18 ENCLITICS. PUNCTUATION. 66. The word before an enclitic [66 a. preserves its proper accent and never changes an acute to grave: ἀγαθόν τι something good, ἄλλο τι something else, καλῶς φησι he says well. b. if proparoxytone or properispomenon, adds an acute on the ultima: ἄνθρωπός τις some man, παῖδές τινες some boys. c. if proclitic, takes an acute: el Tis if any one, où noi he denies. 67. Of several enclitics in succession, each one takes an acute from the succeeding, only the last appearing without accent: el rís μoi onoi TOTE if any one ever says to me. 68. In some cases, a word is combined so often with a following enclitic, that the two are regarded as one word : thus ὥστε for ὥς τε, εἴτε, μήτε, οἷόςτε, ὅστις, ἤτοι, καίτοι. The enclitic δε is always treated thus: ὅδε, τούςδε, οἴκαδε. So πέρ, in prose, almost always: ὥςπερ. Most of these are apparent exceptions to 54 c. a. Eile, vaixi, from ei, vaí, are accented as if ee and xi were enclitic particles. 69. The enclitics in some cases retain their accent: thus a. when an enclitic of two syllables follows a paroxytone: ovτw onoí so he says. b. when there is an emphasis on the enclitic: àλλà σè λéyw but thee I mean (no other). For the personal pronouns, cf. 133 c; for eσti, 277 c. c. when the enclitic stands at the beginning of a sentence: pnul de Xpĥvaι but I say it is proper ;-also, when the vowel which would receive its accent is elided (40): μavía Toût' ¿σtí (for toûtó éσTi) this is madness. PUNCTUATION. 70. The comma and period are the same as in English. The colon, a point above the line [], takes the place of our colon and semicolon. The mark of interrogation has the form of an English semicolon [;]. PART SECOND. INFLECTION. NOUNS. 71. Inflection belongs to nouns (both substantive and adjective), pronouns, and verbs. It gives to the same word different forms according to its different relations in the sentence. These forms have a common stem, followed by different endings. a. The inflection of nouns and pronouns is called declension. Their endings, since they mark the different cases, are called case-endings. b. The Greek distinguishes in its declension three GENDERS: masculine, feminine, and neuter. three NUMBERS: the singular in reference to one object, the plural to more than one, the dual to two only. five CASES: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative. In the singular, the vocative is often like the nominative; in the plural, it is always so. In neuter words, the nominative and vocative are always like the accusative, and in the plural always end in a. The dual has but two forms, one for the nominative, accusative, and vocative, the other for the genitive and dative. c. The nominative singular is not to be confounded with the stem. Often they are alike: thus xúpa place, country is at once the stem and the nom. sing. But oftener they are different: thus avoрwπos man is the nom. sing. of the stem aveρwTo. d. The genitive, dative, and accusative are called OBLIQUE cases, in distinction from the nominative and vocative. e. Some masculine words are also used as feminine, and vice versa; such words are said to be of cOMMON gender: thus aveрwnos man, human being, masc. and fem. 72. ARTICLE. often used with ders and cases. the article. Forms of the article &,, Tó, the, are nouns in the grammar to mark the genWe therefore give here the inflection of Sing. masc. fem. neut. Acc. τόν τήν τό Dual. masc. fem. neut. Plur. masc. fem. neut. G. D. τοῖν ταῖν τοῖν Gen. τῶν τῶν τῶν Dat. τοῖς ταῖς τοῖς Acc. τούς τάς τά For Tú, Tov, used instead of rá, Taîv, see 371. — For the interjection & used with the vocative, see 388. 73. ACCENT. The accent of a noun remains, in all the forms, on the same syllable as in the nominative singular, or as near that syllable as the general laws of accent allow. Thus ἄνθρωπος man, acc. sing. ἄνθρωπον, nom. plur. ἄνθρωποι; but gen. sing. ȧvēρúñov (54 b), dat. plur. ȧvēрúτоis: ŏvoμa name, gen. sing. ὀνόματος (54a), gen. plur. ὀνομάτων (54 b). a. An accented ultima, in general, takes the acute; but b. In the genitive and dative of all numbers, a long ultima, if accented, takes the circumflex. Thus ποταμός river, gen. sing. ποταμοῦ; τιμή honor, dat. sing. τιμῇ; Tous foot, gen. plur. Today, gen. and dat. dual Todoîv. 74. DECLENSIONS. Nouns are declined in two principal ways, viz.:-1. The Consonant-Declension, for stems ending in a consonant or close vowel; and-2. The VowelDeclension, for stems ending in an open vowel.-The voweldeclension divides itself into two forms, according as the stem ends in o or a. Hence we have I. The Vowel-Declension, including The A-Declension, commonly called First Decl., and The O-Declension, commonly called Second Decl. II. The Consonant-Decl., commonly called Third Decl. FIRST DECLENSION (A-Declension). 75. To this declension belong stems (both masculine and feminine) that end in a; but a in the singular is often changed to 7. The nominative singular of feminines ends in a orn; of masculines, in as or ns. a. The a or 7 of the stem is closely united with the case-endings: it is given with them in the following list of TERMINATIONS. 76. Example. Stem. Sing. Nom. b. The above terminations are all long, except a and av in the nom., acc., and voc. sing. : even these are long after a vowel or p, if the word is oxylone or paroxytone: for examples, see 76. FEMININES. ἡ χώρα country ἡ γλῶσσα tongue| ἡ τιμή honor Gen. Dat. Acc. χώραν γλώσσα τιμή Other examples: φιλία friendship, γενεά generation, βασιλεία kingdom, βασίλεια queen, ἡμέρα day, μοῖρα portion, (like χώρα,) — Μοῦσα Muse, δόξα opinion, τράπεζα table, (like γλῶσσα,) — πύλη ga!e, γνώμη judgment, διαθήκη testament, (like τιμή.) For accent, see 54-5. 73 a, b. a. Words which end in a after a vowel or p, have α in all the cases: other words in a have n in the genitive and dative singular. η For examples, see above. A few proper names-like Λήδα, gen. Λήδας, dat. Λήδα—are exceptions. b. In the genitive plural of this declension, wv is the contracted form for ά-ων, and therefore always takes the circumflex accent (59 a). c. CONTRACT SUBSTANTIVES AND ADJECTIVES. These follow the rule in 23 a : thus μνᾶ, μνᾶς, μνᾷ, μνᾶν, (for uva-a, μνa-as, etc.) mina ; γῆς γῆς, Yo, yv, (for ye-a, or ya-a, etc.) land. See 'Epuns (77 b), Boppas (77 cb), and for adjectives cf. 116. So ταμίας steward, μανδραγόρας mandrake, — δικαστής juror, στρατιώτης soldier, παιδοτρίβης gymnastic-master. a. In the singular of masculines, the final a of the stem remains unchanged after a vowel or p; and is always long. After other letters it is changed to 7. But b. The vocative singular takes a short, when the nominative ends in της: see πολίτης. So too in names of nations and compound words, which make the nom. in ης: Πέρσα (nom. Πέρσης Persian), γεωμέτρα (nom. γεωμέτρης land-measurer). Other words in ns haven in the voc.: 'Arpeion (nom. Ατρείδης son of Atreus). — Ἑρμῆς (for Ερμε-αs) the god Hermes, gen. 'Epuoù, etc., has voc. 'Epun (for 'Epμe-a, 23 a). c. The declension of masculines differs in only two points from that of feminines: —ca. The nom. sing. takes the case-ending s. -cb. The gen. sing. terminates in ov. Here the proper ending is o, which with a of the stem makes ao; whence by change of vowel (14) comes eo, and by contraction (18 d) ov. A few words have a (by Doric contraction of ao): as Boppa, gen. of Bopiâs (for, Bopé-as north-wind). SECOND DECLENSION (O-Declension). 78. To this declension belong stems that end in o. They are chiefly masculine and neuter, with some feminines. The masculines and feminines have os in the nom. sing., the neuters ov. The feminines are declined like the masculines; the neuters differ from them in two respects:-a. the nominative and vocative singular take v, the accusative-ending;-b. the nominative, accusative, and vocative plural end in ă (71 b). 79. The o of the stem is closely united with the case-endings: it is given with them in the following list of TERMINATIONS. |