Railways- Rensselaer and Saratoga, 481 Richmond and Potomac Creek, 561 Southern Counties of New-York, Convention of, Stonington and Providence, 789 Suspension one, 738, 785, 820 Tuscumbia, Courtland, and Decatur, 467, 481- Undulating ones, 594, 612, 626, 627, 628, 629, 674, Winchester and Potomac, 577 Wooden ones, by Mercator, 436-Observations on, Railways, descriptions of by Mr. Bulkley, 434, 498, Railroad Turnout, Plan for, 770 Rational Amusement, 648 Raw Material, Value of in France, 485, 502-in Bel- Rain, Objections to the received Theory on, 694- Rifle, Lambert's, in the form of a walking cane, de- Roads, track ones, (Williams' and Hartman's) 545- Road Making, Proposed Improvements on, by using! Rutter's plan of burning Water instead of Fuel alluded S. Steamboat Safety Apparatus, proposed plans, 484, Steam Carriage Company in London, 612—on Com- Steam Engine, Locomotive one, account of on Sara. Steam Boiler Deposites, 449 Steamer for family purposes, 520 Straight Edges, importance of to workmen, 471 Sawing and Boring Machine, Hamilton's, account of, Stoves, Hunt's Patent, 662 425 Sea Serpent Harpoon, account of, 565 Steam, first application of to a useful practical pur- Stereotyping first invented in America, 486 Striking for more or less wages, among men and their Steel, effects of burying it and iron in the earth, 692. Sullivan on New-York and Erie Railroad, 425, 498 T. plication of, 437-new application of, 598-preten- Trees, superior composition for promoting growth of, 665 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, AND ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. PUBLISHED WEEKLY, AT No. 35 WALL STREET, NEW-YORK, AT THREE DOLLARS PER ANNUM, PAYABLE IN ADVANCE. .418 .422 .423 A few Remarks on the Relation which subsists be- Foreign Intelligence. Summary. Poetry ..... Marriages and Deaths; Advertisements road. The ordinary rate of speed upon the with these arrived at Saratoga in one hour and page 417 river does not now exceed about twelve miles per forty minutes, stoppages included. Its second 421 hour, whilst 15, and even 20, miles may with ease trip over, was in the afternoon of the same day. be attained on a railroad by locomotives--and we It left Schenectady at 5 P. M. with a train of have not a doubt that greater improvements will cars, and reached Saratoga in one hour and be made in the construction of railroads and rail- thirty minutes, stoppages included; and this road machinery within twenty years to come, was during a heavy thunder shower, working than have been made in steamboats within with only about thirty pounds of steam, over 425 twenty years past; nor do we believe that we muddy rails. A gentleman who was passen426 calculate too sanguinely upon the spirit of the ger states, that, during some part of the way, .428 age, when we say that our faith is strong in the the speed was at least thirty miles per hour! belief that, before the 4th of July, 1850, the man After a very minute description of every part, 432 of business may take his breakfast and tea in too much in detail for our space, the Albany New-York and dine the same day in Al- Daily concludes with the following summing up of its properties: .427 .429 AMERICAN RAILROAD JOURNAL, &c. bany. With a railroad from New-York to NEW-YORK, JULY 6, 1833. Books for Subscriptions to the Stock of the New-York and Erie Railroad will be opened on the 9th, 10th, and 11th of July, inst. at the Merchants' Exchange, in this city. Albany there will be more uniformity of busi- the eastern, or even the more central, part of the There will be found in this number of the The engine is very easily cleaned, and is by its convenient arrangement as easily managed. of 17 miles an hour, and even more, with about It is capable of drawing 15 tous at the rate five bushels of coke, which will cost perhaps 10 or 12 shillings. It will do the work of 50 horses, which are an expense of $50 a day, for the comparatively trilling sum of $15 a day, all expenses included. It will enable travellers to reach Saratoga in two hours and a half from Albany, if the Mohawk company do not suffer the private interests of two or three persons to create unnecessary delays at Schenectady-delays against which there is an unanimous complaint. It shows what may be done by good management, on a cheap and useful road; and adds another to the many proofs already existing, of the skill and good conduct of the directors and agents of the Saratoga company. and elegance, and may be considered the ne The engine itself is a model of excellence plus ultra of the manufacturer. The "Camden and Amboy Rail Road and Transpanies," paid to the Treasurer of the State of New portation and the Delaware and Raritan Canal ComJersey, on the 27th June, the sum of $15,000, for the first 6 months running passengers, &c. via said Rail Road, being the half yearly payment of the $30,000, stipulated by said companies to be paid to the State of New Jersey, for privileges granted. UTICA AND SCHENECTADY RAILROAD.-The following are the sums subscribed at the respective places of this company. at which the books were opened, for the capital stock New York Utica Schenectady, $5,286,000 3,257,000 4,300,000 1,541,000 $14,374,000 NEW-YORK AND ALBANY RAILROAD.-Seve-steam engines, has rendered it obvious that the of its transportation has been made by citizens ral years have now elapsed since the attention establishment of this mode of intercourse be- residing near the eastern border of the conuty, of our citizens was first directed to the import- tween our great commercial metropolis and the which amounts to 7000 tons, and 6000 passenant object of opening a direct and improved interior portions of the country is not only eli-gers annually. Population in 1830, 12,701. line of communication from the city of New-gible in itself, but is also demanded by a just Valuation of real and personal estate in 1831, York through the heart of the country which regard to our present and future interests. $2,198,889. Total $1,884,850 00 The number of passengers to and from NewYork, furnished by this county, is very great, and constantly increasing. lies between the Hudson and Connecticut With these views the committee propose to their The county of Litchfield, in Connecticut, rivers. fellow-citizens to unite their efforts for estab-next claims our notice. The interior position However valuable and important may be the lishing a line of railway from the city of New- of this large county, and its proximity to our water communications which this city now York to the city of Albany, and connecting at borders and to the route of the railway, will sepossesses, it is still desirable to obtain a free that point with the great lines of intercourse cure to the latter almost the whole amount of intercourse with those parts of the country which extend through the valleys of the Hud-its export and import trade. Possessing in the which are remote from navigable waters. It son and the Mohawk, to the Northern and the Housatonic and its tributaries a vast amount is also important that this intercourse should western lakes. By this means a highly im- of water power, rich in its soil and its extensive be free from the embarrassments and periodi- proved and uninterrupted communication will deposits of iron ore, limestone, and marble, cal interruptions to which navigation is subject, be preserved at all seasons with the interior its productions must be greatly multiplied by and from the troublesome and expensive ship-of the state and its seat of government; new the increased facilities which the railway will ments and retransportations to which this and extensive sources of wealth in the mineral, afford. The iron of this county possesses the mode of conveyance is necessarily subject. Nor agricultural, and manufacturing departments highest reputation, and is now transported can the multifarious productions of the interior of industry will be opened; and a main trunk from Salisbury, on the borders of this state, to country be otherwise brought to the doors of or channel be formed for a most valuable sys- the United States' Armory at Springfield, by its citizens, or rendered fully available to their tem of communication with the New-England land, at an expense of twelve dollars per ton. comfort, and to the growth and prosperity of states, and which will serve as a base line for Some estimate of the present business of the both city and country. numerous branches and lateral communications county may be formed by an examination of Impelled by considerations of this character, of lesser magnitude and cheaper construction, the following statement of its productions and a number of our citizens were at a former pe- which the welfare and convenience of the adja- their annual value, by John M. Holley, Esq. riod induced to undertake the construction of cent country will not fail to require." which has recently been published: the Sharon canal, a work which afforded the It will be seen from what has already been Pig and bar iron, &c. $293,000 00 best prospect then known to the public of real-premised, that the proposed "New-York and Manufacture of iron, &c. 177,650 00 izing these objects. Had that work been com- Albany Railroad" is not designed to enter into Other productions, produce, &c. 1,414,200 00 pleted, it would still have failed in the import-competition with the general business now ant desideratum of affording a free intercourse transacted on the Hudson river, but will, as its during the winter months, when the usual friends believe, find ample support in the genemeans of conveyance are for the most part un-ral business of the country through which it is available; nor would it have been at all adapted destined to pass, and in the exclusive business to the advantageous transportation of pas- which it will command at those seasons in The county of Dutchess, which has been long sengers, which is often the most important which the present communications are obstruct-distinguished for its agricultural industry and and always the most profitable business of ed and impassable. It is the proper business wealth, will contribute much to the permanent a railroad. A concurrence of adverse cir- of the country which is intersected, that gives business of the railroad. Much of its finest soil cumstances, in connexion with the spirit of the greatest value to the most important chan-lies contiguous to that beautiful valley through stock-jobbing, which prevailed so extensively nels of intercourse in our country. It will be which the railway is designed to pass. Careat that period, gave a death-blow to that enter- useful, therefore, to inquire into the amount of ful estimates of the present amount of transporprise at an early stage of its progress. The su- business which can be furnished to the railway tation have been made in some of the towns in perior advantages of railways were at that from the country on its borders, and from the eastern portion of the county, and the reperiod unknown to the public, and the failure those interior districts which must mainly de-sult is highly favorable. An average of eight in executing the canal, though painful to its pend on it for their intercourse with a maritime towns in this county, may be supposed to give patriotic friends, can at this time hardly be re-market. their support to the railway throughout the gretted, since it leaves this valuable section of The county of Westchester is the first dis. year, not to include the business which would the country open to an improvement of a more trict to which our inquiries will be directed. be derived from the other towns, and from the useful and important character. This large, populous, and wealthy county will flourishing village of Poughkeepsie, in the winSince the advantages of railways for general be intersected by the railway at nearly equal ter season. The present transportation of purposes have been practically demonstrated, distances between the shores of the North and three of the above towns, is estimated at 10,167 further attention has been given to this import- the East rivers. The inhabitants of this county tons, at the annual cost of 36,168 dollars. ant line of intercourse, and near the close of will thus obtain ready access to the city mar- Applying this ratio to the eight towns, and then the year 1830 public notice was given of ankets, and the impulse which will thereby be deducting one half of the amount, will afford application to the legislature of New-York, for given to the agricultural and manufacturing the estimate which we shall venture to give of an act of incorporation for the purpose of con- industry of the county must, from the very cir- the present transportation of this county, which structing a Railway from the city of New-York cumstance of its contiguity to the city of New-will pertain to the railroad, and is equal to to a point near Sharon in Connecticut, having York, afford a large annual amount of tonnage 13,556 tons annually, at an expense of 48,224 in view the general route which had been and passengers to the railroad, with which its dollars. The number of passengers which can chosen for the Sharon Canal, and for liberty to interest will be especially identified. In one of be obtained from this county is not known. extend the railway at a future period so as to the remote towns in this county, the descending||Population of the county, 50,926. Valuation of intersect the Hudson at or near the city of Al- tonnage for a railway has been estimated at real and personal estate in 1831, $16,188,739. bany. But owing to a defect in the publication near 2000 annually, and the passengers at 800 in We are next called to notice the amount of of this notice, the subject was not at that time each direction. The population of this county business which can be obtained for the railway, brought before the legislature. in 1830 was 36,476; the valuation of real and from the county of Berkshire, in Massachusetts, The rapid accumulation of the evidence in personal estate in 1831, was 9,397,840 dollars. the inhabitants of which, owing to its peculiar favor of railroads, and the degree of confidence The county of Fairfield, in Connecticut, lies position, are more deeply interested in the sucand expectation which that evidence was cal-near the contemplated route of the railroad, and cess of this enterprise than almost any other culated to inspire, now rendered it imperative the interior portions of it can have no other fa- section of country. An examination has been on the friends of this improvement to present vorable outlet for the products of their industry, made of the amount of transportation in thirits claims before the legislature and the public, which now contribute much to the general teen towns in the county, which amounts, inon the broad footing of its manifest utility and business of the city and country. A branch dependent of certain omissions, to 20,981 importance. Legal notice was accordingly railway of nine miles will reach Danbury, one tons annually, which, at the existing rates, given in the summer of 1831, of an application of the shire towns of this county, overcoming costs 106,157 dollars. The remaining sevenwhich should comprise the objects first contem- an elevation of but 43 feet. Some estimate teen towns of this large county are represented plated, and should also provide for a continuous may be formed of the industry and amount of as affording at least an equal amount, making line of railroad to the cities of Albany and business of this flourishing town, from the fact an aggregate of 212,314 dollars, exclusive of a Troy: and in addition to its primary objects, that two hundred thousand feet of boards are large number of passengers from the county thus remove those embarrassments which annu-annually used in the construction of packing and other parts of the country more remote ally occur from the suspension of the usual boxes for the single article of hats sent to the from the railway. A respectable inhabitant intercourse through the channel of the Hud-New-York market. The number of passen-of that county, in a letter to the corresponding gers booked by the stages at the same place committee, says: Although the result of this A provisional committee, which was organ is said to be 6000 annually. examination exceeds even our hopes, still, in ised in this stage of the proceedings, published The county of Putnam, though of limited ex-my view, it is not the most interesting feature a prospectus of the undertaking, in which they tent, will afford much for the support of a rail- of the subject. The business which a railway remark as follows: way. Extending from the Hudson at the would create, and the increased activity which "The rapid extension of the means of im- Highlands to the east line of the State, its most it would give to branches now pursued, rovement, which is resulting from the intro- valuable and productive portions will be found is the great point. We have marble in this nction of railways and the use of locomotive contiguous to the railroad. A partial estimate town suitable for every part of the most splen son. 66 ADVOCATE OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS. did dwelling, from the foundation stone, to the mantel and pier-table in the parlor. Every variety of color from white to black is here, with the exception of that which is denominated Egyptian. Yet it avails us nothing: we have What no means of transporting it to market. is here said will, in many particulars, apply The with equal force to many other towns." article of hay, of which vast quantities would be sent to the New-York market, has not been included in the estimate. arrive at which the railway will be opened, es-accommodation, a respite from the cares of bupecially with the stimulus of the railway in siness, in the rural scenery and free air of the prospect, may be supposed, of itself, more than country, which will court their enjoyment. sufficient to make good the above amount to Thousands also of the strangers who visit the the railway. Some facts relating to the increase metropolis will be attracted by these induceof business in Berkshire will show this in a ments, and the exhibitions of manufacturing and strong light. About the year 1826 an exami-mechanical skill which this enterprising counnation was made into the amount of transporta-try ailords, to visit places and objects in the vition then afforded by that county, in referencecinity of the railway. To form a just view of to an extension of the Sharon canal through the amount of this intercourse, we need but the rich valley of the Housatonic. It was found remember that the resident population of the In the county of Columbia we may estimate that its transportation was then performed at city in 1830 exceeded 207,000 persons, that it an average of nine towns as being immediately the annual expense of about 100,000 dollars, is now equal to at least 225,000, and that its connected with the railway. One of these towns and the committee who instituted the inquiries real and personal estate is valued at $139,280,affords a greater amount of transportation than ventured to predict, that, with the aid of the fa-214. Brooklyn, which is but an extension of Since those 15,000, which is rapidly increasing, and its vaany other town from which returns have been cilities which a canal would afford, this amount the city, had in 1830 a population exceeding At the northern termination of the route we received, and the whole are averaged as equal would be doubled in six years. to the three towns in Dutchess, whose returns inquiries were made, six years have elapsed, luation is near 7,000,000 of dollars. have been mentioned. Deducting one-half the and, withont the aid of the contemplated canal, amount of this estimate, for proximity to navi- the transportation now exceeds 200,000 dollars, have the flourishing cities of Albany and Troy, gation and other considerations, there will re-and intelligent persons in that county, who are a large portion of whose citizens are natives of main 15,250 tons, at the annual cost of 54,252 conversant with its industry and statistics, New-England, who maintain a constant interdollars. The population of this county is avow their belief that with the facilities which course, both mercantile and social, with the 39,954. Valuation of real and personal estate a railway on that route might afford, the present land of their fathers; and if we look beyond amount would be quadrupled in another equal these limits to the north and to the west, we find the same relations existing, and a corres9,776,941 dollars. Passing over the towns which will be inter-period. We shall therefore be fully justified in as-ponding frequency of intercourse, which must sected by the railway in Rensselaer county and the city of Troy, we will consider the whole suming an amount of transportation in the needs contribute largely to the resources of county, as well as that of Albany, as forming first years of the railway operations, equal to the railway. The valuation of Albany county the northern terminus of the route, the estimate the summary above recited. Lest, however, is $12,739.690. Its population in 1830 was we should appear too sanguine, and to remove 53,537. Valuation of real and personal estate for which will claim our attention hereafter. The data on which we proceed in estimating all possible objections, we will deduct 40 perin Rensselaer county, including Troy, $9,615,It is highly probable that this description of the amount of business which will be afforded cent. from the foregoing estimate of trans-392; population 49,472. travel to and from the intermediate portions of to the railroad, though founded on careful esportation, which reduces the amount to 351,timates in some towns, is necessarily imperfect 616 dollars. We come next to the estimate of the pas-the route will equal that which is furnished by in regard to others. Some of our estimates may possibly be overrated, others certainly fail sengers which would be afforded to the rail- the intermediate country itself, amounting, as short of the truth, and in those towns where away from the same district of country, and in we have seen, to 152.000 dollars, and making a careful re-examination has been made, the making this inquiry we are obliged to proceed total of 301,000 dollars, a sum, it will be perceiv amount has been much increased, and there is on data less precise than that which has gov-ed, which is still below the estimated transporgood reason for believing that the returns on erned our estimate of heavy transportation. tation of the same country. In compliance, which our results are chiefly predicated, are We are, notwithstanding, in less danger of however, with our former rule of caution, we We have thus an aggregate of 200,000 dollars more precise and authentic than are usually ob-overrating the subject, for all past experience will reduce this amount to 200,000 dollars. We shall be justified, has shown that the travel in this country, partained in similar cases. therefore, in completing our approximate esti-ticularly on routes connected with its commer-for the entire intermediate travel of the railway, mation of the business of the country contigu-cial metropolis increases annually, in a ratio and which includes not only all which is proous to the route of the railway, and shall then far beyond that of its business or population, perly afforded by the counties which are intergive to the travel and transportation, which and in no case is this increase so high as when sected, but also all the intermediate or way tralaer, and the cities of Albany and Troy, on the will pass through the entire length of the route, connected with the establisnment of steam-vel which emanates from the county of Rensseboats and railroads. a separate consideration. We accordingly present the following sum mary: 15,250 tons. Reduced estimate of nine towns in Columbia county, Estimate of Berkshire, Reduced estimate of Dutchess county, Litchfield county, estimated at of Berkshire, 31,472 Putnam co., partial estimate, 7,000 Fairfield county, 7,000 Westchester county, estimated equal to Putnam and Fairfield, In twelve towns in Berkshire, the passengers north, and the city of New-York on the south. to and from the Hudson are estimated as now Nor can we think this item to be overrated, for, at the cost of paying an amount of $10,720 annually. But on comparing it with the known amount of trathe estimate is made on the present residents vel on stage routes through less important dis$54,252 in these towns, not including transient visiters, tricts, it would evidently justify a larger esti212,314 and with the increase which will accrue in five mate. We come now to consider the probable inyears, together with the vast multiplication of 48,224 travel which the railway will occasion, and the come of the railway, from the business passing increase of mileage in the transit of a great from the extreme points through the entire 159,236 portion of these passengers to the extreme length of the railway, and will first attempt an 28,000 points of the route, it will be fair to estimate estimate of that which will pass in the winter 28,000 the amount from this source from these twelve months, say an average of three months in towns, on the opening of the railway, at $30,- each year. Although the amount of travel between New000 annually, and the travel of the whole coun14,000 56,000 ty at $60,000. Nor will this estimate appear York and Albany by the post-road, at this seaexaggerated when we consider that the most son of the year, is comparatively small, yet all the railway, the business and travel would not 130,240 $556,026 productive business of a railway is found to must be convinced that, under the operation of During We have thus a total of 130,240 tons now consist in the conveyance of passengers. transported annually at the expense of 586,026 We will however estimate the travel of Berk-only be greatly increased but more equally dif estimate shire county as producing annually to the fused through the different seasons. $10,000 the season of navigation not fewer than eight proper dollars. Supposing this to be a railway the sum of 30,000 steamboats pass daily on the Hudson through on the present business of this section of coun20,000 the entire route. One boat is said to have cartry, the inquiry arises, how much transporta-Litchfield county 20,000 ried 25,000 passengers annually on an average tion would accrue to the railway when com- Columbia, (including winter travel,) Dutchess 12,000 of past years, and some boats have much expleted, and at what prices? 12,000 ceeded this number. If we allow a season of In answering these important questions it Putnam 18,000 35 weeks, and six passages per week, it will may be proper to suggest, that much of this give 112 passengers per day for each boat, or business now pays an additional freight on $152,000 an average of near 900 per day, and we may the Hudson, a portion of which will be saved to the railway by passing direct to New-York; We now devote our attention to that part of safely allow 75 per day, in each direction, as that although the railway prices must be lower for the same distance than is now paid for the travel to and from the intermediate points the average of the long travel in the winter transportation on common roads, still the in-on the railway, which is furnished from the months, when intercourse shall be established creased mileage in passing to that city will cities and counties which are situated at its by a railway. This number, at five dollars more than compensate for the decrease in price.northern and southern terminations. This im-cach, which would be a moderate winter price, The effect of the railway will also be to great-portant part of the estimate must begin with will amount to 58,500 dollars. This average ly multiply the amount of products transported, the city of New-York, which will possess in may seem too small, and doubtless is so, but it so as to preserve, if not increase the gross this railway, if we except the Hudson river, its must be remembered that we have previously amount now paid for transportation. Besides most interesting and frequented channel of in-estimated all the travel to intermediate points this, the general increase of business which tercourse with the country. Thousands of its on the route. The amount of property to be may be expected to occur before the period canllcitizens will be induced to seek, through this carried through by the railway cannot be so Fairfield satisfactorily ascertained, but as the railway posed for this railroad sufficiently practicable! to $600,000, making in the whole 1,800,000 will form the sole channel of communication What will be the cost of the work, and what its dollars. between New York and the interior at that sea- annual expenses when completed? Have rail- Those persons who are familiar with the son, and will greatly facilitate commercial ex-road a decided superiority over other means of history and progress of railroads in this counchanges, we will assume the amount of the intercourse? And is not the construction of try, will generally unite in the opinion, that in winter transportation to be equal to the fore-a long line of railroad through an agricultural going item, or 58,500 dollars. To this may be or manufacturing country a hazardous enteradded, for light articles transported at other prise! These are important questions, and seasons of the year, $12,500. deserve a satisfactory answer. most cases it is not expedient to establish a double line of tracks until the use of a single track has been sufficiently productive to justify the additional expenditure. In the present case, There remains but one other source of in- A considerable part of the route proposed for however, the great importance of the road, and come to be estimated, which is that arising this railroad has been thoroughly examined and the known resources on which it can rely for from the long travel in summer, or that which surveyed, for the location of the Sharon canal, support, will justify the adoption in the first inpasses through the entire length of the railway and is known to be, for the most part, highly stanee, of a grading and masonry adapted to a during the season of navigation, and which, as favorable in its character. During the past double set of tracks. This will probably inhas been premised, is not mainly relied upon autumn, a committee was appointed to collect crease the outlay at the rate of about 1,800 dolin calculating its profit or utility. It would be topographical information, in relation to the lars per mile, equal to 288,000 dollars, which a mistake, however, to infer that no income entire route, at the head of which was Benja- swells the cost to 2,088,000 dollars. To this will be derived from this source. The nature min Wright, Esq. a distinguished Civil Engi- may be added 212,000 dollars for locomotive of the case, as well as past experience, shows neer, who, at a former period, had directed the engines, carriages, sheds, and the usual parathat an increase of the means and facilities of canal surveys, and whose talent and experience, phanalia of a great carrying establishment; conveyance always increases travel, and that aided by an intimate acquaintance with that making a total amount of 2,300,000. The laymany travellers will be drawn to the railroad section of country, entitle his opinions to the ing of a second set of tracks would probably refrom motives of interest or curiosity, and still fullest confidence. The report of this com- quire the balance of three millions of dollars; greater numbers from considerations of con-mittee will be found annexed, and may be and to provide for such an enlargement of the venience or a desire of change, so that a con- deemed a sufficient answer to the first inquiry, work, or for any other emergency, this sum siderable portion of what is called pleasure tra- till the engineers of the company shall have de- may be fixed as the amount of the capital. This vel, as well as of the men of business, will be cided on the specific location of the railway. sum is predicated on a scale of strict economy induced to pass in one direction by the steam- The cost of the railway must depend essen- in the expenditure, and as a railway, considered boats, and in the other by the railway. tially upon the character of the route through in reference to the future growth of the counIf the number of passengers which now pass which it is to pass, the nature of the obstacles try, is a progressive work, a larger capital may daily in the steamboats, between the extreme to be overcome, the style or manner in ultimately be employed. The annual interest points of the route, be reckoned at 800 on an which it may be constructed, and the practi- on three millions, at 6 per cent. is $180,000. average of six days to the week, they may, at cal intelligence of those to whose guidance its The annual expenses of maintaining the esthe expiration of six years from the present plans and operations may be committed. The tablishment cannot be ascertained with cerperiod, be safely estimated at 1200 per day. Chesapeake and Delaware canal has cost an tainty; but the experience which has been Perhaps one-third of the number would be average of 161,600 dollars per mile. The Penn- derived from the railroads in this country and induced to take the railroad, but we will allow sylvania state canals about 28,000 dollars per in Europe affords a criterion by which these 150 per day, in each direction, as the average of niile; and some portions of the latter have cost expenses may be safely estimated. We have the long travel by the railway at the period of 100,000 dollars per mile. The New-York State seen that the estimated receipts for freight are its completion, which in a season of 38 weeks, canals are admitted to have cost upwards of stated at 422,616 dollars, on which it is usual reckoned at 6 days in a week, gives 68,400 pas-22,000 dollars per mile. So of railways. The to allow half for the expenses attending its sengers, which, at $2,50 each, will be 171,000 Liverpool and Manchester railway of 32 miles, transportation, which leaves 211,308 dollars as dollars. These amounts require no reduction. has cost upwards of 800,000 pounds sterling. the nett product of this branch of the railway We present the following recapitulation: But if we deduct 50,000 pounds for Parliament ||business. The estimate for passengers is Estimated transportation of the and law expenses, 100,000 pounds for a tunnel 429,500 dollars, on which it is usual to allow of 1 miles under the town of Liverpool, a large 1-5 to 1-3 for expenses; but to cover all charges amount for deep and extensive rock cutting- for oversights in our estimates, or for other expensive viaducts of solid masonry-long and unknown contingencies, and to make good any heavy embankments over deep morasses-and deficiency or excess of expenses which may heavy disbursements for the sequestration of possibly occur in the other branch of the estivaluable lands-we shall reduce the cost to an mates, we will appropriate half of the receipts amount by no means alarming. But with all for passengers to meet the expenses, which this accumulated expense, and a limit of 10 per leaves for a nett product a moiety of the whole cent. profit, which is imposed by its charter, the estimate, or 426,058 dollars. From this sum stock of this railway continues steady at an ad- we will make a further deduction of 66,058 dolvance of more than 100 per cent., and the busi-||lars for annual repairs, if the same be not coness of the road is rapidly increasing. The first vered by our previous liberal allowances, which six miles of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad, leaves us a supposed annual surplus or profit graded in an expensive manner, on a difficult of 360,000 dollars, being equal to a dividend of route, has cost an average of about 60,000 dol-||twelve per cent. on a capital of three millions. lars a mile, while the greater part of the road to In estimating the value of railroads it should the Blue Ridge, and the portion which is to ex-be borne in mind, that a railway which protend over the Alleghanies, is admitted to cost duces a nett income or dividend of 6 per cent. but little more than $20,000 a mile, completed in the first years of its operations, will be conwith a double track. The various rail-roads in sidered as good property, for the gradual inPennsylvania are stated to have cost from crease of business which must ensue will in$2,000 to 25,000 per mile. The railroad from crease the annual profits in a geometric ratio. Albany to Schenectady, owing to various causes In the mean time the proprietors are exempt will exceed, it is said, an average of 30,000 dol- from that universal, and often ruinous compelars per mile; while that from Schenectady to tition which stages, steamboats, and merchant Saratoga, formed with a single set of tracks vessels, are usually compelled to sustain. The and including a portion of heavy work, will railway is also perfectly adapted to any further cost but little more than 9000 dollars per mile.improvements in the means of locomotion The railroad from Charleston, S. C. to Au- which may chance to be introduced, whilst its gusta, Geo. a distance of 135 miles, which is almost imperishable character is in striking now in a state of forwardness, it is said will contrast with the perishable nature of those vecost 6,500 dollars a mile. hicles which constitute the usual means of conveyance. country connected with the railway, less 40 per cent. Winter freights Other light freights Reduced estimate for way travel To which may be added the estimate for passengers through the entire route, during the season of navigation $351,616 58,500 200,000 58,500 171,000 Total estimate of annual income $852,116 It may be seen, from the statistics already given, that the valuation of real and personal estate in the cities and counties, at the termination of the railway, or intersected by it, amounts to about two hundred millions of dollars, without including the adjacent counties of Connecticut and Massachusetts. The whole valuation of the State of New-York is about 365 millions; so that more than one-half of the interest of the state is immediately connected with the interest of the railway. If it should be said that the intermediate river towns ought not to be included, we answer, that they are necessarily dependent upon its operations in winter, and that it is also connected in some degree with the interests of every other portion of the state, and especially with its interior districts. The Saratoga and Schenectady railway, will afford the best data from which to estimate the Still, doubts are often expressed of the real The above calculations are founded chiefly cost of the New-York and Albany road. Three- superiority of railroads over canals and other on the present amount of business. It should fourths of the route of the latter may, in the pre-means of conveyance, and from sources that be remembered, they include nothing for the sent state of our information, be deemed of easy would seem entitled to respectful consideration. transportation of wood, coal, hay, animals of construction; the remaining fourth as mode-Without advancing more on this head, it is any sort, or daily supplies for the New-York rately difficult. The entire distance being sup-sufficient to say, that of two admitted advanmarket, nor for the transportation of the mails,||posed equal to 160 miles, we have 120 miles at||tages, among all others which have been named although the railway would necessarily form a 9000 dollars per mile, for a single track; and as pertaining to railroads, either is deemed sufportion of the great mail route, not only from which, to cover contingencies, may be put at ficient to give a decided preponderance in their New-York to the eastern States, but from the 10,000 dollars, amounting to 1,200,000 dollars. favor. The first of these advantages is celerity same States to Albany and the great West. We have remaining 40 miles, at the supposed and despatch. Time is money, or rather is an But it may now be asked, is the route pro-average of 15,000 dollars per mile, amounting element which necessarily enters into the esti |