gany and its feveral branches or fpurs. Their direction is from north-eaft to fouth-weft, through Northampton, Dauphin, Cumberland and other middle counties. Thefe mountains furnish the principal fources of the Ohio, Potomac, Sufquehanna, Schuylkill and Delaware rivers, with feveral rivers of fmaller note. 434. Principal Rivers. The chief rivers are, the Delaware on the eaft, the Sufquehanna, which penetrates the flate, the Schuylkill, the Lehigh, a branch of the Delaware; and on the weft of the mountains, the Allegany, or head branch of the Ohio, and Monongahelaall which have been before defcribed. To these may be added the Juniata, the Conefloga, the Yohogany, the Kifkamanitas, Big Beaver Creek, and many other confiderable ftreams, which form the fources of the large rivers, and fpread water over the ftate in all directions. 435. Counties and Towns. The number of counties in the year 1803, was thirty-two, and the townships about five hundred and twenty, exclufive of the city and liberties of Philadelphia. 436. Soil and Productions. Pennfylvania contains all the varieties of foil. Its productions are all forts of grain, roots and fruits common in temperate latitudes. The ftaple of the ftate is wheat or flour, of which great quantities are exported. In this ftate grow feveral fpecies of trees not found in more northern climates. 437. Principal Torons. The city of Philadelphia is the chief town in Pennfylvania. It was founded by William Penn, in 1683, and from him it received its name, which is compofed of two Greek words, fignifying brotherly love. It stands on the weft bank of the Delaware, one hundred and twenty miles from the fea, and five miles above its junction with the Schuylkill. 438. Plan of Philadelphia. Philadelphia, according to its primitive plan, extends about a mile along the Delaware, and from that river to the Schuylkill. But the conveniences for trade have enlarged the fettlements on the Delaware, to an extent of nearly three miles. The north part of the town is called Kenfington-the fouth part, Southwark. Thefe now form one continued fettlement or town, in union with the city. 439. Streets. The principal ftreets are ftrait, and crofs each other at right angles; nine of thefe within the city run from one river to the other; and these are croffed by twenty-three which run nearly north and fouth. Thefe ftreets are built on, from the Delaware to tenth and twelfth ftreets. In the center of the city runs high ftreet one hundred feet wide, in which is the principal market. The streets in general are fifty feet in bredth, well paved, and bordered with broad footwalks, paved with brick. The streets which run eaft and weft are called by the names of the trees which grew on the land, as mulberry, chefnut, walnut, pine and fpruce. Thofe which run north and fouth are called and numbered from the Delaware, water, front, fecond, third, &c. 440. Banks and Infurance Companies. There are five incorporated banks in Philadelphia-the bank of the United States-the bank of North-America-the bank of Pennfylvania, the Philadelphia bank, and the Farmer's and Mechanics bank. There are feveral incorporated companies, for infurance againft loffes at fea, and by fire. 441. Buildings. That part of the city which was built before the American revolution, confifts moftly of brick houses, three ftories high, plain and well built.-Since the revolution, large additions have been made, the houfes are conftructed on a larger plan, and with unufual tafte and elegance. The market-houfe in high-ftreet is the largest building of the kind in America, and for abundance of provifions, neatnefs and regularity, is not exceeded by any perhaps in the world. 442. Public Edifices. The public edifices of most importance are the churches, fome of which, as particularly the German Lutheran, are unusually large and elegant. The state-house is a very large edifice the new courthoufe, the theater, the library, the hofpital, the almshoufe, are large and handsome ftructures. The jail is one of the largest and best conftructed buildings of the kind in the United States. The new edifice for the bank of the United States, is a most elegant ftructure, ornamented in front with marble columns. The bank of Pennsylvania is an elegant ftructure of white marble, quarried a few miles from the city, and each front is ornamented with fix Ionic columns of marble. Over the Schuylkifl is a bridge fupported by folid elliptical piers. 443. Public Inflitutions. The charitable inftitutions in Philadelphia, are among the most liberal and useful in the United States. Of thefe the most distinguished are, the hofpital, the alms-house and the difpenfary. The library, with the Loganian addition of rare and valuable authors, is one of the largest and beft felected collection of books in the United States. The university is eminent, especially for the reputation of its medical profeffors.-The philofophical fociety holds a distinguished rank among literary inftitutions. Many charitable focieties, academies and fchools do honor to the citizens; and the cabinet of curiofities, collected by Mr. Peale, is the best in the United States. It confifts of all kinds of animals in good preservation, and a valuable collection of minerals. 444. Water-works. The building and machinery for raifing and diftributing water through the city, far exceed in magnitude, any thing of the kind in this country. A large ftream of water is brought in a fubterraneous canal, from the Schuylkill, to an elevation near the center of the city; the water is then raised by steam to a reservoir on the top of a circular brick edifice, from which it is diftributed by bored logs to the different parts of the city.. 445. Population. The indulgence of all religious opinions in Pennfylvania, and other allurements offered to fettlers by the proprietors, rendered the growth of the province and the city of Philadelphia very rapid. In 1749, the houses in Philadelphia were upwards of two thousand-in 1760, nearly three thousand-in 1770, five thousand five hundred. The inhabitants in the latter year, were thirty-five thousand. The revolution fufpend ed the growth of the city. In 1790, the inhabitants of the city and fuburbs were forty-one thousand-in 1800, feventy-two thoufand. The city is governed by a mayor,. aldermen and common council. 446. Inhabitants of the State. The province of Pennfylvania was firft peopled by the friends or quakers under the patronage of their celebrated leader, William Penn. But the liberal privileges offered to all denominations, drew fettlers from Ireland and Germany as well as England, and the greatest part of the prefent inhabitants are emigrants from thofe countries, or their defcendants. 1790, the number was four hundred and thirty-four thoufand; in 1800, fix hundred and four thoufand, of which eleven hundred and fifty were flaves. In 447. Manufactures. Pennfylvania is diftinguished for its manufactures, of which the principal are bar iron, nails, and almoft every fpecies of Iron caftings; paper, books, lether, gun-powder, glauber's falt, flour, loaffugar, chocolate, hair-powder, fnuff, tobacco, utenfils and furniture of all kinds, carriages, hats, faddlery, beer and porter, fome cotton cloths, linen and stockings, brick of an excellent fabric and beauty; and a multitude of other articles, The mint of the United States is at Philadelphia. 448. Commerce. The commerce of Philadelphia extends to all parts of the world, and comprehends the purchafe and fale of every fpecies of commodity. The exports confist mostly of the ftaple, flour, grain of feveral kinds, iron, utenfils of all kinds, mahogany furniture, carriages, and other manufactured articles, East and West. India and European goods. The value of the exports. from that city in 1800 amounted nearly to twelve millions of dollars. 449. State of Learning. In Pennfylvania is one univerfity, the feat of which is Philadelphia; a college at. Carlife and another at Lancafter. There are numerous academies and fchools in Philadelphia and other large towns. The legislature have reserved fixty thousand acres of land as a fund for fupporting public fchools. The Moravian academies, at Bethlehem and Nazareth, are o ted for strict difciplin and morals. 450. Militia. The militia according to returns made to the War-Office in the year 1802, confifted of thirteen divifions, twenty-fix brigades, and one hundred and thirtyeight regiments, containing seventy-fix thousand effective infantry. No artillery, cavalry or grenadiers are mentioned in the returns. 451. Conflitution of Government. The power of making laws is vefted in the general affembly confifting of two branches, a fenate and a house of representatives. The reprefentatives are chofen for one year; and the number cannot be lefs than fixty nor more than a hundred.--The number is determined by the legislature and apportioned on the counties and the city of Philadelphia according to the number of taxable inhabitants. The fenators are chofen by districts for four years, and the number cannot be less than a fourth, nor more than a third of the number of representatives, 452. Qualifications of Reprefentatives and Senators. To entitle a man to be a reprefentative, he must be twentyone years of age, a citizen and inhabitant of the state three years preceding his election, and one year a refi dent in the city or county in which he is chofen. A fenator must be twenty one years of age, and have been four years before his election à citizen of the ftate, and one year an inhabitant of the district for which he is chofen. 453. Qualifications of the Electors. To entitle a man to the privilege of voting for rulers, he must be of legal age; must have refided in the ftate two years before the election and have paid a state or county tax, which has been affeffed fix months before the election. The fons of electors, between the ages of twenty-one and twenty-two, are entitled to vote without having paid taxes. Elections are by ballot. 454. Executive Power. The fupreme executive power is vested in a governor who is chofen on the fecond Tuefday of October, once in three years, but can hold the |