Treasury for payment. The board submits to Congress, at each session thereof, a report of the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution.

In 1877, all the archives, records, and materials relating to the Indians of North America, collected by the Geographical and Geological Survey of the Rocky Mountains, were directed to be turned over to the Smithsonian Institution, that the work might be completed and prepared for publication under its direction, provided it should meet the approval of the Secretary of the Interior and of the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1883 there was appropriated for the purpose of continuing ethnological researches among the North American Indians, under the direction of the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries and compensation of all

necessary employees, $40,000, of which $3000 should be expended for continuing and completing compilation and preparation of a statistical atlas of Indian affairs, by C. C. Royce, under the direction of the bureau of ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, which should be immediately available. The appropriations for the year 1886-87 included $10,000 for the improvement, maintenance, and care of Smithsonian grounds; $10,000 for expenses of the system of international exchanges between the United States and foreign countries, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, including salaries or compensation of all necessary employees; and $40,000 for the purpose of continuing ethnological researches among the American Indians. An appropriation for these Indian researches seems, meantime, to be given annually.

Chapter 757 of the laws of 1886, being an Act making appropriations to provide for the expenses of the government of the District of Columbia for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1887, and for other purposes, under the headings (1) "For Reformatories and Prisons," mentions the "Washington Asylum," the "Reform School," the 66 Georgetown Almshouse," and the "Industrial Home School"; (2) "For Support of the Insane," the "Government Hospital for the Insane," already described; (3) "For Charities," the "Columbia Hospital for Women and Lying-in Asylum," the "Women's Christian Association," the "National Association for Destitute Coloured Women and Children," the "Children's Hospital, ""Saint Ann's Infant Asylum," the "Church Orphanage,” the "Washington Hospital for Foundlings," the

"Saint Rose Industrial School," the "House of the Good Shepherd," the "Association for Works of Mercy," and the "National Homeopathic Hospital Association of Washington.'

Under the heading "Public Schools, District of Columbia, it appears there are 1 superintendent at a salary of $2700, 1 superintendent at $2250, 1 clerk to superintendent and secretary to board of trustees at $1200, 1 clerk to superintendent, $800, and a sum of $415,400 was appropriated for the salaries of not over 620 teachers, at an average salary not to exceed $670; and, in addition, $2500 for teachers of night-schools.

In another appropriation Act of 1886 for sundry civil expenses of the Government, appropriations are granted for the maintenance of Howard's University, for the Freedmen's Hospital and Asylum at Wash

ington, for the National Museum, the Army and Navy Hospital at Hot

Springs, Arkansas, the Service Army and Navy Hospital.

By chapter 27, "An Act to regulate and improve the civil service of the United States," which became law upon January 16, 1883, the President was authorised to appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, three persons, not more than two of whom should be adherents of the same party, as Civil Service Commissioners, who should constitute the United States Civil Service Commission, and should hold no other official place under the United States. The President may remove any commissioner; and so fills any vacancy, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, as to conform to said condition for the first selection of commissioners. Each commissioner receives a salary of $3500 a-year, and is paid his necessary travelling expenses incurred in the discharge of his duty as a commissioner.

It is the duty of the commissioners to aid the President as he may request in preparing suitable rules for carrying said Act into effect; and these having been promulgated, it is the duty of all officers of the United States in the departments and offices to which any such rules may relate, to aid in all proper ways in carrying said rules, and any modifications thereof, into effect. Among other things these rules shall provide and declare, as nearly as the conditions of good administration warrant, as follows:

1. For open competitive examinations for testing the fitness of applicants for the public service as classified. These examinations are practical in their character, and, so far as may be, relate to those matters

which fairly test the relative capacity and fitness of the persons examined to discharge the duties of the service into which they seek to be appointed.

2. That all the offices, places, and employments arranged in classes shall be filled by selections according to grade from among those graded highest as the results of such competitive examinations.

3. Appointments to the public service in the departments in Washington shall be apportioned among the several states and territories, and the District of Columbia, upon the basis of population as ascertained by the last preceding census. Every application for an examination shall contain, among other things, a statement, under oath, setting forth his or her actual bonâ fide residence at the time of making the application, as well as how long he or she has been a resident of such place.

4. That there shall be a period of probation before any absolute appointment or employment aforesaid.

5. That no person in the public service is for that reason under any obligations to contribute to any political fund, or to render any political service, and that he will not be removed or otherwise prejudiced for refusing to do so.

6. That no person in said service has any right to use his official authority or influence to coerce the political action of any person or body.

7. There shall be non-competitive examinations in all proper cases before the Commission, when competent persons do not compete, after notice has been given of the existence

of the vacancy, under such rules as may be prescribed by the commissioners as to the manner of giving notice.

8. That notice shall be given in writing by the appointing power to said commission of the persons selected for appointment or employment from among those who have been examined, of the place of residence of such persons, of the rejection of any such persons after probation, of transfers, resignations, and removals, and of the date thereof, and a record of the same shall be kept by said commission. And any necessary exceptions from said eight fundamental provisions of the rules shall be set forth in connection with such rules, and the reasons therefor shall be stated in the annual reports of the commission.

The commission makes an annual report to the President for transmission to Congress showing its own action, the rules and regulations and the exceptions thereto in force, the practical effects thereof, and any suggestions it may approve for the more effectual accomplishment of the purposes of said Act.

The commission is authorised to employ a chief examiner, a part of whose duty it is, under its direction, to act with the examining boards so far as practicable, whether at Washington or elsewhere, and to secure accuracy, uniformity, and justice in all their proceedings, which are at all times open to him. This chief examiner's salary is $3000 a-year, and he is paid his necessary travelling expenses, incurred in the discharge of his duty. The commission has a secretary, appointed by the President, whose salary is $1600 per annum; and it can, when necessary, employ a stenographer and a messenger, paid when employed, the former at the rate of $1600 and the latter at the rate of $600 a-year.

The

commission at Washington, and in one or more places in each state and territory where examinations are to take place, designate and select a suitable number of persons, not less than three, in the official service of the United States, residing in said state or territory, after consulting the head of the department or office in which such persons serve, to be members of boards of examiners, and may at any time substitute any other person in said service living in such state or territory in the place of any one so selected. These boards of examiners shall be so located as to make it reasonably convenient and inexpensive for applicants to attend before them; and where there are persons to be examined in any state or territory, examinations are held therein at least twice in each year. It is the duty of the collector, postmaster, and other officers of the United States, at any place outside of the District of Columbia, where examinations are directed by the President or by said board to be held, to allow the reasonable use of the public buildings for holding such examinations, and in all proper ways to facilitate the same. The Secretary of the Interior provides rooms, &c., at Washington, District of Columbia.

Within sixty days after the passage of said Act, it was the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury, in as near conformity as might be to the classification of certain clerks then existing under section 163 of the Revised Statutes (first, second, third, and fourth classes), to arrange in classes the several clerks and persons employed by the collector, naval officer, surveyor, and appraisers, or either of them, or being in the public service, at their respective offices in each customs district where the whole number of said clerks and persons should be all together as near as

fifty. And thereafter from time to time, on the direction of the President, said Secretary should make the like classification or arrangement of clerks and persons so employed in connection with any said office or offices, in any other customs district. And upon like request, and for the purposes of said Act, said Secretary should arrange in one or more of said classes, or of then existing classes, any other clerks, agents, or persons employed under his department in any said district not then classified; and every such arrangement and classification upon being made should be reported to the President. It was also provided that the PostmasterGeneral should in like manner classify the several clerks and persons employed, or in the public service at each post-office, or under

any postmaster of the United States, and from time to time report to the President. The said Secretary, the Postmaster-General, and each of the heads of departments, and each head of an office should, on the direction of the President, and for facilitating the execution of said Act, respectively revise any then existing classification or arrangement of those in their respective departments and offices, and should for the purposes of the examination include in one or more of such classes, so far as practicable, subordinate places, clerks, and officers in the public service pertaining to their respective departments not before classified for examination. It was provided that, after six months from the passage of said Act, all appointments and promotions should be made only upon examination, unless there should be special exemption. these provisions do not take from those honourably discharged from the military or naval service any preferences conferred by section 1754 of the Revised Statutes (preferred for appointments to civil offices, pro

But

vided they are found to possess the business capacity necessary for the proper discharge of the duties of such office); nor from the President any authority not inconsistent with this Act conferred by section 1753 of said Statutes (to prescribe regulations for the admission of persons into the civil service of the United States; and to employ suitable persons to inquire into the age, health, character, knowledge, and ability, &c., of such persons, &c.); nor shall any officer not in the executive branch of the Government, nor any person merely employed as a labourer or workman, be required to be classified; nor, unless by discretion of the Senate, shall any person who has been nominated for confirmation by the Senate be required to be classified or to pass an examination.

No person habitually using intoxicating beverages to excess shall be appointed or retained in any office, &c. Whenever there are already two or more members of a family in the public service in the grades covered by the Act, no other members of such family are eligible to appointment to any of said grades. No recommendation of any person who applies for office or place, given by any senator or member of the House of Representatives, except as to the character or residence of the applicant, shall be received or considered by any person concerned in making any examination or appointment. No senator, or representative, or territorial delegate of the Congress, or senator, representative, or delegate elect, or any officer or employee of either of said Houses, and no executive, judicial, military, or naval officer of the United States, and no clerk or employee of any department, branch, or bureau of the executive, judicial, or military or naval service of the United States shall, directly or indirectly, solicit or receive, or be in

any manner concerned in soliciting or receiving, any assessment, subscription, or contribution for any political purpose whatever from any officer, clerk, or employee of the United States, or any department, branch, or bureau thereof, or from any person receiving any salary or compensation from moneys derived from the Treasury of the United States.

No person shall in any room or building occupied in the discharge of official duties by any such officer or employee of the United States, or in any navy-yard, fort, or arsenal, solicit in any manner whatever or receive any contribution of money or any other thing of value for any political purpose whatever. No officer or employee of the United States shall discharge or promote or degrade or in manner change the official rank or compensation of any other officer

or employee, or promise or threaten so to do, for giving or withholding or neglecting to make any contribution of money or other valuable thing for any political purpose. No officer, clerk, or other person in the service of the United States shall, directly or indirectly, give or hand over to any other officer, clerk, or person in the service of the United States, or to any senator or member of the House of Representatives, or territorial delegate, any money or other valuable thing on account of or to be applied to the promotion of any political object whatever. Any violation of any of these provisions is a misdemeanour, and on conviction thereof the offender is punished by a fine not exceeding $5000, or by imprisonment not exceeding three years, or by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court.

The several states and territories are divided into numerous collection districts, with specially designated ports of entry and of delivery; and there is no lack of inspectors, weighers, gaugers, measurers, and other officers necessary for the collection of the revenue. By and with the advice and consent of the Senate, the President appoints four appraisers of merchandise, who are employed in visiting such ports of entry in the United States, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, as may be deemed useful by him for the security of the revenue, and, at such ports, afford such aid and assistance in the appraisement of merchandise thereat as may be deemed necessary to protect and ensure uniformity in the collection of the revenue from customs. Whenever an appraisement of imported merchandise is to be made at any port for which no appraiser is

provided by law, the collector of the district appoints two respectable resident merchants to be the appraisers. Every merchant who, after being chosen by the collector, and after due notice of such choice has been given to him in writing, declines or neglects to assist at such appraisement, is liable to a penalty not exceeding $50, and to the costs of prosecution therefor. There are special examiners of drugs, medicine, chemicals, and so forth. The Secretary of the Treasury gives to the collectors of districts for which an examiner of drugs, &c., is not provided by law such instructions as he deems necessary to prevent the importation of adulterated and spurious drugs and medicines.

The collectors of the customs, naval officers, and surveyors of the customs are appointed for the term of four years. Every officer, clerk,