Medieval and Early Modern Science, Band 1

13th century Adelard Adelard of Bath Albertus Magnus anatomy animals appeared Arabic Aristotelian Aristotle Aristotle's Arnald of Villanova arteries arts astrolabe astronomy attributed Augustine Avicenna began Black Death Bologna cause centre century A.D. Chartres Christian clock colours described developed early earth Europe example explain fact Galen gave Gerard of Cremona glass Greek Grosseteste Guy de Chauliac heavenly bodies herbal history of science important improvements instruments invented Italy knowledge known later Latin translation London mathematical mechanical medi medicine medieval ments metal method Michael Scot Middle Ages mills modern motion natural observation optics origin Oxford Paris philosophy physical plants plate practical produced Ptolemy rainbow rational rays recognised refraction Roger Bacon Roman rotation Salerno scientific showing sources stars stellar sphere substance surgery technical theory things tion treatises tury universe vaults West Western Christendom wheel Witelo writers XIV cent