Wir müssen uns bestre'ben, wenn wir anders gute Bürger sein wollen, mit unfern Kräften und nach un serin Vermögen dem Staate zu nüßen. Wir dürfen Andern nicht thun, was Er hat Briese schreiben wollen Ich mußte den ganzen Abend lesen. Sie hatten es nicht thun sollen. With the (quiet) calmness of a At the thought of the disgrace We must exert ourselves, if we We must not do to others what He has wished to write letters. They ought not to have done it. 1. Wollen Sie mit mir nach Mannheim gehen? 2. Ich kann nicht, ich habe keine Zeit. 3. Wann können Sie gehen? 4. Ich werde die nächste 5. Will Ihr Lehrer mit Woche gehen, wenn Sie so lange warten können. Ihnen auf das Feld oder nach der Stadt gehen? 6. Er will nicht auf's Feld, und kann nicht nach der Stadt gehen. 7. Was wollen diese Kinder? 8. Sie wollen Aepfel und Kirschen, aber sie können keine kaufen, denn sie Baden kein Seld. 9. Was wollen Sie, mein Herr? mein Fräulein? meine Dame? 10. Wollen Sie die Güte haben, mir ein Glas (Sect. 62) Wasser (Sect. 26) zu geben? 11. Können Sie mir sagen, wie viel Uhr es ist? 12. Ich kann es (Sect. 36. VI) Ihnen nicht sagen, ich habe keine Uhr bei mir. 13. Was wollte der Kaufmann Ihnen verkaufen? 14. Jch fonnte nichts bei ihm finden, was ich kaufen wollt. 15. Wir werten morgen chlechtes Wetter haben. 16. Es kann sein, daß es noch heute regnen wird. 17. Können Sie die deutsche Handschrift lesen? 18. Nein, ich habe genug mit der Druckschrift zu thun. 19. Der Neidische (Sect. 17) will seinen Freund nicht loben. 20. Eine Gelehrte ist nicht immer eine gute Hausfrau. 21. Geduld ist eine schwere Kunst; Manche (§ 53. 1.) können sie lehren, aber nicht lernen. 22. Ein guter Lehrer muß Geduld haben. 23. Jeter gute Schüler wird aufmerksam sein. 1. You can go into the garden, but you cannot remain long there. 2. These attentive scholars were allowed to go with their teacher to Mannheim. 3. We can employ our time better. 4. Can you speak German? 5. We could not learn our lessons this week. 6. You must learn this week's lessons attentively. 7. You may go to-morrow to your parents. 8. He may be a good man. 9. The housewife must (is obliged to) go to market to-morrow. 10. Have you written to your parents? 11. Yes, I was obliged to write. 12. It is two o'clock. 13. I shall arrive at your house at a quarter past three o'clock. 14. Will you come twenty minutes before eight o'clock? 15. I may 16. come to your house this evening, but do not wait for me. As long as it rains, I cannot go out. 17. Fish can only live in water, and birds in the air. 18. You should not have done that, it will not be any recommendation to you. 19. I wish to go to the theatre this evening. 20. We may not have the opportunity another time. lanwenden. 2die Aufgaben dieser Woche. So lange als. 4nur. Steine Empfehlung. Gelegenheit. ANSWERS TO CORRESPONDENTS. AMINER may study geometry with very little knowledge of arithmetic, and relieve his mind with geology and English. A true geometer needs scarcely any instruments.-A PUPIL (Newport): Study both, and do all the Latin exercises if you wish to excel.-D. MINTY (Cardiff): Hints in composition will be given. Dr. Beard is right, if we consider that all prefixes were once words.-JOHN HOLLAND (New Basford) We advise him to apply to the clergyman of the parish in which he resides -W. B. U. (Cashel): Thanks for his communication. In Geology, eocene comes from eos, the dawn, and kainos, recent; miocene, from meion, smaller or less, and the same word; and pliocene, from picion, more, and the same word. The meaning is, that certain formations are called recent; and of this recentness, there are degrees: first, the newest or more recent, called pliocene; second, the less recent, called miocene; and third, the least recent, or the commencement of recentness, called the cocene.— A WOULD-BE-APPRENTICE, must not be afraid of any difficulties that may arise, if he were bound to a master; the law would protect him from ill-usage. A knowledge of Geometry would be a "feather in his cap," in an engineering shop.-D. H. (Liverpool): We cannot give a reference to the rules in French Grammar, which will remove his difficulties, because we have not come to these rules in our course; and to anticipate them for every one, would be endless.-AN ENQUIRER IN TIE WEST: No, certainly not; he can only learn by experience, or by consulting a dictionary.-E. M. COLLINS (Bath): Thanks for her communication.-G. BROWN (Sheffield): We mean pp. 676, 677, and 686 of the Three Guinea Catalogue, which is, no doubt, in the hands of some of the Sheffield manufacturers whose goods figured in class 23, of the Great Exhibition.-C. A. MOLLYSON: Right-J. E. WOOD (Tockworth): We are preparing the book on Arithmetic he wants.-X. Y. Z. (Bayswater): We must give the first part before the second part: patience, friend.-B. H. N. (Dukinfield): Right.-J. G. (Heywood): His remarks on the necessity of a French key, are just; we shall try to meet them. ONE ANXIOUS, &c. (Kirton-in-Lindsay): Go on, all right; all your questions have been already answered; read the notices to correspondents from the beginning.-H. D. (Slaidburn) shall receive due attention.-Q. K.X.: Yes.-E. S. PARKER (Plaistow): Go on as you are doing. Latin will help the French if you have time.-R. W. (Whitby): Yes. —E. M.: The references are to future lessons not to past.-W. MARCHBANK (Cowling): Thanks for his communication; his solution is quite correct; but arithmetic is preferable to algebra, for the mass, in such questions.-C. THOMAS (St. Austell): His solutica is quite correct, but too laborious.-GEORGE PEPPER (Belfast), A. HALL (Bristol), recommends Odell's system of shorthand, as it can be learned in half the time of Pitman's system.-JAMES L. ARDEN (Malton): The books selected for the class are very good; but after you have purchased them it would not be wise to attempt to criticise on your choice. You seem to have enough in hand for the present.-J. W. Y.: Words which from their nature admit of no comparison should not be treated like those which do. It is neither proper to say more proper, nor correct to say more correct.-LILLY (Gloucestershire) should request her mother or some friend to listen to her reading a column of Smart's" Walker's Pronouncing Dictionary" every day, and to ask her to spell the words in it after she has read it.-WILLIAM SMITHSON (Newcastle): If a mutual class be formed for the study of Euclid. a certain portion should be given out to be committed to judgment and not to memory only; and one member A black board or slate will should be selected in turn to hear the rest. be necessary to draw the diagrams upon, with chalk, so that all may see. Let each then, in turn, with his book shut, give the best account he can of a proposition and its demonstration to the chairman or teacher for the evening; the latter if he be not well acquainted with the proposition, holding his own book open by way of check upon any great inaccuracy of statement. (I. 2) means first proposition, second book. Q.E.F. means quod erat faciendum, i. e., which was to be done. The longitude on maps is to be counted from the first meridian, viz., that of Greenwich: and it is so counted and marked at the top and bottom of square maps. On round maps, like those of the world, it is marked along the equator, the meridian passing through Greenwich being markea O.-VERITAS: We are anxious to begin mechanics. CI5.15.CC means 1700, and the French Testament of this date, published in Amsterdam, is very likely to be both correct and good. Our thanks to his French teacher. His plan regarding exercises is good, but there are great difficulties in the way. The statement about the letters in the alphabet in the I. E. must be misprinted; but write to its editor. ORATOR (Greenock): Thomson's Algebra as a companion to his Euclid, is better than Bridge's. The French pronunciation is taught on the very plan he wishes, in the "French Lessons" published here, and which may be had by post, for seven penny stamps.-J. S. (Edgewareroad): The shilling edition of Euclid will be sent through the post, upon the transmission of 18 penny postage stamps to our office. LITERARY NOTICES. CASSELL'S ELEMENTS OF ARITHMETIC, will be issued early in October, price 1s. in stiff covers, or 1s. 6d. cloth, uniform with Cassell's Edition of Euclid, edited by Professor Wallace, A.M., of the University of Glasgow, Editor of Cassell's "Euclid," the POPULAR EDUCATOR, &c. THE POPULAR EDUCATOR ALMANACK, price 2d., containing a large amount of Educational Statistics, compiled from the most authentic sources, with brief notices of the various arts, sciences, languages, &o., will be ready for delivery November 1st. SIR JOHN Ross, who sailed in the Victory, in 1829, on an expedition to the north, again explored Baffin's Bay, Lancaster Sound, and Prince Regent's Inlet, discovered land which he called Boothia Felix, from the name of his patron, and explored the coasts of this new country, until he was so hemmed in by the ice, that he could neither advance nor return. The expedition accordingly remained in this condition during the space of four years, the longest period on record, of the deten John Ross failed in discovering a free passage in the frozen tion of navigators in the northern regions. While thus de- | if not more so, had been undertaken by land, with a view of tained the members employed their time in making excursions exploring the northern regions of America, and the coasts of which enlarged our sographical and meteorological knowledge, and added to philosopn, the fine discovery of the north magnetic pole. Besides the 1stmas and peninsula of Boothia Felix, the expedition discovered King William's Land, and the western sea called after the same sovereign. As to the north-west passage, he found that this did not exist in Prince Regent's Inlet, nor to the south of latitude 70 N.; but Sir VOL. I. the Polar Sea, in order to assist in the discovery of the passage so ardently sought for, during so many ages. Samuel Hearn, employed by the Hudson's Bay Company, in 1771, commenced his expedition at Prince of Wales' Fort, and discovered the Coppetmine River, which he traced to its embouchure, in the Polar Sea. Franklin, in 1820-21, made an expedition by land along the same coast between the Coppermine liver and Cape 25 Turnagain. This adventurous expedition accomplished amidst a thousand dangers, among which famine was not the least formidable, was highly useful in a geographical point of view. Two years afterwards the same officer undertook another expedition to the north, and explored the country between the Mackenzie River and Cape Back; at the same time Dr. Richardson, one of the party, explored that part between the Mackenzie River and the Coppermine River. The part of the coast left unexplored between the limits of Captain Beechey and Captain Franklin's discoveries, extending to 150 miles, was nearly completed in this respect by Captain Back, and after him by Messrs. Dease and Simpson, so that the northern shores of North America are now geographically known almost throughout their whole extent. Our geographical knowledge of the desert regions of North America was greatly increased by some other important expeditions. Lewis and Clarke travelled to the sources of the Missouri among the Rocky Mountains, and reached the Pacific Ocean by descending along the course of the Colombia River. Pike, in exploring the sources of the Mississippi, discovered those of the Arkansas and the Red River. Major Long, James Peak, Messrs. Cass and Schoolcraft, travelled over this vast region, so remarkably studded with lakes and rivers, and belonging partly to Britain and partly to the United States. Mackenzie, in 1789, went from Montreal, and travelling to the north-west, descended along the course of the river which bears his name, and found that its source was in the Slave Lake, and its termination in the Arctic Ocean; he then crossed the chain of the Rocky Mountains, and reached the Pacific. In South America, M. de Humboldt began his explorations, and accompanied by M. Aimé Bonpland, the celebrated botanist, visited Colombia, studying during his travels all the phenomena of nature, tracing the geography of the country, measuring the heights of the Andes, examining the craters of volcanoes, delineating in maps the courses of rivers, and, in short, exploring the whole external appearance of this magnificent country. On the river Amazon, he made observations cqually curious and important. He proceeded from Peru to Mexico, and made similar observations in the latter country; and he has described his scientific discoveries in these regions in a style both effective and interesting; so that in no portion of the globe have greater advances been made in the knowledge of physics and geography, and of all the sciences connected with them. Botanical geography may, in fact, be said to have originated with M. de Humboldt. If to this we add, that the author of Tableaux de la Nature" studied the countries in which he travelled both in an economical and political point of view, his merit as a scientific traveller stands unrivalled. the long, rendered so famous by the Temple of the Sun, built by the Incas, in an island in its centre. At the village of Tiahu anacu, near the banks of this lake, are also to be seen the remains of the stupendous palace erected by the ancient Peruvians. The interior courts, 360 feet square, are built of enormous blocks of stone, some of which weigh 80 tons. The great gates are each composed of one single mass; and there are colossal images rudely sculptured, showing that at a very early period there must have been some communication between the old world and the new. The traveller, above mentioned, then visited in succession the cities of Cochabamba and of Santa Cruz de la Sierra; courageously penetrated into the province of the Chiquitos, which he surveyed in every direction to the river Paraguay and the Brazilian city of MattoGrosso; noted the manners of the Guarayos, a tribe still entirely savage; traversed the province of the Moxos, to the north-east of Upper Peru; passed some time in the forests inhabited by the Yuracares Indians; discovered the points of discharge of the Rio-Beni and Rio-Mamoré, tributaries to the Amazon; returned to Santa Cruz; visited Potosi, the city of inexhaustible mines; and finally sailed for France from the coast of Peru. This remarkable expedition lasted for the space of eight years; and produced valuable results for the geographer, the natural historian, and the geologist. From the extremity of South America, let us pass on to the regions which surround the antarctic pole. There we see navigators of all nations, braving the storms and the icebergs of those seas which are covered with everlasting mists, in order to enrich geography with important observations and discoveries. After the immortal name of Cook, came those of William Smith (1818), of Lieutenant Barnsfield, of the Russian officers Bellinghausen and Lazareff (1819), of Botwell (1820), of Weddell and Palmer (1822), of Biscoe (1830), and of Balleny (1839). It is to these navigators, some commissioned by the government of the nations to which they belong, and others who were simply whalers or seal-catchers, that we owe the successive discoveries of New South Shetland, the New Orkneys, Palmer and Trinity lands, the islands of Peter and Alexander, Enderby land, Adelaide island, Graham's land, and the islands of Biscoe and Balleny. Three voyages in the southern circumpolar seas, those of Dumont-d'Urville, of Captain James Clarke Ross, and of the American Lieutenant Wilkes, deserve particular notice. The French expedition under the command of Captain Dumont-d'Urville, after a careful exploration of the straits of Magellan, proceeded in 1838 towards the icy regions, and was stopped by an iceberg in latitude 64 S. The two vessels endeavoured to overcome the obstacles which opposed their progress, but they were blockaded by the ice during five successive days, and only secured The travels of La Condamine in Peru and on the river their safety by a sudden change of the wind to the south, and Amazon; of Smith and Maw, on the same river; of Messrs. the immediate efforts of the crews, who cleared their way Spix, Martins, and Auguste St. Hilaire, in Brazil; of Don through the immense blocks of ice with which they were surFelix Azara, in Paragry; of Captains Parker-King, and rounded. Sailing in a different direction, they discovered Fitzroy, in Patagonia, and Terra-del-Fuego; of M. Stephenson, Louis Philippe's land; and returning northward, Captain in Chill and Peru; of A. Gay, in Chili; and of M. Schom- d'Urville visited agreeably to his instructions the islands of berg, Guiara,-have all contributed to the perfection of our Juan Fernandez, Marquesas, Tahiti, Samoa, Vavaoo, Hapaee, knowice of the geography, the productions, the geology, and and Feejee. He then touched at the islands of Sir J. Banks, the population of South America. Among these later travel- Vanikoro, Solomon, Carolines, and others, and arrived at the lers, must be mentioned M. A. d'Orbigny, a learned French hospitable port of Guam. He then sailed through the great geologist, who, in 1826, after a sojourn of seven months at Asiatic Archipelago, and explored the banks of New Guinea, Buenos Ayres, ascended the Parana as far as 1,000 miles from Australia, and the isles of Sunda; he made the tour of Borneo its mouth, travelled over the provinces of Corrientes and of Mis- and made a short stay at Hobart Town in Tasmania. In sions, penetrated into the hordes of savages which people January, 1840, the vessels of the same expedition, L'Astrolabe Grand-Chaco, and returned to a civilised territory, passing and La Zelce sailed again towards the icy regions of the south, through the provinces of Entre-Rios and Santa-Fe. He then and swept over the immense space from 120 to 170° E., which travelled into Patagonia, ascended the Rio Negro, and sojourned | had not hitherto been fully explored by navigators. Having eight months in that country, amongst the giants, whose Her-discovered some land and coasts which they supposed to belong culean forms and size had been described with so much to the yet undiscovered antarctic continent, they returned to exagg ration, by Pigaica, Drake, Sarmiento, Lemaire, Byron, New Zealand, and explored its coasts, and those of the islands Bougainville, and many other navigators. This intrepid na- of Louisiade, New Guinea, including the dangerous reets of turalist then proceeded to Chili, having doubled Cape Horn Torres Straits. and re ched Bolivia (Upper Peru), of which he explored the western region, rendered so remarkable by the labours of the ancient Quichuas. He ascended the summits of the Andes, and on his reaching the opposite sides of these amazing heights, beheld a magnificent panorama of snowy peaks, and of immense chains of mountains. He at last reached the vast tableland on which is situated the great Lake of Titicaca, 150 miles The object of the expedition, under Captain Ross, was to investigate the problem of the antarctic continent of which d'Urville was considered to have seen the shores. He sailed for this purpose, with the Erebus and Terror under his command, and early in 1840, he discovered land in latitude 70° 47 S., and longitude 174 56' E., consisting of a collection of peaked mountains varying from 9,000 to 12,000 feet in height covered with snow, and surrounded with immense masses of VOCABULARY. ice which jutted into the ocean like huge promontories. Ar Curae mihi est, it is an object of care to me, or I take pains that; detěgo, island discovered in the vicinity of this land, was called Vic-detegere, detexi, detectum 3, I uncover, detect, lay open; que, and, it toria. In latitude 76° 8' S., and longitude 170° 32′ E., they comes after the word, as voluptasque; conspicio, conspicere, condiscovered another island; and next day they beheld a moun- spexi, conspectum 3, I behold; educo 3, I lead out; quidara, quaedam, tain 12,400 feet high, belching forth, at an immense elevation, quoddam, certain; societas, átis, f. relationship (E. R. society); vix flames and smoke; to this volcano, they gave the name of scarcely; pie, piously, religiously; contemno, contemnere, contempsi, Mount Erebus. Having reached latitude 78° 4′ S., the farthest contemptum 3, I despise, contemn; probe, honestly, excellently; dives, south point yet reached in the antarctic ocean, the expedition divitis, rich, a rich man; divitiae, arum, pl. f. riches; honos, óris, m. proceeded on its way in a retrograde direction, coasting as it honour; schola, ae, f. a school; scriptor, óris, m. a writer (E. R. were the land first discovered, it being impossible to get on scripture); quoad, adv. as long as. shore on account of the ice in which it was enveloped. It was thus ascertained that this land extended in latitude from 70° S. to 79° S.; and it was named Victoria's Land. A second voyage of Captain Ross was fruitless; and a third ended in the discovery of a small volcanic island in latitude 64° 12′ S., and in longitude 54° 29′ W. The expedition of Wilkes, the American navigator above mentioned was practically useless; as it was proved that his claim to the discovery of the antarctic continent, could not be supported even by the testimony of his own officers. Recent attempts to penetrate into the land around the south pole have proved unsuccessful. LESSONS IN LATIN.-No. XXIII. THE THIRD CONJUGATION. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Pater curat ut ego strenue excolar; euro ut puer bene excolatur; pater curabat ut puer bene excoleretur; curae mihi est ut a te diligar; conjuratio Catilinae a Cicerone detecta est; tria bella atrocissima gesta sunt inter Romanos et Carthaginienses; labor voluptasque naturali quadam societate inter se juncta sunt; multae urbes ab hostibus combustae sunt; vix hostes conspecti erant quum milites a duce e castris in aciem êducti sunt; metuebamus ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cincta esset; Deus pie colitor; leges divinae ne contemnuntor; sapientes semper ratione regi student; pueri probe excolendi sunt; ne vincitor cupiditatibus; non eris dives nisi divitiae a te contemptae erunt! contemnens voluptates, diligèris; quoad literis honos erit, Graeci et Latini Scriptores in scholis legentur. ENGLISH-LATIN. My mind will be cultivated; my brother's mind has been culti vated; if thy mind is well cultivated, thou wilt be loved; riches are despised by the wise; riches will be despised by me; riches will have been despised by my father; let riches be despised by thee, my son; he strives (studet) to be governed by reason; the boy must be well cultivated; let the boy be well cultivated; I have taken care that pleasures should be despised by my children; the Latin writers are read in my school; if thou livest well, thou wilt he Participle, loved by good men; I fear riches will (may) not be despised by thee; many wars have been carried on by the English; the city was burnt by the army. (legebámur legebántur legerentur (legar legéris (e) lectum iri legendus legétur legémur lectus sum lectus es lectus sim lectum [esse lectum PERFECT. Sing. Plural. Sing. Plural. lectus eram lecti eramus lectus eris lectus erit lecti erĭmus lecti eritis lecti erunt lecti essemus INSTANCES.-In this way conjugate in full, agor, agi, actum esse, I am driven; regor, regi, rectum esse, I am ruled; and dividor, dividi, divisum esse, I am divided. VOCABULARY. Sitio 4, I thirst (sitierunt is a syncopated form for sitiverunt); esurio 4, I am hungry; tenuis e, thin; membrănum, i, n. a leaf, or covering; vestio 4, clothe (E. R. vest); paries, ětis, m. a wall; coróna, ae, f. a crown, chaplet; placeo 2, I please; navigo 1, I sail (E.R. navigate; munio 4, I fortify; dormio 4, I sleep; simulac, as soon as; antequam, before that; expedio, with the reflective pronoun, pre are; garrio 4, I chatter; Lacedaemonii, orum, m. the Spartans; specto Iregard (id spectant, have this object); custodio 4, I keep, guard; enio 4, I soften, soothe; punio 4, I punish; obedio 4, I obey, governs the dative (obedieratis, syncopated for obediveratis); prodest, he benefits. EXERCISES.-LATIN-ENGLISH. Milites per totum diem sitierunt et esurierunt; natura oculos tenuissimis membranis vestivit; cur domûs vestrae parietes coronis ornavistis et vestivistis? praeceptoribus vestris placueratis, quia semper praeceptis eorum obedieratis; vix milites nostri castra muniverant, quum Caesar aciem instruxit; non prius dormiemus quam negotia nostra finierimus; quum milites castra muniverint, ad pugnam se expedient; cavete, pueri, ne garriatis; Lacedaemoniorum leges id spectant ut laboribus erudiant juventutem; narrate nemo. dubitabat quin pueros semper custodivisses; mihi quâ consolatione aegrum amici animum leniveritis; nescio cur puerum puniveritis; non dubitabam quin praecepta mea memoriâ custodivissetis; ne garritóte, filiae; venio te rogatum ut mecum ambules; milites urbem custodire debent; sapientia est ars videndi; obediendum est praeceptis virtutis; ars navigandi utilissima est. ENGLISH-LATIN. They thirsted; I shall be hungry; thou wilt not obey my precepts; the boys chatter; they have not obeyed their father; I know not why they have not obeyed their father; no one doubts that good boys obey their father; he kept my words in memory; I shall take care that thou keepest (mayest keep) my words in memory; they come to fortify the city; the art of writing is useful; they shall not sleep adorn the walls of their house with chaplets; until (before that) I have (shall have) finished my business; hast thou finished thy business? he was punishing the boy when I entered the school. Sing. THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. PASSIVE VOICE. Chief Parts; audior, audítus sum, audíri. Characteristic letter, I long. Infinitive. Indicative. Subjunctive. Imperative. audiris audiar [audítor audire or auditor PRESENT. Sing. Plural. I. FUTURE. Sing. Plural. Plural. audiebáris (e) audiréris audiebámur audirémur audiar audiéris audiétur audiemur audiéntur Pater curat at filius bene erudiatur; pater curabat at filius bene erudiretur; cives metuant ne castra ab hostibus ante urbem muniantur; oculi tenuissimis membranis vestiti sunt; quum rex urbem intrabat, omnium civium domus coronis et floribus vestitae et ornatae sunt; non prius dormiemus quam negotia vestra finita erunt; simulac castra munita erunt, milites se ad pugnam expedient; metuebamus ne urbs ab hostibus obsidione cincta esset; improbi puniuntor; bonus discipulus literarum cognitione erudiri studet; urbs, obsidione cinctâ, multis malis punitur; vir eruditus non solum sibi sed etiam aliis prodest; pueri diligenter erudiendi sunt. ENGLISH-LATIN. They are guarded; the city is guarded; the city will be guarded; the city has been guarded; I take care that the city is (may be) guarded; no one doubts that the city is well guarded; the citizens ought to guard the city; why do not the citizens guard the city? I know not why the citizens do not guard the city; I fear the citizens may not guard the city; they have prepared for the fight; the walls of the house have been clothed with flowers. LESSONS IN PHYSIOLOGY.-No. X. MAN. THE structure of our bodies may be perfect-they may be possessed of all the properties which are required for their activity, but this activity would never be put forth without the stimulation of heat. This is essential to every action of life. Why are persons sometimes frozen to death, but because, under the extreme cold to which they are exposed, they are not able to keep up the temperature of the body? In man, the standard heat is from ninetyeight to one hundred degrees; and it is well known that whatever may be the state of the air by which we are surrounded,-whether we be in the polar regions, or in the torrid zone,-under any variety of circumstance, the body retains nearly the same temperParticiple. ature. This is a property peculiar to life; and "without this power of adaptation, it is obvious that man must have been chained for life to the climate which gave him birth, and even then have suffered constantly from the change of seasons; whereas, by possessing it, he can retain life in a temperature sufficiently cold to This freeze mercury, and is able for a time to sustain, unharmed, a heat more than sufficient to boil water, or even to bake meat.' uniform temperature is effected by the production of heat sufficient to compensate for that which is constantly lost in radiation, or in the evaporation which takes place from the exposed surfaces of the body. In proportion as the external temperature is low, it is needful that more heat should be generated and evolved to keep up the temperature of the body to its proper standard. If the surface is exposed to a high degree of external heat, then the temperature of the body is kept down by the increased amount of fluid which is set free from the perspiratory glands; this fluid is carried off by perspiration in a state of vapour, and withdraws a certain quantity of caloric or a certain degree of heat from the surface. As a rational and intelligent being, man has the power to adapt imself to the extremes of heat and cold, and to every possible variety of climate. His intelligence will be seen in the choice of auditum audiendus " |