894 LESSONS IN GERMAN.-No. XIV. SECTION XXVI. WHEN not preceded by an auxiliary, the infinitive generally meat. Ex.: Können I. Können often signifies to know, to have learned a thing, and may be followed by a noun in the accusative. Sie Deutsch? Do you know (understand) German? Followed by a verb, founen signifies either to be able (see Sect. 25. I.), or to know how; as, fann er schreiben? Can he write? or, does he know how to write, has he learned to write? II. Wiffen, to know, is frequently placed before an infinitive with u, and corresponds to our phrase "to know how." Ex.: Er weiß zu leben; Er weiß zu schreiben; he knows (how) to write. he knows (how) to live. Er weiß sich zu helfen; he knows (how) to help himself. III. Rennen also signifies to know, but only in the sense of to be acquainted with. Ex.: Kennen Sie diese Leute? Do you know these people? Ich kenne sie; I know them, I am acquainted with them. IV. The indefinite pronoun „man“ has no exact correspondent in English. It is variously translated, according to its position; thus, Man sollte immer ehrlich handeln; one should always act honourably. Man läuft; they are running. Man schreit; they are crying. Ertragen muß man, was der Himmel sendet; what (the) Heaven sends, must we endure ($ 59. 1. 2.) Man is often nominative to an active verb, which latter is best rendered by a passive one. Ex.: Man weiß, wo er ist; it is known where he is. Man hat den Dieb gefangen; the thief has been caught. The above use obtains especially in the phrase „man sagt" (French on dit), which, though more literally "one says," is often better rendered by "it is said, rumoured, reported," &c. Elent, wretched; Heidelberg, n. Heidelberg; Holen, to go for; EXERCISE 26. do; Stase, m. cheese; Schule, f. school; Sollen, shall; ich morgen nach Heitelberg gehen will. 21. Man muß in der Wahl seiner Freunde vorsichtig sein. 22. Dieser Knabe hat heute gar nichts gelernt. 23. Haben Sie auch nichts gelernt? 24. Ich habe etwas gelernt, aber nicht viel. Aus, out, of, from; EXERCISE 27. Schachtel, f. box, saw. 1. 3u wem gehen Sie? 2. Ich gehe zu meinem Bruder. 3. Mit wem geht dieser Knabe? 4. Er geht mit seinem Vater nach der Stadt. 5. Von wem haben Sie diese Neuigkeiten gehört? 6. Ich habe sie von mei nem alten Freunde gehört. 7. Mit wem gehen Sie nach dem Dorfe? 8. Ich gehe nicht nach dem Dorse, ich gehe mit meinem Vater nach der großen Stadt. 9. Wann gehen Sie aus der Stadt zu unsern Freunden? 10. Wir gehen nicht zu Ihren Freunden, wir kommen morgen wieder nach Hause. 11. Ich gehe heute weder zu meinem Freunde, noch nach dem Dorfe, noch aus dem Hause. 12. Der Graf hat ein großes Schloß mit kleinen Fenstern. 13. Der Fluß kommt aus den Bergen. 14. Hat Ihr Vater etwas von seinem Bruder gehört? 15. Ja, dieser Mann ist aus Ungarn und hat meinem Vater eine Schachtel von meinem Oheim gebracht. 16. Geht er nach Wien? 17. Nein, er geht nach Warschau und von Warschau nech Krakau. 18. Der Baier, der Böhme und der Hesse kommen aus Deutschland. 19. Der Jäger mit seiner Flinte kommt aus dem Walte 20. Der Knecht geht nach der Stadt. 21. Ich habe von meinen Brüdern gehört, fie gingen zu ihrem Freunde. 22. Das Dienstmädchen kommt vom Brunnen, und der Hausknecht geht zum Fleischer. 1. If we desire to be happy, we must not deviate from the path of virtue. 2. I know that he is not your friend, but I know likewise that he is a man of probity. 3. Let them know that this news is only a rumour.3 4. They must not say everything they know. 5. You must be very careful in the choice of your friends. 6. We ought to know to whom we apply. 7. Will you tell the tailor, when he has finished your 8. Have you time to go with me to the coat, to call on me. city? 9. If he had not been able to perform the work he 10. Have you time to would not have undertaken it. Er ist fleißig, nicht nur um tas Lob He is diligent not only to ob- read this letter? 11. He goes to school, in order to learn the seines Lehrers zu bekom'men, son dern um seine Kenntnisse zu er Wir essen, um zu leben; aber wir gen. Ein un'beflecktes Herz ist ein stiller heller See, dem man auf den Grund sieht. tain the praise of his teacher, We eat in order to live, but we An unspotted heart is a still A friend is a coin, it is proved before it is received. The particles ab, an, auf, aus, bei, mit, nieder, um, voraus, &c., ($ 89. 1. 90.92) are often coinpounded with verbs, and, as they may stand apart from the verb, they are called separable particles. I. In principal sentences (§ 160) the particle is separated from the verb and placed at the end. In subordinate sentences, however, introduced by a relative pronoun or some other connective Der Wagen, word, the particle and the verb remain always in union. Ex.: Er wirft den Wagen um; he overturns the waggon. Ich hob den den er um wirft; the waggon which he overturns. Der Stein, welchen ich aufhob; Stein auf; I lifted the stone up Der Mann geht aus; the man goes the stone which I lifted up. Der Mann, welcher aus geht; the man who goes out. Er Der Brief, den er ab schrieb den Brief ab; he copied the letter. chrich; the letter which he copied. Er brach die Blumen ab; he broke off the flowers. Sie ist traurig, weil er die Blumen abbrach; she is sad, because he broke off the flowers. out. Ein Freund ist eine Münze, man prüft sie, ehe man sie nimmt. 1. Ich muß auf die Wiese gehen, Heu zu holen. 2. Was soll Ihr Bru, der in der Schule thun? 3. Er soll in die Schule gehen, um die lateinische ($ 5. Note VIII.) Sprache zu lernen. 4. Der Mensch muß ehrlich oder elend sein. 5. Was soll ich thun? 6. Sie können thun, was Sie wollen, und sollten thun, was Sie können. 7. Warum sind Sie nicht gestern zu uns (Sect. 24) gekommen? 8. Ich wollte, aber ich konnte nicht, ich mußte zu Hause bleiben und lesen. 9. Wird der Schneider mir einen Rock machen wollen? 10. Er wird Ihnen einen machen wollen, aber er wird es nicht thun fönnen. 11. Warum wird er es nicht thun können? 12. Er wird In the above words, "overturn and uplift," it will be seen morgen auf das Land gehen müssen, seinen kranken Bruter zu sehen. 13. that the usage of the two languages is similar. In nearly all Was will der Knabe mit seinem Meffer? 14. Er will Bret und Kafe other English compounds, however, this resemblance to the schneitca. 15. Haben Sie Zeit in den Stall zu gehen? 16. Ich habe German does not exist; thus, for ich kann ten Wagen umwerfen," The sentence, Er kann ausgehen, however, we can only Zeit, aber ich will nicht gehen, ich will zu Hause bleiben. 17. Was haben we may say, I can overturn the waggon, or I can turn the wagSie zu Hause zu thun? 18. Ich habe Briefe zu lesen und zu schreiben. translate by placing the particle at the end of the sentence; as 19 Müssen Sie sie heute schreiben? 20. Ich muß sie heute schreiben, weil he can go out. gon over. II. In the Infinitive mood, the particle is never separated hinter dem Gebirge auf und erfüllt die Erte mit seinem fansten Lichte. 19. from the verb, except by 3u, which, when used, stands between 3ch steige in den Wagen, Sie steigen aus dem Wagen, und er steigt auf das the two. Ex.: Er will ausgehen, he will go out. Kann fie ab. Pferd. 20. Die müten Reiter steigen von ihren Pferden ab. 21. Wollen Sie mich mitnehmen, wenn Sie nach Deutschlaub reisen? 22. Ich glaube nicht, daß Sie mitgehen wollen. schreiben? can she copy? Er ist bereit den. Wagen um zu werfen; he is ready to overturn the waggon. III. In the past participle, the augment, ge, comes between the particle and the radical; the particle of course being always prefixed. Ex.: Er hat den Brief ab 9 e schrieben; he has copied the letter. Er hat den Wagen um geworfen; he has overturned the waggon. Ich habe den Brief, welchen er ab g e schrieben hat; I have the letter which he has copied. 7. 1. After the termination of the war, the soldiers will be paid off. 2. I shall go with your brother to the hermit, who lives separated from the world. 3. The farmer has collected the corn in the field. 4. The citizens are shut up in the town from the enemy. 5. The war and the plague have destroyed a great many people. 6. The weary rider dismounted his horse. The merchant has disposed of his stock. 8. The sun rises in the east. 9. The sun rises at twenty minutes past five o'clock, and sets at half-past six. 10. You must incite your scholars to be more studious. 11. Will you defer your visit for tomorrow? 12. The magnetic-needle points to the north. 13. The scholar has copied his lessons. LESSONS IN BOTANY.-No. XIV. CLASS XVII.-DIADELPHIA In this order stands the fumitory, of which there are several The bulbous-rooted fumitory is a native perennial, not uncommon in gardens, though rare in a wild state, blowing early in spring, from February till March, with a pink blossom; the corolla has four petals, with a spear at the base; the seed-pod has two valves and many seeds; the leaves are twice ternate, the divisions being oblong and wedge-shaped; and the stem erect. The common herb fumitory is a very pretty, delicate-looking Which superstition holds to Fame, To make their beauty fair and sleek. Clare 1. Die Reiter trieben bei dieser Nachricht ihre Pferde zu größerer Eile an. 2. Der schöne Zeisig ist dem (§ 129. 3.) Knaben weggeflogen. 3. Die Aussicht einer reichlichen Belohnung spornte sie an, das Kind des reichen Evelmannes zu retten. 4. Der Bauer hat seine Feltfrüchte eingesammelt, ausgetroschen und aufgespeichert. 5. Der Nachfüchtige wendet gern (Sect. 44. I.) tas Sprichwort an: „aufgeschoben ist nicht aufgehoben." 6. Abge schieden von den Menschen lebt der Eremit in seiner Klause. 7. Der Strieg hat viele Menschen umgebracht, aber doch noch mehr die Pest. 8. Die Sonne ift untergegangen. 9. Der Köniz hat nach Veendigung des Krieges viele Soldaten abgedankt. 10 Der Magnet zicht das Eisen und ten Blig an. 11. Die Magnetnatel zeigt dem Steuermann Nord und Süd an. Drehungen sowohl als die Verheißungen in der Bibel deuten die Liebe Gots 1c8 an. 13. Der kupferne Kessel hat Grünspan angezegen. 11. Der Müller hat sein Mehl abgesezt 15 Der Vater hat den Hund in sein Simmer eingeschlossen. 16. Der Kaufmann preist das Tuch seinen Kunten Dyer's green-weed is a shrubby plant, frequently found in an. 17. Das Gebet richtet ein gerrücktes Herz auf. 18. Der Mond steigt dry, barren banks, and the borders of fields. It blossoms in 12. Die on heaths, and in woods and copses in most parts of the kingThe milk-wort is a very small evergreen perennial, common dom, and blowing from May during the summer, with blue, white, or pale-pink blossoms. The corolla is crested; the calyx has five leaves, two of them being winged and coloured, three ribbed, blunt, and of the same length as the corolla; medicinal bitter by infusion, but not so powerful as the Ameand the leaves grass-like and spear-pointed. It affords a good rican snake-root, of the same genus. DECANDRIA. July and August, bearing a yellow flower, which resembles broom, but is one-half smaller. The calyx is two lipped, with two teeth in the upper lip, and three in the lower; the leaves are spear-shaped and smooth; and the branches round and erect. The whole of the plant is used by dyers to dye yellow; and by means of woad, a green is afterwards produced,-the most esteemed of greens indeed, for woollen goods. The royal appellation, Plantagenet, is said to have been derived from this plant (Planta genista), from the circumstance of Fulke, Earl of Anjou, who lived a century before the Norman conquest, having worn the genista in his cap, and adopted the title, which was kept up by his descendants. The broom is still the badge of the Highland Clan Forbes. "Though the feeblest thing that Nature forms, The storied urn may be crumbled to dust, And Time may the marble bust deface; sweet pea, it has been happily said :-" Almost all plants of the curly, twirly, winding, turning class, are looked upon with tenderness, and with almost tearful eyes. The sweet pea, like unto the convolvulus, doth seem to love all things that its wiry, spiry stem can touch. I doubt me not, that it would grow around your finger; you can try it, if it pleaseth you; but, at all events, set any sweet pea, and if it twine not itself around your finger, it will twine round your heart. It will grow on one side of the garden gate, or against the pallisades at the foot of the laburnum-tree; and it will look lovely anywhere." The rest-harrow grows on barren and waste soil, and is sometimes seen growing plentifully on the green patches of chalk cliffs near the sea. But when it invades the cultivated soil, its long roots are troublesome, impeding the plough, while its thorny branches obstruct the harrow, and hence the old name which this plant has borne. The name which used to be given it in France, arrêtebœuf, is no less significant. Its stems are, however, more abundant, and possess greater strength when the plant grows in barren soils, than in those considered more nutritive. Here the donkey feeds upon it, while in pasturelands it is grateful to the taste of cows and sheep. The roots of the young shoots are also very sweet; and the latter are boiled and eaten in some rural districts. The saintfoin adorns the meadows with its rich leaves and A more showy, and much more common plant, is broom,-a shrub which grows abundantly on dry, gravelly hills in all parts of England, flowering in May and June. It is, indeed, a much more splendid plant than many exotics which are culti-flowers in the month of June. It flourishes on warm, chalky vated with great care. In the following extract are brought into combination one of the most beautiful shrubs with one of On the green slope Of a romantic glade we sat us down, While o'er our heads the weeping beech-tree streamed The common furze, whin, or gorse, is a very bushy shrub, from two to five feet high, beset with thorns. Its leaves are small, awl-shaped, and horn-tipped; its flowers are of a bright yellow, appearing in May, and, occasionally, at all seasons. The furze is common on dry pastures and heaths. When Linnæus first saw it flowering in this country-for it cannot bear the winter of Sweden-he is said to have expressed his admiration of it in the strongest terms; and it is worthy of remark, that the first president of the Linnæan Society, Sir J. E. Smith, commenced his study of botany with the furze. Speaking of a celebrated work on science, he says: "I received Berkenhout on the 9th of January, 1778, and began on the 11th, with infinite delight, to examine the Ulex Europæus, the only plant then in flower. I then first comprehended the nature of systematic arrangement and the Linnæan principles, little aware that, at that instant, the world was losing the great genius who was to be my future guide, for Linnæus died on the 11th of January, 1778." After the decease of the younger Linnæus in 1788, Sir J. E. Smith purchased the museum, books, &c., of the far-famed Swede. The common red clover, or honeysuckle-trefoil, is one of the best-known plants in farm-fields, being extensively used for cattle. This plant is found in a wild state, particularly on chalky downs, and blowing about the end of June. The white clover, or Dutch trefoil, is a native perennial, blowing from May throughout the summer, with a white or reddish blossom, the flowers growing clustered into a head. The white clover appears to be the genuine Irish shamrock, though, like the Scotch thistle, and other native emblems, the species employed in heraldry is not much more like any botanical species, than the unicorn in the royal arms is like any known animal. There is also a species called the strawberry clover, not uncommon in most meadows, and distinguished by the calyx bulging out, so as to give the seed-heads some slight resemblance to the delicious fruit from which it derives its name. A great number of plants may be observed with peas-blossom shaped flowers. Among them is the broad-leaved, everlasting pea, with a climbing stem, three or four feet long, growing in woods, with large, rose-coloured flowers, which appear in July and August. The sweet pea of our gardens is a native of Sicily, and the north of Africa. Its original blossom is white; but a great variety of colour, pink, scarlet, purple, and variegated, has been produced by cultivation. Of the lands, and lasts from eight to ten years on a genial soil; but there have been instances of its continuance for a much longer period. But, though cultivated in fields, it is an English wildflower. It is plentiful on Royston Heath and Salisbury Plain. Fuller says, with his usual quaintness:-" It is called saintfoin, or holyday. Superstition may seem in the name, but there is nothing but good husbandry in the sowing thereof. It was first fetched out of France from about Paris, and since is sown in divers places in England, especially at Cobham-park, in Kent, where it thriveth extraordinarily well on dry, chalky banks, where nothing else will grow." LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-No. XV. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. DERIVATION: PREFIXES (continued). PAUSING, for a moment, in these somewhat dry details, I would ask you whether you know what words are. Take the word father. What is it? Father, as it stands here on the page, is a combination of straight and curved lines. What does the combination of What does the comlines represent? A combination of sounds. bination of sounds represent? A state of mind; a mental conception. What does the mental conception represent? An external object; an external object that has the quality of being a father, or that bears the relation which we designate by the term father. So then the whole connexion between an external object and the written or printed name of this book, may be set forth thus:Lines make letters; letters make syllables; syllables make words; words represent sounds; sounds represent ideas; ideas represent outward objects,-that is, persons or things. Consequently, objects are the basis of language; ideas are its essence; sounds are its medium, and lines are its forms. These outward objects, and internal realities, are set forth by signs,-signs made by the mouth-signs made by the hand. The lips, then, and the fingers, are the interpreters of the person. What progress in civilisation is implied in this connexion of the pen with the mind and with the universe; the pen describing, and the press diffusing, so as to be universally understood, the most subtle of all essences; states of thought and feeling; and the widest, as well as the wisest of all generalisations which we term the laws of God, or God's own operations in the government of the universe? The study of language, thus viewed, is the study of the mind of man, as well as the study of the works and the will of God. Deep and mysterious study! worthy of our best powers, and sure to be attended by an ample reward. And if the study of language is the study of the human mind, and the divine mind in their activity and their utterances, then no one who has not made some proficiency in the study, is, or can be competent to interpret or expound man's will or God's will, profane or sacred literature. To resume our subject: Pr, of Latin origin, through, by; as, peradventure, by chance. It is found in perambulate (ambulo, Lat, I walk), to walk through, over. "The ancients used to crown virgins with the flowers of this plant (milkwort) when they perambulated the fields, to implore fertility thereto."-Müller, "Gardener's Dictionary." Pre is found in precede (cedo, Lat. I go), in precipitous (caput, Lat. the head), headlong; in precocious (coquere, Lat. to cook), cooked before, forward, too soon ready. "I had heard of divers forward and precose youths, and some I have known, but I never did either heare or read of anything like to this sweete child."-Evelyn, "Memoirs." Preter, of Latin origin (praeter, against), is found in preter The per passes into pol in pollute (polluo, per, and lutum, Lat. Peri, of Greek origin, around; as, periphery (phero, Gr. I bear), a circumference; also in periphrasis (phrasis, Gr. a phrase, a speech), a circumlocution, or round-about mode of utterance; as, the loss of life, for death. Phil, and philo, of Greek origin (philos, a lover), as in philologer, a lover of science (particularly the science of language); philosopher (sophia, Gr. wisdom), a lover of wisdom; philomel (melos, Gr. a song), applied to the nightingale; philanthropy (anthropos, Gr. a man), the love of mankind. laws of nature. Pro, of Latin origin, fore, forward, as in produce (duco, Lat. I lead), to bring forward. Pro appears in proceed (cedo, Lat. I go), in procreate (creo, Lat. I beget), in proffer (fero, Lat. I bear), in prolepsis, an anticipation, &c. "We have evinced (proved) that the generality of mankind have constantly had a certain prolepsis or anticipation in their minds concerning the actual existence of a God."-Cudworth, System." Intellectual Pro becomes in French, pour, which again becomes pur, as in purport (porto, Lat. I carry), signification. Purchase is given by Phys, of Greek origin (physis, Gr. nature), physic, and physi-Richardson as from a fancied French word, namely, pour-chasser, cian, originally meant natural philosophy and a natural philo- and purchase, he says, means to chase, and so to obtain. Such sopher; but derivatively, the words came to refer to a knowledge derivations are enough to bring etymology into disgrace. Purchase of such natural objects as were held to conduce to the art of heal- is from a low Latin word, perchauchare (per-calcare), which meant ing. Physics, plural, still means Natural Philosophy; and physi- to tread over, and to mark out, the limits of a piece of land, the cien, Fr. means a Natural Philosopher, or one acquainted with the necessary preliminary to the purchase of it. See Du Cange on the word, who gives the noun purchacia (purchase), as something acquired. Purchacia is common in old legal documents, and is the has nothing whatever to do with chasser, to chase or hunt. Pourchas, in old French, signifies labour, and suggests the derivation which involves labour as the price paid in the acquisition of land, &c. This idea of purchase, as founded on labour, is in unison with the meaning of purchase. Whence it signifies a point for a lever to act upon, or the power which hence ensues, as in these words : Physiognomy, consists of physis, nature, and gnosco, Gr. I know; and so properly denotes a knowledge of nature by outward ap-origin of the obsolete French word pourchasser (perchauchare); which pearances; but, as employed, the word signifies a knowledge of a man's character, as gained from his countenance. Physiology is the science of nature, but in a particular way; a science, that is, of the structure and laws of the human frame in particular, and of animal organisation in general. "I find that the most eminent and original physiologist of the present age (M. Cuvier), has been led, by his enlightened researches concerning the laws of the animal economy, into a train of thinking strikingly similar."-Dugald Stewart," Philosophy of the Mind." Pleni, of Latin origin (plenus, full; hence plenty), is found in plenipotentiary (potens, Lat, powerful), one who has been intrusted with full power or authority. "Let the plenipotentiary sophisters of England settle with the diplomatic sophisters of France in what manner right is to be corrected by an infusion of wrong, and how truth may be rendered more true by a due intermixture of falsehood."-Burke. Pleos, in Greek, is the same as the Latin plenus, found in our "plenty." Pleos supplies the first syllable in pleonasm, a fulness of expression so as to become excessive. "It is a pleonasm, a figure used in Scripture, by a multiplicity of expressions, to signify some one notable thing."-South. Poly, of Greek origin (polys, many, much), appears in polyanthus (anthos, Gr. a flower), so called from its many flowers; and in polygamy (gamos, Gr. marriage), having many wives. Polygamy was not commonly tolerated in Greece, for marriage was thought to be a conjunction of one man with one woman.-Potter, "Antiquities of Greece." Poly is also the first syllable of polyglott (glotté, Gr. a tongue), one who knows many languages; also a book written in many languages, as the "Polyglott Bible." Post, of Latin origin, after, afterwards, appears in postdate, to date after the time of writing, at some later time; in postpone (pono, Lat. I place), to put off: and in postscript (scriptum, Lat. a writing), something added to a letter. Postumous, erroneously spelt posthumous, from the Latin postumus, the same as postremus (from post, after), signifies late, very late, the latest, the last. This word is applied to a child born, after the father's death; or a book published after the author's death. Sometimes the word is spelt posthume, for postume. We have here an instance of the effect on spelling of a supposed etymology. Postume was thought to be composed of post, after, and humus, the ground, and hence the word was written posthume. It is, however, the superlative of the Latin posterus, and is used in the Latin language with the same applications as in English. Richardson is wrong in the etymology which he gives of this word. Pre, of Latin origin, before, as in precaution (from cavere, Lat. to beware) forethought. "Precaution trudging all about Churchill," The Ghost." "A politician, to do great things, looks for a power, which our workmen call a purchase, and if he finds that power in politics as in mechanics, he cannot be at a loss to apply it."-Burke. Proto, of Greek origin (protos, first), occurs in protomartyr (martys, a witness), the first witness or martyr: applied to Stephen, in church history. "With Hampden firm assertor of her laws, And protomartyr in the glorious cause." Boyse. Also in prototype. We have already had antitype, and archetype, here we have prototype, which means the first or original form or model. Pseudo, of Greek origin (pseudos, a falsehood), signifies what is not genuine, false; as, pseudo-prophet, a false prophet. "Out of a more tenacious cling to worldly respects, he stands up for all the rest to justify a long usurpation and convicted pseudepiscopacy (episcopos, Gr. a bishop), of prelates."-Milton. Pusill, of Latin origin, comes from pusillus (little) or pupillus (E.R. pupil), the diminutive form of pusus or pupus, a boy (pupa, a girl), which is the source of our word puppet, in the French poupée, a baby, a doll. Pusill is found in union with animus, mind, forming pusillanimous, small in mind, applied particularly to a want of spirit or courage. Putri, of Latin origin (putris, rotten, E.R. putrid), enters into the composition of a class of words, namely, putrefy (facio, Lat. I make), putrefaction, putrescent, putrescence, &c. "It is such light as putrefaction breeds In fly-blown flesh, whereon the maggot feeds, Cowper. It fades. April is come. The birds sing. The trees are in blossom. The flowers are coming out. The sun shines. Now it rains. It rains and the sun shines. There is a rainbow. Oh what fine colours! I cannot catch the rainbow. The rainbow is going away. It is quite gone. I hear the cuckoo. It is August. Let us go into This the corn-fields. Is the corn ripe? This is a grain of corn. is an ear of corn. This stalk makes straw. Now the corn must be tied up in sheaves. EXERCISES IN COMPOSITION. HISTORICAL THEME. Moses is taken into Pharaoh's palace. Write and carefully correct an account of the last sermon or speech you h¤âïú. FRENCH EXTRACTS. PENSEES MORALES ET MAXIMES. CONSCIENCE. La conscience est le meilleur livre de morale que nous ayons: c'est celui que l'on doit consulter le plus.-Pascal. CONSEIL. On ne donne rien si libéralement que ses conseils.-La Rochefoucauld. CONVERSATION. L'esprit de la conversation consiste bien moins à en montrer beaucoup, qu'à en faire trouver aux autres: celui qui sort de votre entretien content de soi et de son esprit, l'est de vous parfaitement.-La Bruyère. Les gens qui savent peu parlent beaucoup, et les gens qui savent beaucoup parlent peu. Il est naturel de croire qu'un ignorant trouve important tout ce qu'il sait, et le dise à tout le monde; mais un homme instruit n'ouvre pas aisément son répertoire, il aurait trop à dire, et, comme il voit encore plus à dire après lui, il se tait. -J.-J. Rousseau. Les pensées sont des tapisseries roulées, la conversation les déploie et les expose au grand jour.-Themistocle. COUR. DEVOIR. Tous les devoirs se mesurent en général par les rapports qui lient les hommes entre eux.-Epictete. Celui qui ne pense à ses devoirs que lorsqu'on l'en avertit, n'est digne d'aucune estime.-Plaute. DIEU. Celui qui garde son âme en état de désirer qu'il y ait un Dieu, n'en doute jamais. L'homme s'agite, Dieu le mène.-Fénelon. DISCRETION. Le fou montrera sa folie en écoutant par une porte; mais cette bassesse sera insupportable à l'homme prudent.-Ecclésiastique. Les lois du secret et du dépôt sont les mêmes.-Chamfort. DISSIMULATION La dissimulation est un certain art de composer ses paroles et ses actions pour une mauvaise fin.-Theophraste. Fuis pour un moment l'homme colère, et pour toujours l'homme dissimulé.-Confucius. La dissimulation est une imposture réfléchie.-Vauvenargues. DOCILITE. Celui dont l'oreille écoute les réprimandes salutaires demeurera au milieu des sages. Celui qui rejette la correction méprise son âme; mais celui qui se rend aux remonstrances possède son cœur La cour est comme un édifice bâti de marbre, je veux dire-Salomon. qu'elle est composée d'hommes durs, mais fort polis.-La Bruyère. COURAGE. Le vrai courage est une des qualités qui supposent le plus de grandeur d'âme. J'en remarque beaucoup de sortes: un courage contre la fortune, qui est philosophie; un courage contre les misères, qui est patience; un courage à la guerre, qui est valeur; un courage dans les entreprises, qui est hardiesse; un courage fier et téméraire, qui est audace; un courage contre l'injustice, qui es fermeté; un courage contre le vice, qui est sévérité; un courage de réflexion, de témperament, &c.-Vaurenargues. La parfaite valeur est de faire sans témoins ce qu'on serait capable de faire devant tout le monde.--La Rochefoucauld. C'est être sage que de savoir être docile quand il le faut, et de faire de bonne heure ce qu'on serait obligé de faire par la suite.— Courage toujours! Sans cette condition, point de vertu. Courage pour vaincre votre paresse et poursuivre toutes les études honorables; courage pour défendre la patrie et protéger votre semblable en toute rencontre; courage pour résister aux mauvais exemples et aux injustes dérisions; courage pour souffrir mala-dies, peines, angoisses de toute espèce, sans lâches lamentations; courage pour aspirer à une perfection à laquelle on ne doit pas cesser d'aspirer, si l'on ne veut pas perdre toute noblesse.-Silvio Pellico. Make x2+x=(x-y); then we have x2+x=x2-2xy-+y, by expansion; and Here the first factor being a square, so is the other, viz. y2-2y-1. Make y2--2y-1=(y-2)2; then we have and y= 2(x-1) Le grand dépend du petit, le petit du grand; le maître du valet, le valet du maître; la femme du mari, et plus souvent le mari de la femme; l'avare, de son argent; l'orgueilleux, de sa folie; In this expression for y, assume z as any number greater than l'ouvrier, de son travail; le libertin, du vice; l'honnête homme, de unity; and substitute the value of y in the expression for a; this l'estime du public, et l'estime du public, de sa bonne conduite. will give the number required by the question. Thus, assuming Ainsi notre réputation, notre vie et nos biens dépendent des autres 2, y becomes, and a, which satisfies the conditions of the question; for et de nos inclinations.-J. -J. Rousseau, Il est, sans comparison, plus sûr d'obéir que de commander, d'écouter que de parler, et de recevoir un conseil que de le donner. -Thomas a-Kempis. DESAPPOINTEMENT. Le désappointement marche en souriant derrière l'enthousiasme. -Madame de Stael. DESIR. Assez est un peu plus que ce que chacun a.—Franklin. Nous désirerions peu de choses avec ardeur, si nous connaissions parfaitement ce que nous désirons.-La Rochefoucauld. (3-4)2+24=(34); and (4)2-14=(4)2. This being one of Bonnycastle's questions, a solution will be found in his Key. Solutions similar to the above were sent by the following correspondents :-R. G. (Dundee), J. S. (Ayrshire), T. Morley (Bromley), A. Skerritt (Holbrook), Douglas, and others. Different solutions were sent by Carolus (Padiham), J. Macowan (Auchterarder), J. Sowden, and others. |