec cedat honori. "Nor let him yield even to the sacred office (of tribune)." The persons of the tribunes were sacred and inviolable.-Nuper. So sudden is the advancement of these upstarts.-Pedibus albis. "With whitened feet." The feet of imported or foreign slaves were whitened with chalk.—Nummorum. We would expect here the dative nummis. The genitive, however, is in imitation of the Greek, iorávaι Bwμóv TIVOS.-Quæque salutato, &c. "And Concord, whose temple resounds with chatterings when the nest is greeted (by the parent stork on its return).” Literally, "which chatters when the nest is greeted." Referring either to the chattering of the young storks when the parent bird, which has been in quest of food, returns to its nest in the temple, or to the noise made by the parent bird's striking its beak, in order to announce its return. In either event, we must suppose the temple to be now deserted by men, and to serve, in its ruined state, as a habitation for the stork. Hence the general idea is," and Concord, whose temple is now deserted and in ruins."

102-111. Summus honor. "Magistrates of the highest rank." Compare line 86.-Referat. "Brings them in."-Rationibus. "To their yearly income."-Comites. "The poor clients." So called from their accompanying the patron in public.-Hinc. From the 100 quadrantes.-Fumusque domi. "And the smoky fuel of home," i. e., and the green fuel that fills with smoke their homes. Literally, "the smoke of home."-Densissima lectica. "A very dense array of litters." The upper classes crowd out the poor.-Sequiturque maritum. Every claimant for the sportula had to appear in person, the wife as well as the husband.-Languida vel prægnans. "Sick or near her time."-Absenti. Supply uxori.-Nota jam callidus arte. "Showing his cunning by a trick now well known." The trick consisted in pretending that his absent wife was lying unwell, and asleep in the litter.-Sellam. Used here loosely for lecticam. Strictly speaking, however, the sella was the same as the cathedra. Consult note on line 53.-Moraris. Better without the mark of interrogation: "You are keeping us back." With the question, as given in most editions, it will be, "Do you hesitate ?"-Profer, Galla, caput. The language of the steward, who wishes to be convinced, by

his own eyes, of the presence of the wife.-Noli vexare, quiescit. "Ah! don't disturb her; she has just fallen asleep." Observe the force of the inceptive.

112-115. Ipse dies, &c. The poet, having exposed the meanness and avarice of the upper classes, now proceeds to ridicule their idle mode of spending the day.-Pulchro ordine rerum. "By a fine routine of employments." Ironical.-Sportula. "First the sportula." -Forum. The forum of Augustus is meant, in which the judicia publica were held. Here stood a statue of Apollo; and as the god was, as it were, a daily ear-witness of legal pleadings, he is called by the poet juris peritus, "learned in the law."-Triumphales. "The triumphal statues.' Supply statuas. These were the statues of some of the most distinguished men of the republic, with which Augustus had adorned his forum.-Nescio quis Ægyptius, &c. "Some Egyptian and chief tax-gatherer or other." Alabarches is meant to be explanatory of Egyptius. The Alabarches appears to have been the chief magistrate of the Jews at Alexandria; but whose duties, as far as the government was concerned, consisted in raising and paying the taxes. The term is derived from aλúbŋ, “ink,” and pxw. The common text has Arabarches, “Arabian prefect," a title sometimes given to the governor of the district of Thebais, in the time of the empire. The true reading, however, is Alabarches. The person alluded to is unknown, and various conjectures have been fruitlessly started.

116-124. Vestibulis abeunt, &c. "At length the old and wearied clients depart from the vestibules." The poor clients, after attending their lordly patron during the whole day, have now escorted him to his home, and have ranged themselves in the vestibule, in eager expectation of being invited to supper. But no such invitation comes, and they depart at length to their respective homes, with the paltry boon of a hundred quadrantes.-Vota. "Their eager wishes," i. e., for the cœna recta.—Quanquam longissima, &c. "Although each poor fellow has been entertaining a very long-protracted hope of a supper."-Caules atque ignis. "Greens and green fuel."—Emendus. With the hundred quadrantes.—Rex horum. “The lordly patron of these."-Vacuisque toris, &c. "And he himself only will recline on empty couches," i. e., all alone by himself, in solitary state. The usual number of couches in a triclinium, or banqueting-room, was three, and three persons usually occupied one couch, so that the regular number for a supper-party would be nine. -Orbibus. "Dishes." Some, less correctly, suppose round tables to be meant, which would be changed with every course.-Antiquis.

Old family plate, which ought to remind them of old-fashioned hospitality.—Comedunt. The plural, as indicating the whole class of such persons.-Una mensa. "At a single course." Less correctly, "at a single meal." The tables, as already remarked, were changed at each course.-1 -Nullus jam parasitus erit. ""Tis true, there will now no longer be any parasite." The idea contained in this and the succeeding clause is: One consolation, 'tis true, will be that the breed of parasites will become extinct. And yet it may be questioned whether even a parasite could sit still and see such a disgusting exhibition of selfish gluttony.-Luxuriæ sordes. "Filthiness of luxury," i. e., foul gluttony.

125-130. Animal propter convivia natum. Intended to be served up to a company of friends, and not to a μovopάyos. Juvenal quotes here a common saying of the day. Compare Varro: "Suillum pecus donatum ab natura dicunt ad epulandum. (R. R., ii., 4, 10.) Boar's flesh was held in high repute by the Romans. When the animal was served up whole, it formed the caput cœnæ, or chief dish.-Præsens. "Close at hand." The idea is borrowed from the tripάveia, or præsentia deorum.— Crudum pavonem. "The undigested peacock." The peacock was regarded as a very great delicacy by the Romans, but as being very indigestible. It is said to have been first introduced by Hortensius the orator, at an inaugural supper.-Hinc. From gluttony thus indulged in.-Intestata senectus. The good friends of the deceased had been forming hopes of rich legacies. His sudden death, however, arising from the injudicious use of the bath after a gluttonous meal, has anticipated the making of a will, and given all their expectations to the winds. When there was no will, the property went to the nearest agnati, and there were no legacies. (Gaius, iii., 18.)—It nova, nec tristis, &c. "A fresh piece of news, and one calling forth no sorrow, goes the round of every supper-party," i. e., the news of the old glutton's death is spread abroad, and no one is sorry, because he never cared sufficiently for his friends to make a will in proper season for their advantage.— Ducitur. "Is led along," i. e., to the place where the body is to be burned.-Iratis amicis. The friends are angry at him for not having made a will.

131-135. Nostris moribus. "To our corrupt morals.”—Minores. "Our descendants."-In præcipiti stetit. "Has reached its highest pitch." The additional idea implied in the phrase in præcipiti is generally overlooked. Matters are now brought to the very brink of a precipice, and no farther advance can be made in public corruption without the downfall and ruin of the state, Observe the

force of the perfect in stetit. Literally, "has been standing for some time back, and still stands on the very brink of a precipice.— Utere velis, &c., Addressed by the poet figuratively to satire, but in reality to himself as its representative. There is now a fair opportunity for satire to exert all its powers.-Totos pande sinus. "Unfold the whole bosom of thy canvass (to the winds)," i. e., spread all your canvass.

134-138. Dicas hic forsitan, &c. The poet here anticipates the objections which some friend may be disposed to make to his writing of satires. These objections are stated from unde down to arena in line 141.-Par materiæ. "Equal to the subject," i. e., able to grapple successfully with such a theme. Observe that there is apparently no elision of the diphthong in materiæ. In reality, however, one vowel of the diphthong is elided, and the remaining one is lengthened by the arsis.-Priorum. "Of the men of former days." He refers to Eupolis, Cratinus, and Aristophanes among the Greeks, and to Lucilius, Horace, and others of his own countrymen.-Simplicitas. "Plainness."-Nomen. "The true name." The true name was libertas, "freedom," a word dangerous to employ in imperial times. Quid refert, &c. "What difference does it make (unto Lucilius, it is true) whether Mucius forgive the things said of himself or not? Do you, however, only put down Tigellinus (in your satire), you will shine," &c. Observe that refert is here the present for the past, to give animation to the narrative. The idea intended to be conveyed is this: The plainness of former days is over. Lucilius, in those good old times, might lash a Mucius with perfect impunity, caring not at all whether the latter forgave the attack or not. Do you, however, at the present day, select some Tigellinus, some powerful favourite, as the object of your satire, and you will soon be made to feel the difference.-Mucius. T. Mucius Albutius, who was satirized by Lucilius on account of his affecting, on every occasion, the Greek language and philosophy.

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139-141. Pone Tigellinum. Only put down Tigellinus in your verse," i. e., some one as powerful as Tigellinus was. Tigellinus Sophonius was one who ministered to Nero's worst passions, and, of all his favourites, was the most obnoxious to the Roman people.— Tada lucebis in illa, &c. "You will (soon) shine in that torch-like tunic, in which," &c. Literally, "in that torch," &c. The punishment here meant was commonly termed tunica molesta, and was the one inflicted by Nero upon the early Christians, on the false charge of having caused the great conflagration of Rome. A tunic, covered over with pitch and other combustibles, was put upon the victim,

and then lighted. Hence the term tæda applied here to the sufferer.-Qui fixo gutture fumant. "Who smoke with fixed throat." The neck of the victim was fixed to the stake by an iron collar.— Et latum media, &c. “And you draw a broad furrow in the middle of the arena." The punishment of the tunica molesta commonly took place in the amphitheatre. After life was extinct, the charred corpse was dragged by a hook through the arena for the spectators to gaze upon. Compare Pliny (Pan. xxxiii., 3): "Nemo spectator miseras voluptates unco et ignibus expiavit."

142-155. Qui dedit ergo, &c. Here the author indignantly replies. Tigellinus is said to have poisoned off three uncles in order to inherit their property. Their signet-rings were taken from their fingers when dead, and the forged wills were sealed with them.-Pensilibus plumis. “On pensile feathers,” i. e., on downy bed suspend

ed aloft. The reference is to the bed or mattress in the lectica.Quum veniet contra. "Ay, and when he shall come full in front," i. e., when he shall meet you. The friend now speaks.-Accusator erit, &c. "There will be an accuser (ready for the one) who shall only have uttered the remark, "That's he," i. e., it will be dangerous even to say as much as "That's he." You will immediately be informed against. How then can you seriously think of openly satirizing such a person. After accusator supply ejus, as the antecedent to qui.-Securus licet committas. "With perfect impunity may you match in fight," i. e., you may, without any fear of giving offence, handle some epic theme, such as the combat between Æneas and Turnus, or the wounding of Achilles by Paris. Or you may select some mythological legend, such as that of Hercules and Hylas. -Nulli gravis est. "Is troublesome to no one," i. e., gives rise to angry feelings in no one.-Percussus. "Wounded by Paris." Supply a Paride.-Multum quæsitus. Supply ab Hercule.— Urnamque seBeneath the waters of the fountain.-Quoties Lucilius ardens. "As often, however, as some glowing Lucilius."-Rubet. "Reddens," i. e., with mingled anger and shame.-Frigida est criminibus. "Is chilled with the consciousness of many a crime."-Culpa. "Guilt."-Iræ. "Angry feelings."-Ante tubas. Before the trumpets sound the signal for the conflict; in other words, before you begin to write your satires, and make your onset upon the guilty.Galeatum. "One who has donned the helmet," i. e., the soldier when helmeted and ready for the fight. As appears from Trajan's column, the soldiers, when not going into battle, wore the helmet suspended from the right shoulder.-Duelli. Old form for belli, and put here for prælii,

cutus.