militia, and has power to grant reprieves and pardons. The governor alfo, with the advice and confent of a council, composed of a fenator from each district, annually chofen by the affembly, appoints and commiffions the judges, fheriffs, and other executive officers. The lieutenant-governor is elrofe in the fame manner as the governor, and in his abfence, fupplies his place. He is alfo prefident of the fenate.

411. Judiciary. The chancellor holds courts of equity. The judges of the fupreme and county courts hold courts of law. The fupreme court fits only in New-York and Albany; but circuit courts, confifting of a judge of the fupreme court, are held in every county in the ftate. The judges hold their offices during good behavior, or till they are fixty years of age. A court for the trial of impeachments must confift of the fenate, the chancellor and the judges of the fupreme court. The fenate is the fupreme court for the correction of errors..

412. Militia. The militia in the year 1802, was compofed of five divifions of infantry, twenty-five brigades, ninety-three regiments and nearly feventy thousand privates and fubaltern officers-of eighteen hundred cavalry, and eight hundred artillery, including officers..

413. State of Real Property. Before the revolution, a large portion of the colony of New-York was parcelled out into manors, which were in the hands of a few fami lies. Several of the proprietors, adhering to the royal cause, during the war, loft their eftates by forfeiture and confifcation. Thefe eftates were divided and fold. A few manors, belonging to the friends of the revolution are retained by the families; but a law of the state, altering the tenure of the lands, and destroying future entailments, is calculated to reduce the manors, into fmall eftates.

NEW JERSEY.

414. Situation and Name. New-Jerfey is fituated between thirty-nine and forty-one degrees, twenty-four minutes, of north latitude; and in the feventy-fifth and

fixth degrees of weft longitude. The grant of this territory was first made by king Charles the second to his brother James, then duke of York, who owned an estate in the island of Jerfey, and who therefore called this territory New-Jersey.

415. Bounds and Extent. he Jew-Jersey is bounded on the east by the Atlantic and the Hudfon: on the south and weft by Delaware bay and river, and on the north, by New-York. Its length, north and fouth, is about one hundred and fixty miles, and its bredth, fifty; comprehending about five millions of acres.

416. Face of the State. New-Jersey contains no great mountains. The fouthern part is a plain, and great part of it a barren fand. The middle and northern parts confift of hills and plains, which are variegated with ftreams of water and fine tracts of fertile land. The rivers Hackinfac, Paffaic, and Raritan, which rife in the hilly country on the north, water that part of the state, and form rich intervals. By means of these rivers and the Hudfon and Delaware on the borders, the whole state lies within twenty-five miles of navigable and boatable

water.

417. Divifions of the State. The grant to the duke of York was very early divided and fold to different proprietors. The divifional line run, north and south, nearly through the middle of the territory, and gave rise to the denominations of eaft and weft Jersey. The state is now divided into thirteen counties. On the east, Bergen, Effex, Middlesex and Monmouth; on the west and fouth, Suffex, Hunterdon, Burlington, Gloucester, Salem, Cumberland and Cape-May; and in the interior, Somerfet and Morris. Thefe counties are divided into townships.

418. Population. In 1785, the fate of New-Jersey, contained one hundred and thirty-nine thousand whites, and ten thousand five hundred blacks-In 1790, the number had increased to one hundred and eighty-four thoufand whites, and eleven thousand four hundred flaves. -In 1800, to two hundred and eleven thousand inhabitants, of which twelve thousand were flaves.

419. Chief Towns. The principal towns are Trenton, Burlington, Bordentown, Elizabethtown, Amboy, Newark, Brunfwick, Princeton and Morristown-all which are of confiderable fize, well built and pleasant. Trenton is the feat of government; and Princeton, the feat of Naffau Hall college, fituated on high commanding ground, near the center of the ftate, tho a small town, is a moft healthful and delightful refidence.

420. Climate and Productions. New-Jerfey is in the middle and temperate region of the United States the fouthern part, extending a degree to the fouthward of New-York, has a milder climate. The northern part is hilly and more cold. From the middle of the state to Cape-May, the ftate contains much barren land; but it produces all kinds of grain, fruits and roots. The fruits are remarkably good, particularly the apple and the peach. The northern counties contain excellent pafturage, and beef, mutton, butter and cheese, in large quantities are fent to the New-York market. The pork and bacon of the western counties are in high repute and fo is the cider of the eastern.

421. Manufactures. Few manufactures have made much progrefs in New Jersey, except that of iron.-This is a confiderable branch of business particularly in Morris county, which furnishes inexaustible mines of ore, with abundance of wood and convenient ftreams of water. Two furnaces, two rolling and flitting mills, and about thirty forges, produce yearly fourteen hundred tuns of bar and pig iron, befides hollow ware and other caftings. It is estimated that twenty-five hun dred tuns are produced in the ftate. Nails, lether, and fome cottons are alfo made in New-Jersey,

422. Commerce. New-Jerfey, being a tongue of land between the Hudfon and Delaware, and having the two principal trading cities of the United States, in its neighborhood, kas little foreign commerce, altho the bay and river at Amboy, furnish an excellent harbor. The produce of the eastern part of the ftate is carried to New

York-that of the western to Philadelphia, and forms a confiderable part of the amount of exports from those cities.

423. State of Learning. The education of youth in New-Jerfey depends on the voluntary contributions of individuals, and therefore is neglected by fome claffes of the people. In the more populous towns and villages are academies and fchools of high reputation. The college at Princeton, called Naffau Hall, is a feminary of diftinguished reputation, and from thirty to forty ftudents are annually graduated at the public commencement.

424. Religious Denominations. The inhabitants of New-Jersey confift of the defcendants of the Dutch, Englifh, German, Scotch and Irish fettlers. Thefe are of all denominations, and have equal liberty of worfhipping in their own modes, without the interference of law, or any establishment. As a qualification for office however it is neceffary that a perfon fhould be a proteftant.

425. Conflitution. The fupreme legislative power is lodged in a council and general affembly. The council confifts of one member for each county, and the affembly, of three deputies from each county. Thefe form feparate houses, whose concurrence is neceflary to the paffing of a law. The qualifications of a councillor are, one year's refidence in the county for which he is chofen, and poffeffion of real and perfonal estate of the value of two thousand fix hundred and fixty-feven dollars. One half of this fum qualifies a man for a member of the af fembly.

4.26. Electors. All the inhabitants of New-Jerfey are entitled to vote for rulers, if they have the following qualifications-full age, one year's refidence in the county where they claim to vote, and poffeffion of property in the fame of the value of one hundred and thirty-three dollars and a third. Under this conftitution, females enjoy and exercise the privilege of voting-a fingularity peculiar to that state.

4.27. Executive. The council and affembly, at their first meeting after the election in October, jointly elect a

perfon for governor, who prefides in the council with a cafting vote, and in whom is vefted the fupreme executive power. The council and affembly appoint the judges of courts, juftices of the peace, fecretary and treafurer who are commiffioned by the governor.

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428. Judges and other officers. The judges of the fupreme court hold their offices for feven years; judges of the common pleas, juftices of the peace, and fecretary, for five years; the treafurer for one year. But all officers may be re-appointed. Sheriffs are yearly chofen by the people, and may be re-elected for three years in fucceffion; they then remain ineligible for three years.— Judges of the fupreme and county courts, and fheriffs are precluded from a feat in the legislature.

429. Military. Captains and inferior officers are chofen by the military companies; fuperior officers are appointed by the council and affembly.

PENNSYLVANIA.

430. Name and Situation. The name of Pennfylvania is compofed of the name of the firft proprietor, Penn, and a word formed from fylva, a wood or foreft. The ftate lies between the middle of the fortieth and the fortyfecond degrees of latitude, and the feventy-fifth and eightieth degrees of weft longitude.

431. Bounds. On the east Pennsylvania is bounded by the Delaware, which feparates it from New-Jerfeyon the fouth it adjoins to the ftates of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia-on the weft, it has a part of Virginia and the state of Ohio--on the north, it is bounded by lake Erie and the state of New-York.

432. Extent. Extent. The bredth of Pennfylvania, from fouth to north, is about one hundred and fifty miles, and its length, from eaft to welt, two hundred and ninety. Its furface contains forty-four thousand fquare miles, and twenty-eight millions of acres.

433. Mountains. This ftate is interfected with the high ridges of mountains which conflitute the Alle

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