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tion of Skinners' Company and the Principal and Fellows of Brasennose College, Oxford, for the purpose of having the opinion of the Court upon the construction of the deed of gift of Mr. Henry Fisher, under which the Skinners' Company had become possessed of valuable lands in that and other parts of the country. In the reign of Edward VI., Sir Andrew Judd, by his will, founded a free grammar-school in Tonbridge, with an exhibition for one student in the University of Oxford. The whole property of the school was to be under the direction of the Skinners' Company, of which the founder had been a member, and for that purpose the Skinners' Company were incorporated under the name of the Governors of the possessions and revenues of the "Free Grammar-school of Tonbridge." In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, a Mr. Henry Fisher, by a deed of gift, made this school a material object of his bounty, and it was upon the construction of that deed that the principal question in the information turned.

The ATTORNEY-GENERAL and Mr. RANDALL, on behalf of the relators, contended that under the construction of the deed the estates were vested in the Skinners' Company only as trustees for the sole use and benefit of Tonbridge school.

On the other hand, Sir E. SUGDEN, Mr. LOVATT, and Mr. BETHELL, submitted, that by the deeds the estates were vested absolutely in the Skinners' Company, subject only to the payments specified for the school. Mr. Bethell having finished his arguments, the further consideration of the case was adjourned.

DOCUMENTS.

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CATHEDRAL INSTITUTIONS.

THE following observations on the benefit derived to the church, and theology in general, from cathedral endowments, are extracted from a pamphlet entitled Remarks on the Prospective and Past Benefits of Cathedral Institutions," just published by Mr. Pusey, the Hebrew Professor of the University of Oxford:

"On opening, then, Willis' History of the Cathedrals, there occurs before the year 1728, when the account closes, the names of Hammond, Sanderson, Gastrell, South, Smalridge, Samuel and John Fell, Aldrich, Archbishop Wake, Archbishop Potter, Allestree, Owen, Pococke, and Hyde; among the deans of Peterborough again, are Jackson (on the Creed), Cosins (Scholastical History of the Canon), Simon Patrick, and Kidder; among the canons, Lively (one who was most depended upon in the present translation of the Bible), and Thomas Greaves, an eminent Professor of Arabic in this place. In Ely, further, we find Bentley among the archdeacons; among the prebendaries, Archbishop Parker, Bishop Pearson, Spencer, Lightfoot, Whitgift. Among the Prebendaries of Canterbury, again, we find Ridley, Alexander Nowell, Samuel Parker, Archbishop Tenison, Tillotson, Stillingfleet, Castell (Polyglot Bible and Lexicon), Beveridge, Mill (Greek Testament, &c.); (besides that it gave refuge to Isaac Vossius, the Cassaubons, Saravia, Ochinus, and Du Moulin, as Windsor did to De Dominis, and the Cathedral of Oxford to a much brighter name, Peter Martyr.) Nor have we, as yet, even among names so valuable, included many of the most revered of our divines: besides these, were members of cathedrals (I mention such names as occur, many I have omitted), Bull, Waterland, Cudworth, Archbishop Laud, Bishop Andrews, P. Heylin, Dean Barlow, Bishop Bilson, Hales (of Eton), Bishop Gibson, and in a corresponding situation in the Irish church, Archbishop Usher, as in later times Dean Graves and Archbishop Magee; B. Walton (Polyglot Bible), Fox

(Acts and Monuments), Atterbury, Allix, H. Prideaux, Shuckford, Bishop Hall, Bishop Conybeare, Bishop Newton, William Lloyd (Bishop of St. Asaph), Bishop and Dean Chandler, the Sherlocks, the Lowths, Bishop Hare, Dean Comber, Bishop Wilkins, Cave, Outram, Mangey, Jenkin, Derham, Biscoe, Chapman (Eusebius), Balguy, Whitby, Bullock, Warburton, Zachary, Pearce, Bishops Fleetwood, Horsley, Horbery, Kennicott, Randolph, Holmes (LXX), Dean Milner, &c.- -so that, with the exception of Bingham, who reckons it not the least part of his happiness, that 'Providence having removed me from the University, where the best supplies of learning are to be had, placed me in such a station as gives me opportunity to make use of so good a library (Winchester), though not so perfect as I should wish;'-with this, and the exception of those who were Heads of Colleges, as Barrow, or constantly resided at them, as Mede or Hody, it would be difficult to name many authors of elaborate or learned works, who were not members of chapters. In other cases, it ought also to be considered, that the foundation for the great works of former days was laid during the long residence at the University. A small country cure leaves ample leisure for digesting materials already collected during years, although it is unfavourable to the origination of any extensive works. Thus Hooker having spent seventeen years at the University, and planned his immortal work while Master of the Temple, could complete it at a small country living; or Jewell, amid the cares of his bishopric. Beveridge's learned works, on the other hand, with one exception, date before he was removed to the cure of an important parish. Chillingworth, again, who was afterwards a prebend, and, at a later period, Leslie, had no parochial cures; and the evil times in which he lived, allowed Jeremy Taylor little continuance in such duties.

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"Those, moreover, whose works have been transmitted to us, and form the main part of our present theology, are but a small portion of the eminent men who were fostered by our chapters. Any one, who has not examined the subject, and shall look over any records of cathedral churches, will be much surprised, when, besides the well-known and familiar names which he has been accustomed to revere, he observes how many there are, to whom the character of great learning, as well as of deep piety, is ascribed. All these were honoured in their generations, and were the glory of their times,' although now they have no memorial,' and in man's sight 'perished as though they had never been.' In their own age they were burning and shining lights: they fulfilled their allotted portion in transmitting to other hands the sacred torch of divine knowledge, which shall beam from one end of the Christian course to the other; and though their own lamp be extinguished, still it is in part to them that we are indebted for the light with which we are now surrounded. It may suffice to name the single instance of John Prideaux, Divinity Professor in this place, who, in his own days, had so great reputation, that theological students from foreign Universities flocked to his lectures."

UNITARIANISM IN ENGLAND.
(From the Patriot.)

"UPON a calculation made upon returns printed in the Unitarian Chronicle for September, October, and November last, it appears that there are in England about 200 congregations (Presbyterian, General Baptists, &c.) of Unitarian, alias Socinian principles. Of these, 180 never exceed 250 hearers, and the average is below 100; 20 consist of between 250 and 500 hearers; and about four may sometimes approach towards 1000 or 1200 hearers. The Unitarian chapel at Birmingham is stated to be attended by about 1100. Finsbury Chapel, London, (W. J. Fox,) has about 700. Hackney Chapel, VOL. III.-Feb. 1833. 2 E

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(R. Aspland,) 500. Nottingham, (B. Carpenter,) 500. Bridport, (R. Cree,) 500. Newcastle, (W. Turner,) 500. Chorobent, Lancashire, (R. Davis,) 500. Bolton, (F. Baker,) 400. Leicester, (C. Berry,) 400. Essex-street, London, (T. Madge,) 350. With the exception of these and a few others, the congregations of this sect present only skeleton regiments. To Unitarians,' says a writer in the Monthly Repository, 'a Bristol or a Manchester audience is magnificent! But let those half dozen flourishing congregations be deemed of as highly as we will, still six prosperous societies, out of some three hundred, is a small proportion. Of our own knowledge, we can speak of some scores that scarcely shew signs of life. The number of hearers in them will not average more than thirty. Few beings are more to be pitied than a Unitarian minister placed in one of these societies.' This writer, himself a Unitarian, while bearing evidence to the dying state of the greater part of the congregations, appears to overrate their total number. From 220 to 230 must be, we are persuaded, the utmost number, and the total number of hearers cannot exceed 12,000, or at most 15,000. The orthodox dissenting congregations of the three denominations exceed 2200 in England alone; and the aggregate of attendants is estimated at nearly a million. The total number of dissenting congregations of every Protestant denomination in England and Wales is upwards of 7500. Such is the proportion which Unitarianism bears to evangelical dissent."

"Employing the divisor which the Patriot allows for its 2200 orthodox dissenting congregations-455-as multiplier of the whole number of congregations in England and Wales, the number would scarcely give three millions and a half out of the thirteen millions in the returns of 1831. This is the calculation upon which we have proceeded, and it is evidently the highest possible; for unquestionably the congregations of those whom the Patriot describes as orthodox dissenters are by far the most numerous. Taking the divisor which the Patriot allows for 230 Unitarian congregations, 52, we should have less than half a million of dissenters through England and Wales. This, however, would be too low; a mean somewhere between a million and a half and two millions would probably come nearest to the truth."-Standard, Jan. 17.

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(From the "Patriot" of January 23.)

THE Patriot, in endeavouring to overthrow the calculations of P. in the Supplement to this Magazine, hazards the following assertions :—

The whole population is 14 millions. The Dissenters (exclusively of Jews and Papists) are 34 millions. (Of this no proof beyond assertion is given.) The churchmen, instead of being, as P. said, 12 millions, are not much above one-third of that number! Let us draw these calculations of the Patriot together. Call the churchmen 5 millions. Then, as 5 and 3 make 84, and this taken from 14 leaves 5, there are 5 millions either Jews, Papists, or not even calling themselves of any religion at all! Again, having stated that the Dissenting meeting-houses are 7600, and the Episcopal places of worship ". 12,000, the Patriot most arithmetically states, that the places of worship provided by the Establishment are to those provided by Dissenters as 7 to 12, or not quite 2 to 3! Probably this is a mistake. Yes! a mistake, wittingly made, which will be CAREFULLY copied into all the Dissenting papers and journals, with an assurance that it rests on careful calculations and documents.

At all events, it is something that the Patriot has been brought to confess that the church has a majority, instead of being in a minority of 1 to 10, as asserted lately by a correspondent of the Patriot or Christian Advocate,

LABOUR RATE.

THE following, with a form of rate, may prove somewhat a guide to parishes about adopting a Labour Rate, and having but an imperfect knowledge of the way of proceeding in such a case :

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the provisions of an Act in the 2nd and 3rd of William IV. c. 96, it was agreed by us, the undersigned, being above three-fourths of the rate-payers of the parish of ; the votes having been taken according to the directions

of the said Act:

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1. That the labourers in husbandry in and belonging to the said parish be divided into the five [or as the case may be] following classes :

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2. That the Monday after the following regulations shall have been approved of by the magistrates assembled at their Petty Sessions at a labour

rate of in the pound shall be made, being in amount the sum required, or nearly so, for the payment of all the able-bodied labourers for six weeks; which labour-rate shall be levied and enforced in the same manner as the present poor-rate is.

3. That every occupier of land, who is not exempted from the payment of the labour-rate by rule 6, shall employ, and pay for weekly, as much labour as shall come to for every pound at which he is rated to the poorrate, or shall pay to the overseer such portion of his labour-rate as shall not have been expended in labour of men belonging to this parish in the last six weeks; being allowed for each man employed by him, as that man shall stand valued on the list affixed to this agreement.

4. That all the servants belonging to this parish, boarded and lodged in farm-houses, be included in these regulations, as they are now classed by

name.

5. That every rate-payer who has a son regularly working on his farm, shall be allowed to deduct for the labour of his son under class 4, but no more than one son shall be deducted for on any occupation.

6. That all occupiers assessed at less than 57. in the poor rate shall be exempted from the payment of the labour-rate; but outsetters, whose assessment to the poor-rate in two or three parishes when added together exceed 51., are not to be exempted.

7. That every occupier shall deliver to the overseer, at the end of every six weeks, an account of the labourers employed by him during the previous six 'weeks.

f 8. That the above labour-rate shall be collected by the overseers, and the account balanced and laid before the vestry meeting every six weeks, when a new labour-rate shall be made; and all the sums which shall have been collected by the labour-rate during the previous six weeks in lieu of labour, shall be applied to the poor-rate.

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9. That these regulations shall continue in force for six months from the day on which the first labour-rate shall be made.

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in the said County,

in the pound (with deductions for labour employed,

day of

according to a list of labourers affixed to an agreement entered into, and bearing date the 1833, and conformably to the Act of the 2nd and 3rd of his present Majesty, William IV. c. 96), comprising the expenditure of the labouring population of the said parish for six weeks, from the day of

to the

day of

1833.

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Three days' notice must be given of a meeting under this Act; that is, if notice be given on Sunday, the meeting cannot be held earlier than Thursday.

THE WILLINGHAM EMIGRANTS.

(From the Cambridge Chronicle, Jan. 4.)

THE following letters have been received from one of the emigrants who left Willingham, in this county, in the spring of last year, and from the good character he bore while a resident in this country we have every reason to rely upon their accuracy.

"Dear Fathers and Mothers, Brothers and Sisters, and all inquiring Friends, who wish to know where we are and how we are situated.-I, John Desbrow," set down to give as true an account of the country as I or we know of. We are all at Lockport, in the county of Niagara, in the State of New York, except Furbank Desbrow; we left him at Lian, about 500 miles from New York; and we are at Lockport. Joseph Holmes and I, John Desbrow, work for Mr. George Fields, and live together on the farm, in a log-house, and we have bought a cow for 19 dollars, and it runs on the farm, and serves both our families with milk and butter. A house and fuel are found us, and labour is about 6s. a day; and the price of provision as follows:-flour about 5 dollars a barrel, the weight of 200lbs., fresh meat, beef, mutton and veal, about 4 or 5 cents per lb.

Our master, George Fields, is a banker, and Rebecca Holmes lives in the house; the two boys, John and Joseph, work on the farm. Corn in America is as good as in England, and the price of wheat is from about 78. to 9s. a bushel, and all cattle are as good as in England, as horses, oxen, sheep, and hogs. Pork, in the fall of the year, is about 2 or 3 cents a pound; but chiefly our drink is water. Here is beer and liquor, but not so good as in England; and we work from sun-rising to sun-set, and live pretty well; we have a piece of beef baked over a pudding whenever we please, and if we think good to drink whiskey, we can get as drunk as David's Sow for 2 or 3 cents. Thus I have given as good an account about the country as I know at present; but the cow we bought for 19 dollars amounts to about 47. 10s. English money, and such a cow as would cost 127. or 147. in England.

Now I am about to write to my brother Moses Desbrow, or any other person that thinks of coming, to consider about it. I tell you, as I told you before, you must drink water, and work from light to dark, but live well. A single man gets from 9 to 12 dollars a month, and is found board, washing, and lodging; but I send for none, but have your own judgment about it; but/ if any come, you will find us at Lockport, and when we came we had nobody to see that we knew, nor yet where to go. We are all well at present, both men, women and children, except Joseph Day, of Over, who was taken ill

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