on the legend of Boreas carrying off Orithyia.-Quas torqueat acus umbras. "What shades acus may be torturing," i. e., torturing into a confession of their guilt. Eacus, in the world below, sat in judgment on the shades from Europe. The allusion is to some poem on the scenes and punishments of the other world.—Alius. Observe the irony. The matter is so trite and hackneyed that there is no need even of mentioning the well-known name of Jason; he is merely called "another."-Furtivæ aurum pellicule. "The gold of the stolen skin," i. e., the golden fleece. Pellicule, contemptuously for velleris.—Quantas jaculetur, &c. Alluding to the conflict between the Centaurs and Lapitha. Monychus, one of the former, greatly distinguished himself by hurling whole trees at the foe.— Mōnychus. A very appropriate name for a Centaur, being derived from μῶνος (Doric for μόνος), "single,” and ὄνυξ, a hoof;" or else formed by syncope from povúvvxos, and meaning "of solid (or uncloven) hoof," as an epithet of the horse.

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12-14. Frontonis platani. Julius Fronto was a munificent, though not, perhaps, a very discriminating patron of literature. He was thrice consul, and once a colleague of Trajan, A.D. 97. His mansion is here indicated as the scene of recitation, surrounded by planetrees, for the sake of coolness and shade.—Convulsaque mai mora clumant. "And the (inlaid) marbles, actually shaken by the din, loudly re-echo," i. e., they echo forth these hackneyed themes in long and loud reverberations.-Marmora. The walls were inlaid or incrusted with marble. Compare the secta marmora of Lucan (10, 114). Some erroneously think that tessellated pavements are meant.— Ruptæ. 'Split." Poetic exaggeration, like convulsa in the previous line.-Exspectes eadem, &c. The cacoëthes scribendi has become a regular epidemic. Compare Horace, Epist. ii., 1, 117: "Scribimus indocti doctique poemata passim."

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15-18. Et nos ergo manum, &c. "We too, therefore, have withdrawn our hand from beneath the ferule," i. e., we too have been at school. The train of ideas is as follows: Since therefore all, whether good or bad, write poems, I too, who have been at school, to learn the arts of poetry and declamation, and who am thus one of the educated, will do the same thing.-Et nos consilium dedimus, &c. Boys were taught rhetoric and declamation at the Roman schools by having a thesis proposed, on which they were to take opposite sides. The subject which Juvenal had to handle was of the deliberative kind, namely, whether Sulla ought to have laid down the dictatorship, and retired to private life, or to have continued at the head of the Roman state. It may be supposed to have been

couched in the following form: Deliberat Sulla, an dictaturam deponat. Juvenal espoused the affirmative. Sulla did resign his dictatorship, and died the following year.-Perituræ. "Destined in some way or other to be wasted," i. e., in being written on by some one or other.

19-21. Hoc campo. The field of satire is meant. The metaphor is taken from the chariot races at the Circensian games.Magnus Auruncæ alumnus. Lucilius is meant, who first gave a regular and artistic form to Roman satire. He was a native of Suessa Aurunca, in Latium.-Et placidi rationem admittitis. "And with kindly feelings are prepared to listen to reason.'

22-23. Patricios omnes, &c. "When a single individual vies in wealth with the whole body of patricians." Some individual is here meant who had risen from a low line of life to the possession of immense riches, by turning informer, as well as by other detestable arts. The commentators take pains to ascertain the individual, but without much success. According to some, Juvenal has in view a certain Licinius, a barber and freed man of Augustus, while others think that he means Cinnamus, on whom we have an epigram in Martial (vii., 64).-Provocet. The verb provocare properly means "to challenge to a conflict," as here, a conflict of riches.—Quo tondente, gravis, &c. "Who clipping it, my beard, grown exuberant unto me while in early manhood, was accustomed to resound," i. e., who used to trim my beard when I was a young man. Some, less correctly, give gravis here the meaning of "troublesome."

24-26. Pars Niliaca plebis. "One of the very rabble of the Nile," i. e., a fellow from the very dregs of the populace of Egypt. -Verna Canopi. "A born slave of Canopus." Not only a slave, but a slave born of a slave. And, what is still worse, a native of Canopus, one of the most dissolute places in all Egypt. Canopus was a short distance to the east of Alexandrea.-Crispinus. This man rose under Nero from the condition of a slave to riches and honours. His connection with that monster recommended him subsequently to Domitian, with whom also he seems to have been in high favour.-Tyrias humero revocante lacernas. "His shoulder every moment hitching up his scarlet cloak." The cloak was a costly one of Tyrian purple, and an ample one, as indicated by the plural. The parvenu allows it every moment, however, to slip off his shoulder, and drag on the ground, as if to show his careless indifference for riches.- Ventilet. "Airs." He waves his hand slowly to and fro, in order to cool, as it were, his summer ring, and manages, at the same time, to display the gem to public view. The

Romans had become so effeminate as to wear a lighter ring in summer. Even this summer ring, however, Crispinus finds oppressively

hot.

28-34. Iniquæ urbis. "Of this iniquitous city." Heinrich takes iniquæ here in the sense of non ferendæ or intolerabilis. Some render it "unfair," i. e., unjust in its opinion of men and things. But this wants force.-Tam ferreus. "So steeled in bosom."-Nova Matho had been starving as a

lectica. "The bran-new litter." lawyer, but had now, on a sudden, become very wealthy as an informer. Hence the double hit in causidicus and nova. The lectica, or litter, resembled somewhat an Oriental palanquin. It was fitted up with a bed or mattress, and also with a pillow to support the head, so that a person could read or write in it with ease. It was carried by means of poles, supported on the shoulders of slaves.Plena ipso." Full of his important self." An allusion, not to corpulence, as some think, but to the haughty airs of an upstart.-Delator. No one in particular is meant. The blow is aimed at the class of informers generally.-De nobilitate comesa. The nobility were impoverished, not only by the exactions of the prince, but also by the large sums which they were compelled to pay to the dreaded informers.-Massa. The allusion is to Bæbius Massa, who was a notorious informer in the reign of Domitian. He and Metius Carus, another informer, mentioned immediately after, are compelled to propitiate an informer still more powerful than themselves.— Palpat. "Coaxes." A metaphor taken from patting and coaxing a horse.-Et a trepido, &c. "And Thymele sent secretly by the trembling Latinus." Latinus, a celebrated mime-player in the time of Domitian, and a favourite of that emperor, is also compelled to propitiate the powerful informer, and secretly sends to him, with rich presents, his wife Thymele, also celebrated as a female performer of mimes.

35-40. Jecur. The ancients considered the liver as the seat of the passions.-Spoliator pupilli prostantis. "The plunderer of his ward reduced (in consequence) to a life of infamy." The guardian defrauds and plunders his ward, and the latter, impoverished in means and corrupted in principles, is driven for support to an infamous course of life.—Inani judicio. "By an unavailing sentence." Literally, an "empty" one, i. e., one that leaves him still in possession of a large portion of his ill-gotten gains. The allusion is to Marius Priscus, proconsul of Africa, who was tried in the third year of Trajan for extortion in his province, and condemned to disgorge into the public treasury 700,000 sesterces (about $27,000),

and also banished from Italy. The penalty was a mere trifle compared with the vast sums which he had accumulated, and, what was still worse, the province got no portion of the penalty.-Infamia. Part of the punishment for extortion was the kind of infamia called intestabilitas.-Ab octava bibit. "Begins to carouse from the eighth hour." Two o'clock, according to our mode of computing. The ninth hour (three o'clock) was the earliest time at which the temperate dined. Marius, however, begins an hour earlier.—Et fruitur Dis iratis. "And derives enjoyment from the angry gods, i. e., laughs at them.-Victrix. "Though victorious in thy suit." Victrix is a forensic term, applied to the province as having succeeded against Marius. — Ploras. The province, after being put to the trouble and expense of a prosecution, obtains no real remuneration, but is left to deplore her losses.

41-44. Venusina digna lucerna. "Worthy of the Venusinian lamp," i. e., of the satiric pen, and the caustic lucubrations of a Horace. Venusium, or Venusia, in Apulia, was Horace's native place. As regards the employment of the term lucerna, compare the language of Horace himself: "Et, prius orto sole, vigil, calamum, et chartas, et scrinia posco. (Epist. ii., 1, 112.)—Sed quid magis Heracleas, &c. "But why rather narrate the fabulous legends of a Hercules or a Diomede?" Supply dicam or canam from the preceding agitem, and after Heracleas and Diomedeas understand fabulas. Juvenal here anticipates the supposed objections of those who might, perhaps, advise him to employ his pen on some fabulous and safer subject. But why, replies the poet, should I prefer these hackneyed fables to the bold and unblushing realities of actual life.-Diomedeas. Alluding to the Thracian king, who fed his horses on human flesh.-Mugitum Labyrinthi. The legend of the Minotaur.-Puero. Icarus. The dative instead of ab with the ab(Zumpt, § 419.)—Fabrum. "Artificer." Dædalus. 45-50. Quum leno accipiat, &c. "When the pander-husband can take the property of the adulterer, since the wife herself has no right to receive it." The reference is to the Lex Voconia (B.C. 174). This law forbade a woman to be made hæres ex asse, that is, sole heiress. The subsequent Lex Julia Papia Poppaa gave women this privilege, however, if they had a certain number of children. A man who was the father of one child could take as universal heir. Accordingly, the satirist says that, if the wife is under a legal incapacity to take an inheritance, the husband may be able to take it; and therefore he winks at the dishonour of his wife, to win the favour of the adulterer and be made his heir. (Long, ad

lative.

loc.)-Quum fas esse putet, &c. The allusion here is probably to the Præfectura cohortis sociorum, for which some ruined spendthrift is asking, the son, in all likelihood, of a senator, who, as a proof of his shamelessness, expects to be excused from one of the requirements of the service, namely, the having been previously a centurion. (Madvig, ad loc.) Some commentators, however, rejecting this general view, make the poet refer to Cornelius Fuscus, a youth of illustrious origin, who had officiated as charioteer to Nero, and had ruined himself by his extravagance in horses and stables. At a subsequent period he was made captain of the body-guard by Domitian, and fell in the Dacian war. Compare Sat. iv., 111.-Præsepibus. "On stables."-Dum pervolat, &c. Observe the peculiar employment of dum with the present, in the dependent clause, after a past tense in the principal one. He lost all his hereditary estate whilst he drove, and by driving, &c.— Flaminiam. Supply viam. The Flaminian Way was the Great North Road, and led from Rome to Ariminum. The portion here meant is that which skirted the whole length of the Campus Martius, and consequently formed the most conspicuous thoroughfare in Rome. It is now the Corso.Puer Automedon, &c. "For, while yet a boy, he held the reins like Automedon of old." Automedon was the youthful charioteer of Achilles. The Achilles of Homer and the Roman Nero are here brought into amusing juxtaposition.

51-56. Nonne libet. "Does not one feel inclined?"- Medio quadrivio. "In the very middle of the crossways," i. e., in the open and crowded streets; such is the effrontery of the times. Quadrivium is a place where four ways meet, and where there would always be more or less of a crowd.-Ceras. Used here for ceratas tabellas, "tablets." These tablets were thin pieces of wood, covered over on the inner side with wax, on which the ancients wrote with a sharp instrument called stylus. They were fastened together at the back by means of wires, which answered the purpose of hinges, so that they opened and shut like our books. To prevent the wax of one tablet rubbing against that of the other, there was a raised margin around each.-Sexta cervice. "On a sixth neck," i. e., on the shoulders of six slaves. The litter-pole rested on the shoulder of the slave, leaning somewhat against the neck. The rich and fashionable had six litter-carriers, sometimes even eight. When six were employed, they were called hexaphori (¿§úpopol, from 5, "six,” and pépw, "to carry"); when eight, octophori (¿ктópopoi).— Patens. 66 Conspicuous to the view." The litter was commonly shut in by curtains. On the present occasion, however, the curtains

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