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298. Vadimonia faciunt. They bind you over to appear in court; as though they were the aggrieved parties, they threaten they will have the law on you. (Cf. v. 213.) "Les battus paient l'amende." 303. Derit. Ribbeck, Weidner, Mayor give this contracted form for deerit.

304. "Shops and houses were barred at night, and the bar secured by a chain."

Compago, fastening," the fittings of the folding-doors." From com and pango (root PAG), to fasten, fix.

305. Grassator, a street-robber, footpad.

Agit rem, goes to work, plies his trade.

306 sqq. The Pontine marsh, and the Gallinarian wood (of pine trees, on the coast of Campania, near Cumae: cf. Cic. ad fam. ix. 23) were well adapted for robbers. When they were effectively held by soldiers, the robbers, beaten out of their accustomed haunts, flocked to Rome as a gentleman goes to his preserves to shoot."

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"Les voleurs à l'instant s'emparent de la ville:

Le bois le plus funeste et le moins fréquenté

Est, au prix de Paris, un lieu de sûreté."

(Boileau's paraphrase, cited by Lemaire.)

309. The negative belongs with qua fornace as well as qua incude. The regular order would have been qua fornace, qua incude, non conficiuntur graves catenae?

313. Sub tribunis. I. e. in the republic.

314. Uno carcere. The Mamertine prison.

315. Poteram. This is the imperfect of unfulfilled action; I could, but do not (on account of want of time). Cf. Key's Lat. Gram. 1257; Gildersleeve, 246, R. 2; Madvig 348, 1.

317. Jandudum. So Jahn after P; p, iam dudum.

319. Refici reddet. The prose construction would be reddet reficiendum or ut reficiaris.

320. Ceres and Diana were both worshipped at Aquinum, a municipium (Cic. Phil. ii. 106) or colony (Plin. H. N. iii. 9) in Latium on the via Latina, near the river Melpis. No satisfactory explanation has been given of the epithet Helvina here applied to Ceres.

321 seq. If your satires are not ashamed of me, I will put on my hob-nailed shoes, and come for their help to your cool fields. Macleane is probably right in rejecting "the notion of the commentators about Umbricius's going to Juvenal dressed like a soldier," (the caligae being worn by soldiers,)" to do service in the ranks and help him attack the follies of the age."

SATIRE IV.

ARGUMENT.

1-36. CRISPINUS here again! and I must often bring him on the stage, a monster with no virtue by which to ransom himself from the vices which enslave him. What avail all his wealth and pomp? No wicked man is happy, least of all one so utterly impure. But now of smaller matters. He bought a mullet of six pounds for as many sestertia: not as a present, for some crafty end, but for himself. He, the Egyptian slave! a fish that cost more than the man that caught it, or than an estate in the provinces or Apulia. When so costly a dainty was but a side-dish on the table of this upstart, who used to cry stale fish from his native country, what must we not look for in the emperor? Begin, Calliope! nay, keep your seat; you need not stand up to sing; tell a true tale, ye Muses chaste and young; and since I call you so, give me your favor.

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37-71. In Domitian's reign, the huge bulk of a rhombus, large as the Byzantine, fell into a fisherman's net off Ancona. The captor, making a merit of necessity, destines it for the chief pontiff, — for the shores were full of informers, and hurries with it to the Alban villa. Here a crowd admiring stops him; when it parts the doors fly open; the senate waits without. Brought to the great man, he begs him accept the fish as one reserved for his times and eager for the honor of being served up at his table. What flattery could be grosser? and yet Domitian's feathers rise. 72-129. But where find capacious enough to contain the fish? This is a point for a council of state to determine. A council is summoned. First comes Pegasus, the city's bailiff-for what else then were prefects? -an upright judge, but much too merciful for the times he lived in. Pleasant old Crispus next, whose heart was like his speech, a man of gentle temper; an excellent companion for the world's master, if he might speak his honest mind. But who dare so speak to such a tyrant, when on every trivial sentence hung one's life? Crispus was not the man to swim against the stream, and risk his life for truth: and so he lived in safety eighty years. Then comes Acilius, with his son, who is one day to fall a victim to the tyrant's jealousy (for nobility and great age have long been strangers), which he in vain endeavors

to lull by devoting himself to sports unworthy of his birth. Next, and, though not marked out by noble birth for Domitian's hatred, not less alarmed, comes Rubrius, guilty of a foul offence, but impudent as the catamite who writes satires. Then come Montanus with his belly huge, and the scented fop Crispinus reeking with perfumes; the informer Pompeius too, whose softest whisper was a dagger; and Fuscus, who dreamt of wars in his marble villa, and kept his vitals for the Dacian vultures. Crafty Veiento then, and Catullus, whose blindness preserved him not from lust -a conspicuous monster even for our times, whose ready adulation might qualify him to gain his living as a beggar: none admires the fish so much as he, though indeed he turns to the left to admire, while the creature lies on his right; in the same way he is wont to praise the fighters and the stage-tricks in the theatre. Veiento finds in the capture of the foreign fish an omen of triumph over some foreign king; and he can almost tell the animal's country and its age. 130-149. "Well, now," says the Sire," what think ye? is it to be cut?" Nay," says Montanus, "far be such disgrace! Let's get a noble dish to put it in, Prometheus too to make it; haste, clay and wheel! henceforth, O Caesar, potters must attend your court." His motion, worthy of a palate trained at Nero's table, was adopted; no one has beat him in my time in gastronomic lore. He'd tell you at a taste where an oyster came from, and declare at sight an echinus' native coast. The council is dismissed, having been convoked in as headlong haste as though some war had broken out. 150-154. And would that, engrossed with such fooleries, Domitian had wanted time for the murder of Rome's nobles, whom he slew with impunity until the rabble began to fear him.-MAYOR and MACLEANE, in part.

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1. Crispinus. See i. 27, note.

2. Ad partes (sustinendas), to play his part. "I must often bring him on the stage."

4. Deliciae, "a rake" (Mayor); or, with more sarcasm, the pretty darling; the jackanape. The reading here given is the best supported.

Viduas, unmarried women; 66 women without husbands, whether they had ever had one or not."

Tantum (only, alone) modifies viduas.

Spernatur. From the deponent spernor, a very rare form. Another reading is aspernatur.

6. The rich built private porticoes (i. e. covered walks or colonnades), under whose shelter they took drives in bad weather. "Fatiget is a poetical word in this connection. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 316."

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Vectetur." Is carried about in his lectica or sella."

7. Supply vicinas foro with aedes. So Jahn and others.

9 sq. Incest was committed either with virgines sacratae or propinquae sanguine (Isidor. Orig. v. 26, 24, cited by Mayor). “Of such incest (with a vestal virgin) Crispinus had been guilty, but was screened from punishment by Domitian. Unchaste Vestals were carried out on a litter to the Colline gate, and there immured in a chamber under ground, no sacrifices being offered."

12. Idem refers to the leviora facta.

Caderet sub judice morum= = damnaretur a censore (S.). Cf. Nägelsbach's Stilistik 127, 1. Domitian took upon himself the censorship for life; being the first of the emperors who assumed that office.

13. (Lucius) Titius and (Gaius) Seius were the "John Doe and Richard Roe" of the Roman law-books; German "Hinz und Kunz."

14. Quid agas, etc. What are you to do when you have to represent a character whose crimes beggar all description? (Mayor.) The indefinite second person. (See the Grammars.)

15. Crimine, accusation, charge.

Sex milibus, for six thousand sesterces, or six sestertia; about $230 in our gold.

16. The pounds in the mullet equalled the sestertia paid; i. e. it weighed six pounds. The mullet was esteemed in proportion to its size. The ordinary weight was two, or at most four, pounds. Sane, it is true. "Said ironically, as though in excuse." 18. Artificis, the crafty contriver; the artful fellow.

19. Praecipuam in tabulis ceram, the chief place in the will. Cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 5, 53. "A will was usually contained in three tablets (prima, secunda, and ima cera or tabula), in the first two of which were entered the names of the heredes, and in the third those of the 'substitute,' who took in the event of any heres being disqualified." 20. Est ratio ulterior, there is a motive which goes still further,— a motive beyond that. He hopes to gain something through the influence of the "magna amica," as well as from herself.

21. Cluso (P, s) = clauso (w).

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Specularibus. Windows of lapis specularis (mica or talc). Glass too was known to the ancients; panes of glass having been found at Herculaneum, Pompeii, Velleia."

Antro. "Her closed up den" is her sella.

23. Apicius, called here in bitterly ironical comparison with Cris

pinus "sordid and niggardly," "poor frugal man," was a notoriously extravagant gourmand in the reigns of Augustus and Tiberius. Hoc, pretio (25).

24. Crispinus had been a slave in Egypt (Sat. i. 26); hence patria. Cheap clothing was sometimes made of the coarser kind of papyrus. Plin. H. N. xiii. 22 (11): ex ipso quidem papyro navigia texunt; et e libro vela tegetesque nec non et vestem, etiam stragulam ac funes. "In such coarse garments, tucked up as the manner of slaves was (Hor. Sat. ii. 8, 10), Crispinus used to appear in former days." Ruperti, citing Anacreon iv. 4 sq., understands papyro not of the tunic, but of a cord, passing round the neck, by which the tunic was held up when the wearer was succinctus.

25. Hoc pretio squamam, sc. emisti. This reading (Valla, Cramerus ad schol.) is adopted by Jahn and by most of the recent editors. Po read hoc pretio squamae, and so Lewis. Macleane, after a few MSS., hoc pretium squamae. H. A. J. Munro, in a note furnished Mayor, asks, "Is it certain that the MS. reading (23, 25) will not do? hoc tu!. . . . hoc pretio squamae! i. e. hoc tu fecisti! hoc pretio squamae emptae sunt!". Notice the humorous exaggeration in saying a fish-scale for a fish.

26 sq. In the provinces you may buy an estate for the money, but a still larger one in Apulia. (Land in Apulia brought a low price.) Notice the use of sed in the sense of and moreover or yes, and. But why do I say "the provinces" in general, when in Apulia, where land is cheap, you could get a lordly domain for that sum? Cf. Ov. Met. viii. 283: misit aprum, quanto maiores herbida tauros non habet Epiros, sed habent Sicula arva minores. Mart. ix. 42, 3: scelus est, mihi crede, sed ingens. Plaut. Rud. 799: DAE. duas clavas. LA. clavas? DAE. set probas. So often mais in French. Cf. Molière L'Avare iii. 9: vous êtes un astre, mais un astre le plus bel astre qui soit dans le pays des astres.

28. Putamus. Notice the indicative. There is no doubt implied in the question, and no deliberation is needed for its answer.

29. Juvenal uses the archaic and dignified form induperator, for imperator, with mock gravity.

30. De margine. As we say, from the side-dishes; as opposed to the caput caenae, or principal dish (at large dinners commonly a wild boar), in the middle of the board.

31. Purpureus. Cf. Sat. i. 27.

Palati. "The palace which the successive emperors occupied was on the Palatine hill."

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