cleared, than it produces great crops of wheat, maiz, flax, oats and other ufeful articles.

242. Trade of Vermont. The courfe of trade fol-. lows the course of the rivers and the lake. On the eaft fide of the mountains, goods are exported and imported. chiefly by means of the Connecticut; and of course, the connexions in bufinefs are with Hartford and NewYork. The north-eastern parts, however, communicate more eafily with Bofton, Portsmouth, Kennebec, or fome eastern port. On the west of the mountains the trade is with Troy, Albany, or other towns on the Hudfon, and by that river with New-York; or to the north with Canada by means of lake Champlain and its outlet..

243. Exports. The chief articles exported are pot and pearl afhes, wheat and other grain, bar iron, nails, beef, pork, cattle, horfes, lumber and peltry; with fome flax and maple fugar. As all the commodities exported. from Vermont are tranfported through other ftates, ex.. cept what país to Canada, the amount of their value cannot be known, being included in the returns of exports from the ports where the articles are shipped. Thus a large part of the exports from New-York is the produce: of Connecticut, New-Jerfey and Vermont.

244. Manufactures. The manufactures of Vermont are chiefly of the domeftic kind, furnishing the inhabitants with coarfe woollens and linens for the greater part of their neceffary clothing. The fheep in Vermont are good, and flax is raifed to great advantage. Iron is found to be abundant in the tate, and large quantities. are manufactured into nails. Many furnaces and forges are established in the western counties. The burning of wood, in clearing new lands, fupplies vast quantities of afhes, for the manufacture of pot and pearl alhes. Maple fugar is made in large quantities..

245. State of Learning. Learning receives from the people of Vermont all the encouragement that can be expected from an agricultural people in a new fettlement. Schools for common education are planted in every part.

of the state; and two colleges are established, one at Middlebury, the other at Burlington, in which are taught claffical learning, and the higher branches of mathematics, philofophy, and other fciences.

246. State of Religion. In the grants of townships by the legiflature of Vermont, two rights of land have been referved for the fupport of the clergy-one for a perpetual parfonage-another for the first fettled minifter in the town, of whatever denomination. In many of the oldeft towns, there are fettled minifters; in others, occafional preaching by delegates from focieties of the clergy in the other states. The inhabitants are chiefly of the congregational perfuafion, or baptifts: but perfect freedom in religion is recognized by the conftitution; and in this, as in other ftates, are found people of almost every denomination.

247. Government of Vermont. The conftitution of Vermont, originally formed in 1778, revised in 1786, and again 1792, lodges the legislative power, in a house of reprefentatives, confifting of a deputy from each town, chofen annually on the firft Tuesday of September, and filed, the General Affembly. The annual meeting of the legiflature is on the fecond Thursday of October.

248. Executive Power. The power of adminiftering the laws is vefted in a governor, or in his absence, a lieutenant governor, and a council of twelve men, chosen annually by the freemen; or if no perfon has a majority of votes, the governor is chofen by the council and general affembly. No property is neceffary to qualify a man for any legislative or executive office.

249. Freemen. Every man of full age, and of quiet behavior, after a years refidence in the ftate, is entitled to be a freeman, and to vote for public officers, but two years refidence is requifite to qualify a man for the Office of governor, lieutenant governor, treasurer, councillor or reprefentative,

250. Mode of enading Laws. aate in the affembly, are to be laid

All bills which origi

before the governor

council, and if approved become laws--but if the governor and council propofe amendments, as they may, and the amendments are not agreed to by the affembly, the governor and council may fufpend the paffing of the bills, until the next feffion. If a bill is not returned in five days, it becomes a law.

251. Appointments and Courts. Judges of the feveral courts, sheriffs, juftices of the peace, and general officers, are appointed by the general affembly, in conjunction with the governor and council; but officers are com miffioned by the governor. The fupreme court confifts of three judges, and is held in each county. Each county has alfo a court, confifting of three judges. Juftices of the peace have power to try civil actions, where the demand does not exceed thirteen dollars and a thirdand criminal actions, where the fine or forfeiture does not exceed fix dollars and two thirds. They can also punish with stripes not exceeding ten.

252. Taxation and Expenfes. The property of the inhabitants is valued, agreeable to certain rules established by law; and on that property is apportioned every pub lic tax. The expenfes of government in Vermont amount to about ten thousand dollars a year; and the state is not incumbered with debt.

253.

Militia. The military force of Vermont confifts of every able bodied man from fixteen years old to fortyfive excepting perfons exempted on account of their employments. In 1792, there were twenty regiments. of infantry, divided into four divifions, eight brigades, fifteen companies of cavalry, and fix of artillery, compofing a body of eighteen thousand and five hundred

men.

MAINE IN MASSACHUSETTS.

254. Divifions of Maffachusetts. The state of Maffa chusetts is feparated into two divifions, by means of NewHampshire. That part which lies north and eaft of NewHampshire is called the district of Maine, and forms the north-eastern extremity of the United States.

255. Situation and Bounds of Maine. Maine lies between the forty-third and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude; and between the fixty-fifth and feventy-first degrees of west longitude. On the Weft, Maine has for a boundary, the Pafcataway and New-Hampshire, on the north, Canada; on the eaft, the river Scooduc and NewBrunfwic; and on the fouth, the Atlantic.

256. Extent. The length of Maine on the sea coaft is two hundred and forty miles: and its bredth, on an average, is one hundred and thirty. This extent of furface gives thirty-one thoufand and two hundred fquare miles, and almost twenty millions of acres. What portion is covered with water is not yet known.

257. Face of the Country. Maine is generally hilly, but not mountainous. The land near the fea coaft is ftony and barren; but the interior land produces good. crops of wheat, rye, barley, oats, maiz, hemp, flax, and efculent roots. On the weft is a mountain called Agamenticus, within a few miles of the fea; a ufeful land-mark for feamen. On the north a range of mountains divides this district from Canada.

258. Rivers and Lakes. Maine is well watered with large and fmall ftreams, the chief of which are Saco, Kennebec, Penobscot, Androfcoggin, and Scooduc; all which furnish navigable and boatable water into the interior of the country. The chief lakes are Moofehead,

Sabacook or Sebago, Scooduc and Umbagog.

259. Bays and Iflands. No part of the Americancoaft is more indented with bays and inlets, than the coaft of Maine. The principal of thefe are Cafco, Pe maquid, Penobscot, Paflamaquoddy, and Machias. Nu-merous iflands are fcattered along the coaft, at a small distance from the land, protecting the harbors from the violence of the waves, and rendering navigation fafe.

260. Counties, Towns, and Population. The counties. in Maine are fix-on the west adjoining to Pafcataway, lies York-next to which are Cumberland and Kennebec then Lincoln-eaft of which is Hancock, and last of

all Washington. These are divided into two hundred and twenty townships. The inhabitants of the district in 1750, were less than ten thoufand-in 1790, they were ninety-fix thousand; and in 1800, almoft one hundred and fifty-two thousand.

261. Chief Towns. York, a confiderable town, nine miles from Portsmouth, is fituated on a river of the fame name, has a good harbor, and contained, by the cenfus of the year 1800, two thoufand eight hundred inhabitants. Portland, on Cafco-Bay, fifty-five miles from Portsmouth, was built on the ruins of Falmouth, which was burnt by the British in 1775. It is a place of confiderable trade, has a bank, and contained in 1800, three thousand seven hundred inhabitants. There are many other confiderable towns, as Wells, Pownalborough, Biddeford, Wifcaffet and others.

262. Trade. The principal article of export is lumber. Vaft quantities of pine boards, fhingles, joifts, mafts, fpars, and the like, are tranfported to the neighboring states, and to Europe and the Weft-Indies. Pine, Hemlock, fpruce, beech and maple abound in the country; and from that district Boston is chiefly fupplied with wood. Fifh alfo is a confiderable article of export.

263. Agriculture. The first fettlements in Maine were on the rivers and bays, along the fea fhore, where the land is barren; and the inhabitants, finding a trade in lumber the moft profitable bufinefs, neglected the cultivation of the earth, and exchanged their lumber for grain, which they imported from the middle and fouthern states. But the lumber trade being fufpended by the revolutionary war, the inhabitants betook themfelves to agriculture, and pushing their fettlements to the interior of the district, found the land capable of fupplying them with provifions.

264. Manufactures and Fisheries. The manufactures are confined moftly to a few coarfe cloths. The fifheries are profecuted with ease and fuccefs. The abundance of cod, fhad and falmon, in the bays and rivers, with

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