AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT No. 35 WALL STREET, NEW-YORK, AT THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. D. K. MINOR, EDITOR.] SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1833. [VOLUME II.-No. 46. CONTENTS: Editorial Notice; Paterson Railroad; Clinton and Trailroads, have been occasioned by the careless-Martin, two miles above Donaldsonville, round ed to, and received on board those that were Port Hudson Railroad; Pennsylvania Canal... page 721 ness of the persons injured, and not from any Internal Improvements, No. I; Specification of J. Sax- Effects of burying Iron and Steel in the Earth; Birds .724 .725 726 .727 729 saved. men. The St. Martin was from Bayou Sarah, and had about 500 bales of cotton and 90 hhds. sugar; she was discovered to be on fire about 12 o'clock this day, and melancholy to relate about 40 persons were LOST by fire and water. Of the officers and crew missing are the captain, clerk, 2d mate, 2d steward, cabin boy, chamber The late unfortunate accident on the Camden maid, 2 cooks, bar keeper, 4 sailors, and 5 fireand Amboy Railroad, as serious as it is, cannot, Several passengers were lost, among the 730 we think, from the report, which will be found Orleans, and servant, Mr. Whiting, of Franklin, number Capt. Sengstack, N. Moss, Esq. of N. 733 in the Journal, of a committee of investigation, Mr. Easton and servant, of Opelousas, Mr. Al.734-5 be chargeable either to want of care in the ar-len, Mrs. Willis, of Bayou Sarah, a lady, name rangements or in the agents, as we presume unknown, and 3 servants-Mr. J. F. Miller, of New-Orleans, was badly burnt-several passenthere is not another company in this country which has taken more care to prevent acci-thousand dollars, belonging to some of the gers say that she had on board about fifty dents than that of the Camden and Amboy Banks in New-Orleans, which is lost. .732 .736 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. The Alexandria Gazette copies from the Bal-Railroad. timore Gazette the annexed paragraph: 66 An agent expressly to keep the time, and another to tend the brake, and keep a look out and give notice of danger. Our experience in Baltimore, in regard to Railroad travelling, has furnished satisfactory We think we shall be borne out by facts evidence to sustain fully the opinion, that it is the most secure mode of travelling.'" And then remarks that the most insecure mode that has ever yet been JOHN W. OWENS, Clerk. RAILROAD. We are gratified to learn that the railroad will be ready for the transportation of passengers and goods, as far as the Be gen hill, by about the 1st of December. The rails are now laid, we understand, except upon about completed. Our manufacturers and others will, half a mile of this distance, and the bridges all we presume, gladly avail themselves of its facicoming season of bad roads, and when the river is closed. Suitable arrangements will of course be made for the conveyance of passenrailroad to and from the ferry.-[Paterson Ingers and goods from the termination of the telligencer.] H when we estimate the loss of life and property by the explosion and destruction of steamboats, to be at least twice, if not three times, as great "Our observation, made by a perusal of public prints, from all parts of the country, satis. in an equal number of passengers, and amount fies us that Railroad travelling is the most inse-of business, as by accidents upon, or pertain-lities, which will be especially important in the cure mode that has ever yet been invented. We ing to, railroads. And as an additional, and, we speak entirely without prejudice." regret to say, most melancholy evidence of it, We should have been inclined, but for the we give the following heart-rending account of candor of the editor of the Alexandria Gazette, new disasters on the Mississippi river, by in disclaiming any thing like prejudice, to be- which forty lives were lost, and several others lieve that he was somewhat under its influ- seriously injured, with the loss of more than ence when he says that he has, "from read-$200,000 in property. CLINTON, Oct. 25, 1833. ing the public prints from all parts of the counWe learn that Col. Crozat, civil engineer of try, satisfied himself that railroad travelling is From the New-Orleans Mercantile Advertiser the State, and Mr. Welch, the assistant engiExtra, of Friday, Nov. 1. neer, have resumed the survey of the Clinton invented." He is, however, a gentleman of too est regret we lay before our readers the fol- Mer. Adv.] DISTRESSING. It is with feelings of the deep-and Port Hudson railroad.-[New-Orleans much candor to be suspected of a desire to pre-lowing distressing news, politely furnished us judice others, and we must therefore conclude by the clerk of the steamboat Black Hawk, ar- PENNSYLVANIA CANAL.-It is stated in an official that he has forgotten the frequent and appalling rived here this morning about half past four report of the receipts and business of this canal for accounts of steamboat explosions, by which, the year past, ending on 1st November, that the canal was only closed one month during the year, not only hundreds, but thousands, have lost their February, and such, it is added, has been the case lives. It is true, and we would not wish to disguise, that several serious accidents have occurred upon railroads-not so many however as to render them liable to be considered the "most unsafe mode of travelling ever yet invented." It appears to us from the information we have received, that most of the accidents which have occurred to persons, on our At Foot of 98, discovered the wreck of steam-ever since it was first opened. This is a fact of boat New-Brunswick, came to, and took on great interest to New York, as unless we can comboard one of her crew, from whom we learnt pensate by a reduction of tolls and greater facilithat she took fire the day before, at 4 P. M. and ties of transportation, for the greatly longer period was entirely destroyed-no lives lost, but that (from three to four months,) during which, the Erie none of the cargo was saved. canal is closed, we may be in danger of seeing a conANOTHER, AND MORE DISTRESSING.-Oct. 31, siderable portion of its trade to the far West dicame up to the wreck of the steamboat St.llverted. Who Internal Improvements, No. I. By F. To the ertion of communities, hitherto isolated and de-stained in and by the following description there. Editor of the American Railroad Journal, and rived the benefits of free intercourse, become of, reference being had to the drawing here. Advocate of Internal Insprovements. oncentrated in proportion with the increased unto annexed, and to the figures and letters velocity of loconiotion. A mutual dependance marked thereon, that is to say, SIR,-Mechanical knowledge is now ma- and interchange of commodities is established, My invention consists in the application of king rapid strides towards perfection, exercis-which, in enlarging ideas and creating wants pulleys of different diameters, which I denoing in its progress a genial influence over the und desires before unknown, must operate be- ninate "The Differential Pulleys," or of a puleficially as an incitement to increased activity ley and wheels, according to the principles arts and sciences of the civilized world, strength or their accomplishment. It must be borne in hereafter described, whereby I am enabled to ening its ties of intercourse, and dispensing nind that a portion of the price of every article take advantage of the results which are obplenty and intelligence where formerly misery of necess ty or luxury is composed of the cost of tained from such difference of diameter, by oband ignorance held their sway. The invention ransporting it from producer to consumer; and taining considerable velocity to carriages, or to of the steam engine alone may be regarded as consequently, that every reduction in this cost vessels used in inland navigation, whilst the nust produce a corresponding reduction in the rope by which the motion is produced is caused a new era in the domestic policy of nations. rice of the article transported. Should this to act through a very small space, in proporand since the important step made by Watt inportion be considerable in relation to the whole tion to the distance travelled by the earriage, or reducing its principles to practical application rice of the-manufactured article, it would be by a vessel used in inland navigation, as will 10 difficult matter to demonstrate that its mar- be fully described hereafter, when I come to by an investigation of its physical properties, ket value would be proportionably lessened; describe the various figures shown in the draw. its course has been steadily onward, engaging and as lessened, that its consumption would be ing. But in order that my invention may be in its service more talent, ingenuity, and labor.proportionably increased. This observation is most fully understood, it will be desirable, in and producing more national and individual not confined to the home markets, but will the first place, to go into a short description of wealth, than any other human invention. Its likewise apply in its degree to the foreign, giv- the principles on which my improvements act, gradual development gave an impetus that hasg birth thereby to a spirit of competition, before I describe their application to carriages, which alone, on either side, can stimulate the and to vessels for inland navigation. led to all the numerous discoveries and im-nventive genius of the operator to greater enFig. 1 represents a combination of two pulprovements in the different branches of manu-erprize for the palm of mastery and the attain- leys, their diameters being as six to seven, a being the larger pulley, and b the smaller one. factures, and raised them to their present highment of excellence. state of perfection. But a few years have Another consequence arising from increased c d is an endless rope, passing over the sheaves heapness and facility of transport, is a fresh e e; and it should be observed, that this endelapsed when the wondrous effects now result-demand for manufacturing population. All less rope takes a turn around each of the puling from the application of this subtile fluid, be-manufactured articles, as their uses become leys, a and b; that is to say, the part c taking for its capacity of adaptation was known, known, gradually cease to be regarded as lux-a turn around the larger pulley a, and the part could only have found place to grace the pages of every-day life. To meet the increased con- If then the rope d be caused to move in the diuries, and enter more generally into the wants taking a turn around the smaller pulley b. of fiction, or adorn a tale of romance. sumption necessarily attendant on this state of rection of the black arrow, (the upper one,) it would then have credited the assertion, if made, things, an increased number of operators must will have a tendency to draw the lower part of that hundreds were under its influence, daily be employed; and this, in its reaction on the the pulley b in the same direction with the rope travelling the country, navigating rivers, and gricultural interests, will produce an extended d, meanwhile the part c of the endless rope traversing lakes and seas, at the rate of thirty the benefit to the agriculturist is far greater row, (the lower one,) and will have a tendency market for that species of produce. Indeed, will be moving in the direction of the dotted armiles per hour; and that at this high degree of han to the manufacturer; because the propor- to move the lower part of the pulley a in the velocity they were in the indulgence of everytional expense of transporting all productions same direction with this part of the rope; conluxury and comfort that their own private of the soil is much greater than that of trans- sequently, the two pulleys a b, (they being fixapartments could afford? Had its accomplish- porting those of the loom, and in many instances ed together,) would turn on the mean point ƒ, enters so largely into its whole price as to pre-as a fulcrum. g is the centre of the two pulment been then predicted, instead of serving elude its cultivation, except for domestic pur- leys. Let it then be supposed that the part d as a beacon-light to guide the intelligence of poses. To the agriculturist, therefore, it be- of the endless rope be moved from hto i, it men of science and learning, it would have comes a matter of still higher import that such will be evident that the centre g, of the diffe been treated simply as the wild dream of an en-means be devised as will place him on a more rential pulleys, a b, would be moved to the point equitable footing with his more fortunate neigh-j; and, consequently, if any object were con. thusiast, and elicited naught save contempt bors; and to this end he should, before the tide nected to the centre g, of these differential pulfrom many who are now proud to acknowledge of prosperity has entirely run out and left him leys, it would be propelled from g to j, by the themselves among its warmest advocates. For prey to want, in some unfriendly shoal, di- endless rope, e d, being moved the much smallthere are many persons still living, scarce pass-rect his remaining energies to the accomplish-er distance of h to i, as is clearly indicated by ed the meridian of life, who blush to have re-ment of such improvements of intercourse as the dotted lines, and these distances will be as garded the idea as visionary; and, refusing the nature and art may have placed at his disposal. thirteen to one. It is disagreeable to anticipate even in thought Having now shown the principles on which subject the effort of a thought, have even sus- what might be the result of a continued depri- the differential pulleys act, the various applicapected the intellect of the person who predicted vation of these facilities to any community, tions hereafter described will be readily underits eventual realization. Strange as this incre- where indolence has taken the place of indus- stood. And I would observe, that in all the other dulity may now appear, it is none the less true; and a few years may yet prove to us that; and vice and misery, its usual concomi- figures in the drawing, the same letters of retants, have breathed their pestilential influence ference will be used to indicate similar parts, the principle is in its infancy; that it is des-over the notions of its members. Many a mel- wherever they occur. tined to fulfil still higher duties; and that its ancholy picture might be adduced in illustration Fig. 2 represents my improvements applied sphere of usefulness is to be widely extended from the experience of other countries, at the to a carriage, the construction of which is reIt would be no unprofitable lesson to mark the bare relation of which the heart of the philan- presented to be an omnibus for the carriage of influence which physical science, in its difle-thropist would sicken in sorrow; and many a passengers; but it is evident the description of rent stages, has exercised over the moral and parallel might have been deplored as a curse to carriage is immaterial, and will vary to suit the political character of nations. It would be this happy country, had not the soaring genius purposes to which the carriages are to be apfound that nearly in the same proportion that of a Clinton, in defiance of the vulgar prejudi- plied. The carriage is placed on four wheels, mechanics have advanced towards perfection, ces of the day, predicted and finally executed as usual, two of which wheels, k, k, are shown the world has advanced in civilization; that as a work that will command the admiration of in this figure. a, and b, are the differential pulits principles have been developed, its condition has been bettered; in short, it has been ages, and stand a cenotaph to perpetuate his leys, applied to the carriage according to my inname to a grateful posterity. vention, a being the larger pulley, and b the one of the grand moving principles by which smaller one. These pulleys are placed on an axis these effects have been produced. But this ing, see fig. 3, which represents the pulleys, tovestigation becomes not the present paper ;| gether with the parts in which they are placed. and however grateful be the task to pay a pass. Specification of the Patent granted to JOSEPH m is an arm or frame, which carries the diffeing tribute to the inventive talents and sublime SAXTON, of Sussex street, in the County of rential pulleys, and which is fixed to the cargenius of the great men who have preceded us, Middlesex, Mechanician, for Improvements riage, as shown at fig. 2: the arm m, being eyand laid the foundation on which the superin Propelling Carriages, and in Propelling lindrical, and capable of turning in bearings, n structure of civilization is being reared, it must Vessels for Inland Navigation. Dated Junen, affixed to the carriage. The object of this be abstained from here to give place to the mat20, 1833. [From the Repertory of Patent turning of the arm m, is to permit the pulleys ter more immediately claiming our attention. Inventions.] a, b, to stand at an angle, by which the endless The astonishing change effected by the sys- To all to whom these presents shall come, rope may be led into the sheaves, when the cartem of internal improvements, in the transition &c. &c.-Now know ye, that in compliance riage is going in a curved direction. The proof persons and intelligence from place to place, with the said proviso, I, the said Joseph Sax-jecting arm m is forked at the outer end, as has been productive of consequences not easily ton, do hereby declare the nature of my inven- shown in figs. 2 and 3, at o o; and the forked to be calculated. Distances being now estimation, and the manner in which the same is to ends serve as bearings to the axle g, of the difd by time instead of miles, the mind and ex-"be performed, are fully described and ascer-"ferential pulleys, a and b, the pulley a being per New-York, 10th Nov. 1833. F. nearer the respective diameters of the pulleys approach each other, the greater will be the relative velocity the carriage will travel, to the velocity with which the rope moves. In order to prevent the two parts of the rope rubbing against each other, in leading on and off the differential pulleys, the axis g of these pulleys is placed at an angle, a little varying from a right angle with the direction of the motion of the carriage. Figs. 4 and 5 show two applications of my improvements, but in these figures the applications somewhat vary from that shown in fig. 2; for in these instances there is only one pulley, whilst the two front or two back wheels of the carriage act the part of the other pulley. In fig. 4, a is one of the front wheels of the carriage, which also acts as the larger pulley; b is the smaller pulley, and is the only one around which the rope, c d, passes. The wheels a, and the pulley b, being on the same axis g, which runs from side to side of the carriage, and turns in bearings affixed to the carriage. In this arrangement, the point f, at which the wheels touch the rail, becomes the fulcrum on which the wheel a turns; and it will thus be evident, that if the rope, c d, be drawn forward, in the direction of the arrow, a similar effect will be produced, as described in fig. 2, and as is clearly shown by dotted lines in fig. 4; yet, at the same time, if the wheels and pulleys, a and b, be of the same relative diaineters as those in fig. 2, the carriage at fig. 4 would only be propelled at the velocity of seven to one, ow. ing to the fulcrum, at which the wheels a turn, being removed from the main point f, fig. 2, between the two diameters, and placed at the extreme end of a radiating line, drawn from the centre of the wheel a, to the point at which it touches the railway. Showing the projecting In fig. 5, the rope passes around the pulley arm D, separately, on aa, which is larger, whilst the carriage-wheels larger scale. Endless act the part of the smaller pulley b. The pulrope to work the lever r for putting the pin or bolt q in or out, for connecting the pullies a b.ley a, and the wheels b, being on the same yy, endless rop-2, sheaves. manently affixed to the axle g, whilst the pul-[the spiral spring will have a tendency to force ley b is capable of turning loosely on this axis, in the bolt, yet at the same time will not offer when it is not retained by the pin or bolt q, sufficient resistance to prevent the turning of which locks the two pulleys, a and b, together the pulley, and the bolt q will be forced in, at the times required, and thus they are at such when the part of the pulley where it is cut times the same as if they were permanently away comes opposite to the bolt; at the same attached to each other; the object of thus hav-time there is a spring to prevent a sudden coning the means of disconnecting the two pulleys, cussion. In order that the pulleys in this arrangement may stand at an angle for clearing the rope, the axle g, is formed of three parts, connected by universal joints, and one of the wheels b thus travels a little forwarder than the other, and thus the rope will clear itself. And it should be observed, that in both these arrangements, the pulley around which the rope passes i to be made capable of being disconnected tom a and b, is, that by disconnecting them, the In fig. 2, c d is an endless rope, the part revolving with the axle, as described in figs. 2 power will no longer tend to drive the carriage, taking a turn around the pulley a, and the part dand 8. In the arrangement, fig. 5, the fulcrum as will be fully described hereafter. r, fig. 2, taking a turn around the pulley b, as described f, on which the wheels turn, is the point at is a lever, turning on a fulcrum s, the bearing in fig. 1. This endless rope is supported, at which the wheels b touch the rail or road; and of which fulcrum is attached to the carriage. proper intervals of the road, on sheaves (as the difference in the arrangements figs. 4 and The upper end of this lever, r, is formed into a shown in fig. 2.) to prevent the rope falling on 5, is, that the power in fig. 4 is applied by the handle, and is in such a position, that a per- the ground, and thereby greatly increase the rope between the fulcrum f, and the centre g, son sitting in front of the carriage may have it friction; this endless rope passes around a rig- of the wheels or pulleys, a b, where the weight under his control; the other end of the lever r, ger at each end, by which the rope is kept suffi- to be drawn is attached; whilst in fig. 5, the that is, the part below the fulcrum, has a crotch, ciently tight; but to insure the endless rope being fulcrum is between the centre of the pulley and which receives the flanch t, of a sliding-socket kept sufficiently tight, I cause one of the rig wheels, a b; consequently, the arrangements t, within it, as shown in fig. 2: this socketgers around which the rope passes to be placed differ in the order of leverage, and in this inslides on the arm m, according as the lever rin bearings capable of being slided in the stance the velocity will be as six to one. is moved out from, or drawn towards, the car-direction of the length of the railway on which In these two last arrangements, the rope, cd, riage. u, is a cranked or bent lever, having its the carriage travels, and then, by means of may be either an endless rope, as described in fulcrum at v, on the forked frame m o, as shown weights attached to a rope or chain, and pass- figs. 1 and 2, or the rope may be single, and in fig. 3. One end of this cranked lever u has ing over a pulley affixed at the top of a well, and taking a turn around the pulley a, or b, is to be a crotch, which receives the flanch t, of the having sufficient weights attached to keep the wound on and off a drum at each end of the dissliding socket t, see fig. 3; and the other end tance, which is to be run by one length of rope. of the bent or cranked lever u has also a crotch Having now described my improvements, as therein, by which it is enabled to slide the sock- Having now described the various parts applicable to the propelling of carriages, I will et w, on the axis g, backwards and forwards. shown in figs. 2 and 3, I will proceed to de- proceed to describe their application to the pro, is an arm, affixed to the sliding socket w, scribe the manner of their action; in doing pelling of vessels in inland navigation. This through which the bolt or pin q passes, and which, I will suppose the bolt or pin is passed application is an arrangement similar to that this pin or bolt passes through one of the through the two pulleys, a and b, and thus re-shown and described in figs. 2 and 3. A represpokes of the wheel or pully a; and when it tains them together, as if they were permanent-senting a canal barge or boat, having an upprotrudes beyond the pulley a, it passes between ly fixed to each other. If, then, the endless right standard B, affixed on one side thereof, the spokes of the pulley b, and, consequently, rope d be moved in the direction of the arrow, see figs. 6 and 7; at the top of this standard, the when the pin or bolt q, comes in contact with a similar action will take place to that described bearings, cc, are formed to receive the projectone of the spokes, or the part of the inner rim in fig. 1, that is, the carriage, being attached to ing arm D: in other respects the parts are siof the pulley v, which is cut away (as shown in the centre g, of the differential pulleys, a and b,milar to fig. 2, and the same letters are used to fig. 2) for that purpose, the two pulleys will be will be propelled forward on a railway with adenote the various parts. held securely together. On the bolt q is placed much greater velocity than the rope travels; At proper intervals sheaves are placed on a spiral spring, its object being, that in case and the distance so travelled by the carriage, in standards at the side of the canal or river, to the lever r be moved for the purpose of forcing comparison with the distance through which support the rope c d, as shown in these figures. in the bolt q, at a time when it is not oppo- the rope moves, will depend on the difference In propelling vessels, the same description gisite the part of the inner rim which is cut away,llof the diameters of the pulleys, a b; and the ven of figs. 1 and 2 applies, and is fully de a Fig. 1-PLAN. Fig. 2-SIDE Elevation. Fig. 3-ELEVATION. scriptive of the effect which takes place by the such stone-lime as contains a portion of iron; application of my improvements. such, for instance, as that procured in the Having now described the nature of my in-neighborhood of Dorking, or Reigate, in the vention, and the manner of constructing and county of Surrey; also, gray-stone lime, lime applying the same, I would observe, that the from blue or yellow lias, or any other lime power to be employed for causing the rope, cd, which is fit and proper for the purpose: to be moved, may be varied according to cir- and I employ it in the state of a dry powcumstances. Thus, for instance, by attaching der, not slacked, as usual. The silicious a horse or horses, according to the power re-or other hard materials or matters may be such quired, to the rope, e d, and causing it to move as are commonly employed; for instance, river slowly, a very considerable velocity will be ob- or sea sand; skreened shingle from the seatained; or the power may be derived from a shore or beach; the two latter, however, well fixed steam engine, or water-wheel, or manual washed in fresh water to free them from sealabor. And in order to have perfect control salt; or I can employ broken flints, free-stone, over the carriage or vessel, and be enabled to copper slag, or other fit and proper materials stop at any time, although the rope is continu-of similar natures. Any, or either of these ing to move, it will be necessary to separate substances, as well as the lime, I separate or the two pulleys, a b, by withdrawing the pin or reduce into finer or coarser parts, either by bolt q; the power will then no longer act to hand, or by the employment of machinery sipropel the carriage or vessel, and, consequent-milar to that used in making Roman cement, ly, there will only be the momentum already or any other which is fit and proper for the obtained, by the carriage or vessel, to be over-purpose, agreeably to the nature of the artificome, and this in a carriage may be effected by cial stone I design to employ them to form. In aid of a brake on any of the carriage wheels, k. general, I prefer to use them in the following Having now fully described the manner of proportions, videlicet,-silicious or other hard applying and using my invention, I would have materials or matters, thirty pounds; powdered it understood, that I lay no claim to the parts lime, three pounds; and boiling or hot water, separately of which the same is composed; either containing or not the above matters in and I would observe, that some of the details solution, one pound twelve ounces. I can, may be varied to meet the various circumstan- however, vary these proportions occasionally, ces to which works of this kind are at all times although I have hitherto found them the best in liable, but which will be readily arranged and practice. I avoid mixing more of these mateadopted by any engineer competent to under-rials at once than will be sufficient to fill the take works of the like nature. And I would mould, as, owing to the heat produced by the further observe, that I am aware that endless boiling or heated water, the setting or concreropes, as well as drag-ropes, have been before ting action begins to commence instantly they known and used for the purposes of propelling are put into the mould; and, in general, the carriages and vessels, but in such cases the mass of artificial stone becomes sufficiently carriage or vessel travels only at the rate of firm in the course of about ten minutes, to adspeed with the rope; therefore, the use of anmit of the sides and ends of the mould being endless rope or a drag-rope forms no part of removed, and the block left upon the bottom of my invention, and are only necessary means it, ready to be taken to the place where it is to for effecting the object of my invention, as above remain to dry and harden, and which will usudescribed. And I do hereby deciare, that I con-ally happen in the course of a fortnight, when fine my claim of "Improvements in propelling the block or mass will be fit for use. I cause Carriages, and in propelling Vessels for Inland the materials to be carefully rammed close in all Navigation," to the application of the differen- their parts, whilst filling the mould with them, tial pulleys, or of a pulley and wheels, a b, for in order to expel the air; and remove any expropelling carriages and vessels, as above de-cess thereof by passing a straight iron bar or scribed, whereby I am enabled to take advan-scraper along the top of the mould; I can, tage of the results which are obtained from the then, likewise, when thought desirable, fill any evation of the mould; and fig. 4 is a side eledifference of their diameters, and thus obtain-interstices or cavities left in the face of the vation and section of it, taken at the dotted line ing considerable velocity to such carriages and block, with materials of a finer consistency.a b, in fig. 1. i Fig. 4-SECTION THROUGH A— -b. e je Fig. 5-SECTION THROUGH C―d. vessels, whilst the rope by which the motion, The moulds will, of course, vary in their forms Fig. 5 being an end elevation and section, of the carriage or vessel, is produced, is caused and manner of framing them, according to the taken at the dotted line c d, in fig. 1. 1, in all to act through a very small space, in propor- shapes intended to be given to the masses or the figures, is a bar passed through holes made tion to the distance travelled by the carriage or blocks of artificial stone; as, for instance, whe-in the sides of the mould, to form a hole through vessel, as above described. ther they are to be plain, or moulded in flutings, the block of artificial stone. I prefer to place In witness whereof, &c. or otherwise ornamented or decorated; or the blocks or masses of my artificial stone in whether to be square, circular, or of any other the open air to harden, and even to wet them Specification of the Patent granted to WIL-shapes, so that it is quite impossible to afford occasionally during that operation. LIAM RANGER, of Brighton, in the County examples to any extent. As, however, it may I do not mean, or intend hereby, to claim as of Sussex, Builder, for a Cement or Compo-be desirable to give some idea of their construc- my invention, the use of hot water in mixing sition, which he denominates "Ranger's Ar- tion, I shall proceed to do so by describing the mortar for building with; but I do hereby claim tificial Stone." Dated June 4, 1833. [From several figures contained in the drawing, which, the employment of boiling or hot water in comthe Repertory of Patent Inventions.] as aforesaid, is annexed to this specification, bination with dry powdered caustic lime, and To all to whom these presents shall come, and which represents the various parts of a silicious or other hard matters, in the manner &c. &c. Now know ye, that in compliance wooden mould intended to form plain oblong and in the proportions hereinbefore described, with the said proviso, I, the said William Ran-blocks of artificial stone, each part being desig- as my invention, and as essential to the formger, do hereby declare, that the nature of my uated by a similar letter of reference in all the ing of my said blocks or masses of artificial said invention, and the manner in which the figures. e is the bottom of the mould, resting||stone. same is to be performed, are particularly de- upon and strengthened by the two cross-pieces, In witness whereof, &c. scribed and ascertained in and by the drawing ff. g g are the sides of the mould, each havhereunto annexed and the following descriptioning two upright grooves formed in it, as shown at h h h h, in the plan, fig. 1, to receive is taken from the National Intelligencer. It inMy said cement or composition is intended, and retain the ends ii of the mould in their dicates a proper feeling on the part of the inas above mentioned, to form blocks or masses proper situations. These sides and ends are of artificial stone, to be used in the construc-held together by means of four iron bars jjjj, habitants of that section of Tennessee, bordertion of buildings, in place of brick or stone, or whose ends are bent at a right angle, so as to ing upon the river and State of Mississippi. in union with either or both of them, as occaform clamps, as shown in fig. 1, between the There can be little doubt that great and lasting sion may require; and I compose it of silicious inner ends of which said clamps and the sides benefits would result to the south-western or other fit and proper, hard and unchangeable of the mould wooden wedges may be tightly thereof, that is to say: GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD -The following matters; of powdered lime in its pure or caus. driven, to hold the mould together in use, and States from the construction of a railroad from tic state; and of water boiled or heated; and be as easily removed again when it is to be Charleston to the Mississippi, on or near the which said water I employ as hot as conve- taken asunder. There are also two wooden route indicated. Indeed, it would not be sayniently may be, in mixing the different ingredi-ledges k k affixed upon the bottom of the ing too much, to say that the country would in ents. I likewise occasionally dissolve a por-mould, as shown in the end section, fig. 5, to tion, more or less, of sulphate of iron in this retain the sides and ends of it steadily in their ten years increase in wealth to at least twice, water, as well also as caseous and other mat-places upon it in use. and probably to three times, the cost of the ters, when thought desirable. I prefer to use Fig. 2 is a side elevation, and fig. 3 an end el-road, even if it should cost $10,000,000, The accident has also been attributed to the heat GREAT PROJECT.-A Convention of Dele-lief, that steam conveyances, whether on land or wa.ground without injury, when he discovered that it to that where the car rested after the train was stopgates, from the counties of Madison, McNairy,ter, will be found, reference being had to the numbers was going over. From the place where he alighted Hardeman, Fayette, Shelby, and Tipton, in they transport, vastly less hazardous than the duilest ped, is not quite 21 yards. Tennessee, assembled at Bolivar, in that State, stages or the surest sailing vessels. on the 14th of October, to take into consideration the improvement of the means of communication between different sections of the county, in which they are interested. Maj. Gen. Edmund P. Gaines, of the United States Army, was appointed President of the Convention, and R. A. Parker, Secretary. Address of the Camden and Amboy Railroad and TO THE PUBLIC. understood that some of the passengers are under ing of the axle from friction for want of oil. It is the impression that they saw smoke from this cause. This is clearly a mistake. The axles were examined at Spottswood, (not eight miles distant) by the agent whose duty it is to do so, and found perfectly cool and well supplied with oil. The appearance of the fracture is entirely inconsistent with this idea, and the quantity of oil still adhering to both the journal and box is con!usive, as that would have been entirely consumed by the heat. The unfortunate accident which occurred on the road on Friday last, and the melancholy consequences resulting from it, have occupied the most serious attention of the Executive committee of the Board of On the 15th, a Committee, appointed the pre- Directors. Every exertion has been made to obtain ceding day, and of which, by order of the Con-a correct statement of all the facts, that they might vention, Gen. Gaines was made Chairman, re- be disclosed to the public. ported a series of resolutions, of which we subThe security of the passengers from the com. These matters have been adverted to particularly, mencement of the operations of this company, has because the accident has been attributed to them, join the five first, all of which were adopted: 1st. Resolved, as the opinion of this meeting, been an object of the first consideration. For several and the committee have felt bound to afford every That a Railroad between the Mississippi River weeks after a sufficient number of locomotives to information on the subject. They are convinced, and the Atlantic Ocean, to pass through the carry the passengers, were completed, and on the however, that it is to be traced to other causes Alabama, and Georgia, and the southern part line, the horses were continued, notwithstanding the which could neither have been foreseen nor preventsouthwest border of the State of Tennessee, importunity of the public for the change. The most ed, and that the fatal consequences were produced the notrhern parts of the States of Mississippi, unfounded reports as to the capacity of the road for by a combination of circumstances that have never of South Carolina, is practicable and desira- the use of this species of power, were circulated before occurred and in all human probability will and believed from this delay. During all this never again occur. ble; that its anticipated local benefits and na-period, however, the engines were constantly in Cast iron wheels have been entirely excluded from tional advantages may reasonably be estimated use, when the line was free from the passenger the passage cars on this road. The axles have all as greatly to exceed the whole expense of its cars, in transporting merchandize and materials been procured from Boonston the most celebrated works in the country, at the exorbitaut price of $125 construction, and that it ought to be commenced on the road. forthwith. The Directors preferred the odium attached to more than 50 per cent. stronger than those used for 2d. Resolved, as the opinion of this meeting, their delay to the risque attending the substitution of per ton to ensure the quality of the iron. They are That the proposed Railroad will contribute the engines until the engineers had become familiar the passage cars of the Liverpool and Manchester more in ten years time, by the cheapness of its with their use. They were then placed on one line road, and for still greater security the ends were all means of transportation of merchandize and only, that they might be under the immediate super-welded down before they were turned. country produce, than will be sufficient to de- intendance of confidential agents of the Company. these precautions it appears by an examination of the Positive instructions were given that the trip [35 broken axle that a latent defect existed in it which fray the whole expense of its construction. 3d. Resolved, as the opinion of this meeting, miles] should not be made in less than two hours and caused the accident. There was a flaw in it leaving a quarter; allowing two hours, or a speed of seven-not more than three eighths of the strength of the That the proposed work, as a measure of nateen and a half miles per hour, for the actual run-iron to sustain the whole weight, but as the defect tional defence, would contribute more, by the ring of the engine, and fifteen minutes for the newas in the journal it was effectually concealed. This facilities it will afford in the transportation of the primary cause of the calamity. But the cessary stoppages. Special instructions were also troops and munitions of war, to the protection given that no one mile should be run in less than three breaking of the axle would have been harmless as and security of the southeastern States and minutes. To ensure a compliance with these orders, none of the passengers in that car received the East Florida, than all the fortifications con- an agent was placed on each line, whose special and slightest injury. It remains only to account for the struc ted or designed to be constructed, south only duty is to take the time of running each and injury to the other car. It has been supposed the car was thrown from the of the Chesapeake Bay; for it is obvious to every mile, with a stop watch, for the government of every man of military mind, that the strongest the engineer, and to note down the same, and report track and upset by running over the wheel of the This is entirely an error. fortifications must depend mainly for defence to the Executive Committee. From the commence- broken car. and preservation on prompt and seasonable ment these reports have evinced so nearly a com- broke in the journal, outside the wheel, so that both supplies of fighting men, with arms and sub-pliance with the orders as to be entirely satisfactory. wheels remained attached to the axle, which at one From a caretul inspection of the reports of the week end maintained its proper position, but at the other, sistence; and that these cannot be promptly wielded from the interior to the frontier, with immediately preeeding the accident, it is discovered having nothing to sustain it, dropped into the receiv that the time actually occupied in running, shows er, so that the spokes and the hub, which were of out good roads, railways, canals, or large navi- an average rate of eighteen miles per hour, and the wood, were brought in collision with the iron on the gable streams, and a railway will cost much fastest trip was at the rate of 19 miles. Unfortu-frame, and nearly half of them splintered to pieces less than a Macadamized road. nately the time keeper of this line had sustained a by the revolutions of the wheel. It has been this slight injury from a fall a day or two previous, and which was mistaken by the passengers for the smoke was not then on the line. As the engineers had of the axle. become so well regulated in their time, it was deem. temporary vacancy. was Yet with all The axle 4th. Resolved, as the opinion of this meeting, That the proposed Railroad, in a political point An agent is always stationed at the brake of the of view, will be found to be one of the strongest links in the chain of the union of the twen-led unnecessary to procure another agent to fill this baggage car to keep a constant watch upon all the other cars, and to apply the brake and instantly ap For the ty-four States. Had this officer been at his post, the first subject prise the engineer if any accident occurs. 5th. Resolved, as the opinion of this meeting, That be appointed a Committee, whose of inquiry, to wit: the rate at which the cars were first time since the line has been in operation a spark duty it shall be, by sending memorials to Con- running, would have been attended with no difficulty. had lighted on the baggage car, and ignited a bundle From the excitement naturally produced by the dis-of cotton. The agent discovered this, and was in gress, and to the Legislatures of the several States mentioned in the fourth resolution, and aster, it has been found impracticable to obtain accu- the act of extinguishing it when he discovered the rate information on this subject. The committee are breaking of the axle. Before he could recover his by such other means as they shall deem expe-led to the conclusion, however, that a short time be- station and apply the brake, the car was thrown from dient to carry into effect the foregoing resolu-fore the occurrence of the accident, the speed of the the track, and so far over as to be beyond recovery. It is evident tions, and they are hereby especially authorized engine had considerably exceeded the rate allowed, There is no doubt but that the impetus from the after respectfully to request the President of the but that at the time and immediately before, this was cars caused the overthrow of this car. This opinion is induced by the follow-that it must have been projected forward by them United States to direct an officer of the corps not the case. and thrown on the front end, from the fact that of the of Topographical Engineers to make the requiThere were two trains of cars attached to separate twenty-four passengers in it at the time, those in the site surveys and estimates, preparatory to the commencement of the proposed Railroad.engines. The accident happened to the last train. back apartment were uninjured. The first engine is the least powerful on the line. This would have been effectually prevented by the [Nat. Intel.] The engineer is positive that so far from being in adapplication of the brake, but for the unfortunate misvance of, he was behind his time. He moreover chance which drew the agent from his post at that states that from inadvertence his fire had got down critical juncture. No blame appears reasonably to and his steam was so low as to render it difficult to be attached to the agent, as the train was then runmaintain his proper speed at that point, as the road there ascends. The committee are satisfied that the ning on a portion of the line where there is a double orders had not been materially violated as to the track and perfectly straight for nearly six miles without even a turn-out to guard against. whole time of running the distance. These are the facts and conclusions arrived at af. Tow Boat. The charge for towing the ship St. Louis up to Natchez, was thirteen hundred dollars. [From the New-York American.] THE ACCIDENT ON THE AMBOY AND CAMDEN RAIL ROAD. The explanation which the company owning this road have made in the address we publish to. day, proves, as it seems to us, conclusively, that the fatal accident of last week was one of those occur ing facts: But it appears that owing to some trifling derangement of the second engine, the engineer, about three ter the most careful examination of this painful submiles before, had reduced his speed to adjust it. Af-ject. Whilst the committee deeply deplore the event ter doing so, he states that to recover his proser sta. and sympathize with the unfortunate sufferers and rences which scarcely any human foresight or caution he increased his speed, but not in his opinion ex. their friends, they have to console themselves with tion can guard against. It is satisfactory to find that, ceeding his limited rate. In this he was probably the conviction, that the company cannot justly, be so far as strict vigilance, and all proper means of en-mistaken. But before the accident occurred he had chargeable with the censure of the public. It is forcing attention to the safety of passengers, and the checked the engine by shutting off a considerable believed that in no similar enterprize, greater care portion of the steam, and is positive that he was not has been taken to protect the passengers from injury, regulation at a due speed of the carriages, are con- then running faster than the train in advance. This and that their intentions have been frustrated by an cerned, this company are free from reproach. No declaration is strongly corroborated by the fact, that extraordinary combination of circumstances, not to J. H. SLOAN, Secretary. mode of conveyance is exempt from accident, or can be one of the agents accompanying the line was on he have been foreseen or prevented by human fore, made so; but we do not hesitate to express the be.top of the car which upset, and jumped from it tollsight, |