or parchment, leaving a good margin. Books written on both sides were called opisthographi, and were also said to be written in aversa charta (Mart. viii. 62). Summus is used here in the sense of extremus. Cf. Verg. Aen. ii. 324: venit summa dies. Plena margine is abl. absolute. Priscian cites this passage as an example of the use of margo as feminine. For scriptus, J' and My. read with P, scribtus. The participle might have been in the feminine gender, as Orestes is the name of a play (fabula). Cf. Suet. vit. Ter. 2: Eunuchus bis die acta est.

7-9. There were several groves of Mars, any of which may be meant as that at Colchis, in which hung the golden fleece guarded by a dragon; and that "in quo Ilia peperit." The rocks of Aeolus are Strongyle, the modern Stromboli, one of the Aeoliae insulae (now Lipari islands), the abode of the king of the winds; Vulcan's cave was in the southernmost of these islands, Hiera, which was regarded as the forge of Vulcan. Cf. Verg. Aen. viii. 416 sqq. Mayor connects the allusions in these verses with the Argonauts, who visited Vulcan's forge and the isle of Aeolus.

9. Agant, are about, purpose, are contriving. See Val. Fl. i. 574 sqq. Venti. The name of their king, in the adjective Aeoliis, suggests the winds. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 81-123, 131-141. Early examples of descriptions of storms were found in the Nostoi, as the poems in the Epic Cycle were called, which described the homeward journeys of the Greek heroes after the taking of Troy.

Torqueat, examines by torture, as a judex quaestionis.

10. Alius, i. e. Jason. Juvenal, in his ill-humor, speaking slightingly of the whole story, does not mention the name of the hero, but simply calls him another. So he refers to the golden fleece satirically in furtivae, and contemptuously in the diminutive pelliculae (that sorry fleece). C. 104, 25.

11. Mōnychus. A leader of the Centaurs who hurled trees upon the Lapithae in the quarrel at the marriage of Peirithous. The name retains, of course, the quantity of the Greek word, which is formed by syncope. C. 267, 2; 304.

12. Fronto was some rich patron, who lent his grounds for recitation; perhaps Fronto Catius, whose oratory is praised by Pliny. Platani. The plane was much admired for its beauty and shade. Marmora. The marbles, which shake at the shouts of the audience and re-echo the recited verses, are marble panels inlaid in the walls of the porticus, or slabs in the pavement. The manifest exaggeration in the terms convulsa and ruptae corresponds with the poet's

excited feeling. Virgil, however, says cantu querulae rumpent arbusta cicadae (Georg. iii. 328), "shall make the woodlands ring."

13. Adsiduo (= assiduo) ruptae lectore. This construction is to be distinguished from the ablative of the voluntary agent with ab. When the agent is regarded simply as a means or instrument, the preposition is omitted; this seldom happens, however, unless the noun is accompanied with an adjective or pronoun, so that it might (in many cases) be considered as an ablative absolute of cause. The adjective here is a prominent part of the meaning: the columns are 'split" by the persistency of the recitations.

14. Exspectes. The gnomic subjunctive, of a general maxim, in the second person singular, to denote the act of an indefinite subject: (you any one.) C. 218; 219, 3.

Eadem, "sc. ut carmina et scribant et recitent."

15. Et nos ergo, Well, then; I too have been to a grammar-school. -Et nos, consilium, etc.; I too have written themes in the schools of rhetoric.

16. The theses for original declamations in the schools of rhetoric were (1) suasoriae (as in this instance), generally on historical or legendary subjects (cf. Quintil. iii. 8, 53), or (2), for more advanced pupils, controversiae, in which legal questions were handled. The advice which young Juvenal in his theme gave to Sulla was that he should purchase sleep by resigning his dictatorship.

Altum. This accusative is often called "adverbial," and is well translated by an adverb in English; but it is best regarded as a cognate accusative, or accusative of the inner object, altum dormiret being equivalent to altum somnum dormiret. So indoctum canere, magnum tonare, torvum clamat, dulce loquentem, perfidum ridens. C. 124, n. 1. 17. Ubique. "In the forum and in the bath, standing, sitting, running, in the thermae and in the swimming-bath." So Mayor, from references in classical writers.

18. Vatibus, bards; here used satirically. In the time of Ennius vates was used contemptuously of those poets who adhered to the old Saturnian measure, while those who adopted the more artistic measures and style of the Greeks were called poetae. From the time of Virgil and Horace, however, vates was the nobler term, like our bard as compared with poet.

Periturae. The paper is sure to perish, any way; somebody else will scribble on it, if I do not.

19. Hoc decurrere campo, to run my course in this field (i. e. the field of satire). The metaphor here, and in equos flexit, is taken

from the race-course. Weidner, citing Tac. Ann. ii. 7, says that decurrere is the proper term for military exercises and parades.

20. Auruncae alumnus. C. Lucilius, the father of Roman satire, who was born at Suessa Aurunca (now Sessa), in the southern part of Latium, and is said to have lived from B. C. 148 to B. C. 103. He belonged to the brilliant literary circle of which the younger Scipio was the centre. "The satires of Lucilius, whereof more than eight hundred fragments remain, were satires indeed, a medley of politics, manners, literature, grammar, chiefly in hexameters, partly in iambics and trochaics; his main function was to scourge the corruption of the times."

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21. Placidi rationem admittitis, i. e., if you lend a kindly ear to the reason. Some take placidi as the gen. sing., instead of the nom. pl., in the sense, 'If you will listen to one who is perfectly calm; to which Lewis well objects that "the poet is not perfectly calm. He tells us, a few lines on (30, 31), that he cannot contain himself."

22. Mevia stands here for any woman of rank. Fighting with wild beasts at the circus and amphitheatres, and engaging in gladiatorial combats, were permitted to women by Nero, but at length forbidden by Severus A. D. 200.

Tuscum. Cf. Stat. Silv. iv. 6, 10: Tuscus aper generosior Umbro. Mart. xii. 14: si te delectant animosa pericula, . . . Tuscis insidiemur apris.

23. Nuda mamma. She was in the hunting costume of Diana and the Amazons. (How does the quantity of final a, shown by the metre, determine the case of the adjective?)

24. Omnis. Accusative plural.

Unus, one single man. Possibly Cinnamus, a barber, "dominae munere factus eques" (Mart. vii. 64).

25. Who used to be my barber. Gravis, heavy, i. e. thick and luxuriant. Others, "that had grown incommodious to me," "my superfluous beard."

26. Pars, appositive to Crispinus.

Verna Canopi, a slave born-and-bred at Canopus (or Canobus), a dissolute seaport fifteen miles S.E. of Alexandria. — Verna connotes the gay impudence" of house-bred slaves.

27. Crispinus, after coming from Egypt to Rome, dealt in saltfish, but afterwards rose to riches and honors under Nero and Domitian, becoming princeps equitum and member of Domitian's privy council. Martial, with his accustomed servility to the Emperor, flatters his favorite.

Tyrias. The expensiveness of Tyrian purple denotes his luxury. The color of the true Tyrian dye was that of "clotted blood, varying with the light in which it was seen."

Umero. Umerus is the original spelling of humerus.

Revocante," hitching up; the mantle floats on the wind" (Mayor). "Which falling off his shoulders still revoke" (Stapylton). Some explain the motion of the shoulders as a foppish effort to display the fine texture of the mantle; "while he gathers now, now flings his purple open" (Gifford). The plural (lacernas) indicates the frequent repetition of the movement. Lacernae are light and fine mantles or cloaks, often of costly dye and material, worn usually over the toga.

28 sq. Effeminate luxury reaches its height in this picture of a dandy who has a lighter set of rings in summer than for winter.

Ventilet, etc. "He airs his summer-ring, waving his hand to display it;" or he fans himself with his hand, and thus his glittering ring plays in the sunlight.

29. Pondera. The plural is either ironical, the heavy weight, or generalizes the expression.

30 sq. Iniquae tam patiens urbis, so tolerant of the town's iniquities. Macleane.

32. Causidicus is a title that Cicero uses with more or less contempt. The proper words for an advocate" are orator and patronus.

Macleane.

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Lectica. A sedan or palankeen.

Matho, a pettifogging lawyer, is again spoken of as a bankrupt (vii. 129) and as a wind-bag (xi. 34). He makes a display of wealth to give a notion of success and attract clients.

33. Plena ipso, "crammed with himself" or filled by his lordship." The lectica had room for two persons of ordinary size.

Delator. The reference is probably to any notorious informer. 34 sq. Cito-superest, about to clutch, ere long, all that remains of the devoured nobility. — Nobilitas = nobiles. "So levis armatura, juventus, mortalitas, peregrinitas, senectus.” —Comesa, i. e. whose goods have been devoured, both by the exactions of the emperor and the rewards or blackmail of the informers. See the citations in Heinrich and Mayor.

35 sq. Massa, according to the scholiast, was a favorite mountebank of Nero's, and Carus a dwarf. But it is more probable that the reference is to the notorious informers Baebius Massa (Tacit. Hist. iv. 50; Agric. 45) and Carus Mettius (Agric. 45). Their fear

of Juvenal's delator depicts him as one of those quos timent etiam qui timentur (Sidon. Ep. v. 57).

Latinus, a mime-player under Domitian, and himself a notorious spy, propitiates the more powerful informer by secretly sending him the actress Thymele.

46. Gregibus comitum. Crowds of attendants, as clients and slaves, incommoding the people in the streets.

46 sq. Hic spoliator - prostantis, this plunderer of his ward, (who is in consequence) living in shame.

47 sqq. Et hic (another), i. e. Marius, damnatus inani judicio, etc. Marius Priscus, who had been proconsul in Africa, was accused of cruelty and extortion by the Afri A. D. 99. Pliny and Tacitus were ordered to prosecute. The case was heard in the senate, Jan. 100, before Trajan, then consul. Marius was condemned to pay 700,000 sesterces (about $27,000) into the treasury, and exiled; yet he retained the greater part of his spoils, and lived in luxury. - The judicium was inane (empty, idle, ineffectual), because it left him gorged with his ill-gotten wealth.

48. Salvis nummis. Ablative absolute.

Infamia. "By the lex Julia repetundarum passed by Caesar in his first consulship, B. C. 59, the penalties for extortion were a fourfold fine, expulsion from the senate, exile in graver cases, and the degree of infamia called intestabilitas, which excluded the condemned from giving evidence, prosecuting, or sitting as judices." Mayor.

49. Exul, (though) in exile.

Ab octava (sc. hora), i. e. two o'clock. The usual hour for dining was the ninth (three o'clock); sometimes as late as the tenth or later. An early dinner was luxurious, as breaking into the working day. Cf. Horat. Carm. i. 1, 20; Sat. ii. 8, 3. - Bibit here connotes excess. Mayor.

Fruitur dis iratis, enjoys (makes himself only the more comfortable under) the anger of the gods. "A parody of Sen. Herc. Fur. 33, 34, where Juno says of Hercules superat et crescit malis, iraque nostra fruitur."

50. Victrix. A forensic term, of one victorious in a suit.

51. Credam, agitem. Questions of appeal.

Venusina lacerna, the Venusian lamp, the midnight (or early morning) lamp of Horace, who was born at Venusia: i. e. "lucubrations in the style of" the Venusian satirist. Cf. Horat. Epist. ii. 1, 112 sq., i. 2, 34 sq. "There is also an allusion" (Mayor says) "to