see, June 11, 1832. His parents removed to the State of Arkansas the following year and settled in the bottom lands of the Red River Valley. At a suitable age young Garland was sent to Bardstown, Kentucky, to be educated in what was then the most famous seat of learning in the Southwest. His academic studies were pursued in the Catholic colleges of St. Mary and St. Joseph. During the latter part of his residence in Bardstown he read law, and attended the trial of causes in the courtroom whenever he had the opportunity. At that time the local bar was very strong. Garland profited greatly by this practice as well as by his studies, which he pursued with persistent devotion. Returning home he continued to woo that jealous mistress, the law, and in 1853 was admitted to practice at Washington, Arkansas. In 1856 he removed to Little Rock, the capital of the State. He was admitted to practice as an attorney in the Supreme Court of the United States on December 26, 1860. By that time he had attained professional reputation, and in the same year was a Bell and Everett elector. He opposed the secession of Arkansas as long as there was any hope of a peaceful solution of sectional differences. When, however, war was inevitable, he threw in his lot with his State. He was a member of the Provisional Congress which met at Montgomery, Alabama, in May, 1861, and took part in drawing up the Constitution of the Confederate States. Mr. Garland began practice in the Supreme Court of the United States, in the December term of 1867. While it was pending he was elected United States Senator from Arkansas. He appeared to take his seat in the Senate, March 4, 1867, but was not permitted to do so.

In 1874 Mr. Garland was elected Governor of Arkansas without opposition. His election as Senator took place in January, 1876, without opposition. He began his term as successor to Powell Clayton, Republican, on March 5, 1877. In 1883 he was re-elected, and his term of service would not have expired until March 3, 1889.

STATESMEN

True statesmanship is the art of changing a nation from what it is to what it ought to be.-W. R. ALGER.

The work of a State in the long run is the work of the individuals composing it.-JOHN STUART MILL.

A State would be happy where philosophers were kings, or kings philosophers.-PLATO.

HON. ELIHU WASHBURNE,

HIS illustrious member of the celebrated Washburne family, was born at Livermore, Oxford County, Maine, September 23, 1816. He is the third son of the late Israel Washburne, Sr., and in common with his other brothers, inherited the mental activity and indomitable will of his father. He attended the common schools of the vicinity, and obtained the ground work of a good English education; but it was not until after he had worked hard to learn the printer's craft, that he attended the academy at Kent's Hill, Readfield, Maine, where he completed a classical course. He then studied law at Hallowell, Maine, and attended law lectures at Harvard University, after which he was admitted to the bar. His service "in the art preservative of arts" was in the office of the Kennebec Journal, where, while learning a trade which might secure for him a living in the future, he studied hard and stocked his mind with much and varied information. A bright young man attends a pretty good school, when he works in a country newspaper office at the case. This, we think, Mr. Washburne will admit to be true.

After being admitted to practice, he concluded that the growing West was his proper field, and consequently removed to Galena, Illinois, then, relatively to the population of the State, a more important place than at present. Here Mr. Washburne formed a co-partnership with Charles S. Hempstead. His solidity of character, good morals, learning in the law, and kindly nature, won him warm friends, for in 1852 he was nominated to Congress, from what then constituted the leading Illinois district. His opponents chuckled over the thought of the

easy time they would have in getting away from the young man from Galena, but when the vote was counted the smile disappeared, as Mr. Washburne was the coming man.

His course in the House of Representatives won the approbation of his intelligent and critical constituency, for he was re-elected continuously until 1868, being, when appointed Secretary of State by President Grant, the "Father of the House,' or the oldest member in consecutive service. In the Thirtyfifth and Thirty-sixth Congresses he was Chairman of the Committee on Commerce; in the Thirty-seventh and Thirty-eighth he held the same chairmanship, was a member of Joint Committee on the Library, and Chairman of Special Committee on Emigration. In the Thirty-ninth Congress he was continued as Chairman of the Commerce Committee, Special Committee on Death of Abraham Lincoln, member of Committee on Rules, and Chairman of Committee to investigate the Memphis Riots. He was a warm friend of General Grant, from the beginning of the General's service as a Captain in the State service, and rendered that illustrious man most important service. He was the author of the bill reviving the grade of Lieutenant-General for the especial benefit of General Grant. When Grant was elected President, Mr. Washburne was given a Cabinet position, that of Secretary of State, but preferring a residence abroad, he was a few days afterward confirmed as Minister to France.

At the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian war, Mr. Washburne was requested by the latter government to assume charge of the German residents in Paris and France. He remained at his post during the entire war, and also during the days of the Commune. Every other foreign Minister deserted Paris, leaving him to protect all foreign nationalities, and how well he did it, has been attested by various governments, notably the German. In this trying period, Mr. Washburne showed heroic qualities, and did far more to ennoble American citizenship than any single man in a battle of the late war. No man in the United States is more popular with the Germans than Mr. Washburne, and, as for that matter, with all classes of our