Besides these there were ten Canadian voyageurs to manage the canoes, and ten Indians to act as hunter. The latter were under the direction of James Riley and Joseph Parks, who were also to act as interpreters. The party left Detroit, March 24, 1820, and reached Michilimackinac, June 6. On leaving this place, June 14, twenty-two soldiers, under the command of Lieut. John S. Pierce, were added to the party, and the expedition now numbered sixty-four persons. They reached the Sault Ste. Marie the 16th, where Gen. Cass called the Indians (Chippewas) together, in order to have a definite understanding with them considering the boundary lines of the land grants, and thereby renew also their sanction of former treaties. At first the Indians protested against the Americans having any garrison at the place, and some of them grew violent and almost precipitated a general fight, which would have been disastrous to Gen. Cass' party, as the Indians were far more numerous; but Cass exhibited a great degree of coolness and courage, and caused more deliberate counsels to prevail amongst the savages. Thus the threatened storm blew over. The next day the expedition resumed its journey, on Lake Superior, passing the "pictured rocks," and landing at one place where there was a band of friendly Chippewas. June 25, they left Lake Superior, ascended Portage River and returned home by way of Lake Michigan, after having traveled over 4,000 miles.

The results of the expedition were: a more thorough knowledge of a vast region, and of the numbers and disposition of the various tribes of Indians; several important Indian treaties, by which valuable lands were ceded to the United States; a knowledge of the operations of the Northwest Fur Company, and the selection of sites for a line of military posts.

As the greater want of the people seemed to be roads, Congress was appealed to for assistance, and not in vain, for that body immediately provided for the opening of roads between Detroit and the Miami River, from Detroit to Chicago, and from Detroit to Fort Gratiot, and for the improvement of La Plaisance Bay. Government surveys were carried into the Territory. Two straight lines were drawn through the center of the Territory, east and west, and north and south, the latter being denominated the principal meridian, and the former the base line. The Territory was also divided into townships of six miles square.

In 1821, there was still a tract of land lying south of Grand River which had not yet been added to the United States, and Gov. Cass deemed it necessary to negotiate with the Indians for it. To accomplieh this work he had to visit Chicago, and as a matter of curiosity we will inform the reader of his most feasible route to that place, which he can contrast with that of the present day. Leaving Detroit, he descended to the mouth of the Maumee River; he ascended that river and crossed the intervening country to the Wabash; descended that stream to the Ohio; down the latter to the Mississippi, and up this and the Illinois rivers to Chicago. At this

council the American Commissioners were Gen. Cass and Judge Sibley, of Detroit. They were successful in their undertaking, and obtained a cession of the land in question. On this occasion the Indians exhibited in a remarkable manner their appetite for whisky. As a preliminary step to the negotiations, the commissioners ordered that no spirits should be given to the Indians. The chief of the latter was a man of about a hundred years old, but still of a good constitution. The commissioners urged every consideration to convince him and the other Indians of the propriety of the course they had adopted, but in vain. "Father," said the old chieftain, "we do not care for the laud, nor the money, nor the goods: what we want is whisky; give us whisky." But the commissioners were inexorable, and the Indians were forced to content themselves.

This year (1821) nlso two Indians were hanged for murder. There was some fear that the event would be made by the British an occasion of arousing Indian atrocities in the vicinity, and the petition for the pardon of the wretches was considered by Gov. Cass with a great deal of embarrassment. He finally concluded to let the law take its course, and, accordingly, Dec. 25, the murderers were hanged.

In 1822 six new counties were created, namely, Lapeer, Sanilac, Saginaw, Shiawassee, Washtenaw and Lenawee; and they contained much more territory than they do at the present day. This year the first stage line was established in the Territory, connecting the county seat of Macomb County with the steamer "Walk-in-the-Water" at Detroit.

In 1823, Congress changed the form of Territorial government, abrogating the abrogating power of the governor and judges and establishing a system of "Legislative Council," to consist of nine members, appointed by the President of the United States out of eighteen candidates elected by the people. By the same act the term of judicial office was limited to four years, and eligibility to office was made to require the same qualifications as right to suffrage. The people now took new interest in their government, and felt encouraged to lay deep the foundations of future prosperity. The first legislative council under the new regime met at Detroit, June 7, 1824, when Gov. Cass delivered his message reviewing the progress of the Territory, calling attention to the needs of popular education, and recommending a policy of governmental administration. During this year he also called the attention of the General Government to the mineral resources of the Superior region, and asked for governmental explorations therein. At its second session after this, Congress authorized a commission to treat with the Indians of the upper peninsula for permission to explore that country.

In 1825, the Erie Canal was completed from the Hudson River to Buffalo, N. Y., and the effect was to increase materially the flow of people and wealth into the

young Territory of Michigan. The citizens of the East began to learn the truth concerning the agricultural value of this peninsula, and those in search of good and permanent homes came to see for themselves, and afterwards came with their friends or families to remain as industrious residents, to develop a powerful State. The number in the Territorial Council was increased to thirteen, to be chosen by the President from twenty-six persons elected by the people. In 1827 an act was passed authorizing the electors to choose their electors directly, without the further sanction of either the President or Congress. The power of enacting laws was given to the council, subject, however, to the approval of Congress and the veto of the Governor. This form of Territorial government remained in force until Michigan was organized as a State in 1837. William Woodbridge was Secretary

of the Territory during the administration of Gov. Cass, and deserves great credit for the ability with which he performed the duties of his office. In the absence of the chief executive he was Acting Governor, and a portion of the time he represented the Territory as a delegate to Congress. In 1828 he was succeeded by James Witherell, and in two years by Gen. John T. Mason. In 1831 Gen. Cass was appointed Secretary of War in the Cabinet of President Jackson, after having served Michigan as its chief executive for eighteen years. He had been appointed six times, running through the presidency of Madison, Monroe and John Q. Adams, without any opposing candidate or a single vote against him in the Senate. He faithfully discharged his duties as Indian Commissioner, and concluded nineteen treaties with the Indians, acquiring large cessions of territory in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan. He was a practical patriot, of whom the people of the peninsular State feel justly proud. Probably more than any other man Gen. Cass was the father of Michigan.

GEN. GEORGE B. PORTER'S ADMINISTRATION.

On the promotion of Gov. Cass to a seat in the Cabinet of President Jackson, and his consequent resignation as Governor of Michigan, Gen. George B. Porter was appointed Governor in July, 1831, and Sept. 22 following he entered upon the duties of the office. The population of the Territory at this time was about 35,000, prosperity was reigning all around, and peace every where prevailed, except that in 1832 the Black Hawk War took place in Illinois, but did not affect this peninsula. In this war, however, Gov. Porter co-operated with the other States in furnishing militia. While Gov. Porter was the chief executive, Wisconsin was detached from Michigan and erected into a separate Territory; many new townships were organized, and wagon roads opened and improved; land began to rise rapidly in value, and speculators multiplied. The council provided for the establishment and regulation of common schools, incorporated "The Lake Michigan Steamboat Com

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pany," with a capital of $40,000, and incorporated the first railroad company in Michigan, the "Detroit & Saint Joseph Railroad Company," since called the Michigan Central." The original corporators were John Biddle, John R. Williams, Charles Larned, John Gilbert, Abel Millington, Job Gorton, John Allen, Anson Brown, Samuel W. Dexter, W. E. Perrine, William A. Thompson, Isaac Gravy, O. W. Golden, Caleb Eldred, Cyrus Lovell, Calvin Brittain and Talman Wheeler. The Act of Incorporation required that the road should be completed within thirty years; this condition was complied with in less than one-third of that time. The same council also incorporated the "Bank of the River Raisin," with a branch at Pontiac. Previous to this two other banks had been chartered, namely— the Bank of Michigan," in 1817, with a branch at Bronson, and the " Farmers and Mechanics' Bank of Michigan," with a branch at Saint Joseph.

The Legislative Council of 1834 also authorized a vote of the residents to be taken on the question of organizing as a State and becoming a member of the Union; but the vote was so light and the majority so small that Congress neglected to consider the matter seriously until two years afterward.

During Porter's administration a changa was made in the method of disposing the public lands, greatly to the benefit of the actual settlers. Prior to 1820 the Government price of land was $2 an acre, one-fourth to be paid down, and the remainder in three annual installments; and the land was subject to forfeiture if these payments were not promptly made. This system having been found productive of many serious evils, the price of land was put $1.25 an acre, all to be paid at the time of purchase. This change saved a deal of trouble. During the administration of Gov. Porter occurred the "Black Hawk" war, mainly in Illinois, in 1832, which did not affect Michigan to any appreciable extent, except to raise sundry fears by the usual alarms accompanying war gossip. A few volunteers probably went to the scene of action from this Territory, but if any systematic account was ever kept of this service, we fail to find it.

In October, 1831, Edwin Jerome left Detroit with a surveying party composed of John Mullet, surveyor, and Utter, Brink and Peck, for that portion of Michigan Territory lying west of Lake Michigan, now Wisconsin. Their outfit consisted of a French pony team and a buffalo wagon to carry tent, camp equipage, blankets, etc. Most of the way to the southeast corner of Lake Michigan they followed a wagon track or Indian trail, and a cabin or an Indian hut to lodge in at night; but west of the point mentioned they found neither road nor inhabitant. They arrived at Chicago in a terrible rain, and "put up" at the fort. This far-famed city at that time had but five or six houses, and they were built of logs. Within a distance of three or four miles of the fort the land was valued by its owners at 50 cents an acre. After twenty-three days' weary travel through an uninhabited country, fording

and swimming streams and exposed to much rainy weather, they arrived at Galena, where they commenced their survey, but in two days the ground froze so deep that further work was abandoned until the next Spring. The day after the memorable Stillman battle with Black Hawk, while the Mullet party were crossing the Blue Mounds, they met an Indian half-chief, who had just arrived from the Menominee camps with the details of the battle. He stated the slain to be three Indians and eleven whites. The long shaking of hands and the extreme cordiality of this Indian alarmed Mullet for the safety of his party, but he locked the secret in his own heart until the next day. They had just completed a town corner when Mullet, raising himself to his full height, said, "Boys, I'm going in; I'll not risk my scalp for a few paltry shillings." This laconic speech was an electric shock to the whole company. Mr. Jerome, in describing his own sensations, said that the hair of his head became then as poicupine quills, raising his hat in the air and himself from the ground, and the top of his head became as sore as a boil.

July 6, 1834, Gov. Porter died, and the administration devolved upon the Secretary of the Territory, Stevens T. Mason, during whose time occurred the "Toledo war."

ADMINISTRATION OF GOV. HOENEB.

It appears that Mr. Shaler did not accept the governorship of Michigan, and John S. Horner, of Virginia, was soon afterward appointed Secretary and Acting Governor. He proved to be rather unpopular with the people of Michigan, and the following May he was appointed Secretary of Wisconsin Territory. He carried on a lengthy correspondence with Gov. Lucas, which resulted in a discontinuance of all the suits that had grown out of the Toledo war, except the demand for Stickney. Gov. Lucas persisted in refusing to deliver him up; but it seems that, finally, no trouble came of the affair.

The first Monday in October, 1835, the people of Michigan ratified the Constitution, and by the same vote elected a full set of State officers. Stevens T. Mason was elected Governor, Edward Mundy Lieutenant Governor, and Isaac E. Crary Representative in Congress. The first legislature under the Constitution was held at Detroit, the capital, on the first Monday in November, and John Norvell and Lucius Lyon were elected United States Senators. A regular election was also held under the Territorial law for delegate to Congress, and George W. Jones, of Wisconsin, received the certificate of election, although it is said that William Woodbridge received the highest number of votes. John S. Horner, the Territorial Governor, was still in office here; and this singular mixture of Territorial and State government continued until the following June, when Congress formally received Michigan into the Union as a State, and Horner was sent to Wisconsin, as before noted. This Act of Congress