Works of Criticifm. Cicero de Oratore, tranflated by Guthrie; his Brutus and Orator, by jones; Quintilian's Inflitutes, by Patfal; Longinus on the Sublime, by Smith; and the whole of Dr. Blair's Lectures, of which the young ftudent has before read feveral detached parts. Epiftolary Writing. Cicero's Epiftles, tranflated by Melmoth; Pliny's Epistles, by the iame tranflator; Voiture's, and Madame Sevigny's Letters, tranflated from the French; Sir William Temple's Letters, Lady Mary Wortley Montague's Letters, and the Epiftolary Correfpondence of Swift, Pope, and their friends. Biography and Hiftory. It Clafs. Plutarch's Lives, tranflated by Langhorne; Cornelius Nepos's Lives, by Clarke; Dr. Johnfon's Lives of the English Poets; Boffuet's Univerfal Hiftory, tranflated by Elphinstone; and Goldsmith's Hiftories of Greece, Rome, and England. In this clafs the Travels of Anarchafis the younger, and Ruffel's Antient and Modern Europe, may also be read with great advantage. 2d Class. Rollin's Ancient History; Gillies's Hiftory of Greece; Hooke's Roman History; Ferguson's Progrefs and Termination of the Roman Republic; Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire; Robertfon's Charles the Fifth, and his Hiftories of Scotland and America ; Leland's History of Ireland; Hume's, and Mrs. Macauley's Hiftories of England; and the Abbe Raynal's Hiftory of the European Settlements in the Eaft and Weft Indies. 3d Clafs. Herodotus, tranflated by Beloe; Thucydides and Xenophon, by Smith; Polybius, by Hampton; the anonymous tranflation of Livy; Murphy's Tacitus; Gordon's Salluft, and Bladon's Cæfar; Potter's Antiquities of Greece; and Kennet's Roman Antiquities, will be found very ferviceable in this part of the course. Geography and Chronology. Guthrie's Grammar and Dr. Prieftley's Charts will render any other chronological helps unnecellary.' On Natural Hiftory, Buffon is particularly recommended. Mr. Milns beftows a very high encomium on this work; and fome of his readers may poffibly think it rather extravagant. Law and Oratory. Puffendorf's Law of Nature and of Nations, Montefquieu's Spirit of Laws, and Blackstone's Commentaries, will afford fufficient inftruction under the first head. With regard to the fecond part, the best models of eloquence, after which the English scholar can copy, are the Orations of Demofthenes, tranflated by Leland; thofe of Lyfias and Ifocrates, by Gillies; Cicero's felect Orations by Guthrie, and his Orations against Verres, by White; the moft admired fpeeches in the hiftorical works before enumerated; and, above all, the debates of the British Senate. The latter are much more interesting and are not lefs brilliant than the fplendid remains of the former. Logic. Our author, according to the fashionable taste of the times, feems to confider this branch as of no great use; and the only books which he recommends on the fubject are Watts's Logic, and his Improvement of the Mind. In In a course of study fo extenfive, and in a language like the English, fertile in good authors on every fubject, it is fcarcely poffible that any two perfons fhould make choice of precisely the fame books; and perhaps it may be a fufficient encomium on Mr. M.'s fele&tion to fay, that the authors whom he recommends are of diftinguished reputation: but we cannot help expreffing our with that, on the fubject of hiftory, he had mentioned Henry's Hiftory of Great Britain. Some perfons may perhaps object to the infidelity of Mr. Gibbon, and to the party fpirit of Mrs. Macauley; and it is certain that their hiftories should be read with great caution. We chiefly lament, however, that in his fyftem Mr. M. does not recommend to the young student any books on the fubject of morality and religion; an omiffion which we cannot but regard as an unfortunate circumftance: fince it is of much more confequence to be a good man than an eloquent fpeaker. It may likewife. be doubted whether he be not too indifcriminate in the ufe which he makes of English tranflations of the Greek and Roman clafics. We own that we were surprised at feeing Weft and Green joined together as tranflators of Pindar: had our author's object been to form a mere English fcholar, he could not have devifed a better method of forming the tafte, and of ftrengthening the mind, than by recommending translations of the poets, orators, hiftorians, and philofophers of antiquity: but, if a knowlege of the Latin and Greek languages must be confidered as a neceflary part of education, tranflations, if put into the hands of boys before they are properly grounded, may encourage idleness and render them negligent; for few perfons will fubmit to the drudgery of learning a language, in order to acquire information which may be attained by easier means. It is fomewhat fingular that Mr. Milns, in his encomium on Horace's ode on the death of Quintilius, fhould obferve that Julius Scaliger was fo delighted with it, that he declared he had rather have been author of it than King of Arragon. We be lieve that Scaliger did make an obfervation of that fort, but did he not apply it to Horace's ode to Melpomene? Mr. Milns next confiders the component parts of a theme, which he makes to confift of amplification, argument, example, fimile, and conclufion; and thefe he illuftrates by examples. He then gives us a fummary of rhetorical obfervations from Cicero and Quintilian; and the fubject matter of oratory is di vided by him into three general heads, viz. the demonstrative, deliberative, and judicial. Under the first of thefe heads, among other articles, we have the Panegyric of Ifocrates on the Athenians, Cicero's Oration for Marcellus, and Pliny's Panegyric on Trajan; Letter to the Duke of; Cicero's Oration against Catiline, Catiline, and his Philippics against Anthony. Under the fecond head we have the Philippics of Demofthenes, Cicero's Oration for the Manilian Law, and Sir John St. Aubyn's Speech for repealing the Septennial Act. Under the third, we have the functions of an orator, and the feveral parts of a regular fpeech, fuch as exordium, ftatement and divifion of the fubject, arguments or proofs, pathetic part, and peroration. In Mr. M.'s effay on the ftudy of the Latin and Greek languages, we fee nothing to condemn and little to praife; the books which he recommends are fuch as are in general ufe at schools, and confequently we may pass them over in filence; particularly as they are only the originals of the tranflations mentioned in a former part of the work. The concluding effay is on the best manner of learning the French and Italian languages; and we must do the author the juftice to obferve that he has difplayed great judgment and tafte in the books which he has felected for the ftudent's reading. Having now extended this article to a confiderable length, we fhall conclude with obferving that Mr. Milns's book is, on the whole, very fenfibly written, and contains much useful information. Of the ftyle, we have given fo many specimens in the quotations which we have made, that any remarks on it may feem unneceffary. ART. III. The Banished Man, a Novel. By Charlotte Smith. 4 Vols. 12mo. 14s. Boards. Cadell. 1794. Tow The idea of the ftory is taken from the late and prefent fuffering of the French emigrants; and the fair writer, (to use her own expreffion,) has aimed lefs at the wonderful and extraordinary, than at connecting, by a chain of poffible circumftances, events, fome of which have happened, and all of which Ban which might have happened, to an individual under the exigencies of banishment and profcription.' Her banished man, D'Alonville, paffes through various fcenes, which strongly excite the reader's fympathy: but, in fome of them, incidents occur which prefent before the fancy images of a more pleafing nature. At first, he meets with kind hofpitality and affectionate friendship, which he repays by hazardous exertions in the fervice of his benefactors; from whole protection, however, he is banished by the intrigues of a bafe diffembler, the Abbé Heurthofen, in whofe character is exhibited a lively picture of low cunning and vile hypocrify. Afterward, falling into the fociety of a fellow-fufferer, De Touranges, roving in search of his wife and mother, who had escaped from prifon; and forming an acquaintance with an open-hearted Englishman, named Ellefmere, whom travelling had divested of the narrow spirit of nationality; D'Alonville accompanies the latter to England, and vifits his father's feat. He is now introduced to various branches of his friend's family, and his reception by different characters, in whom nationality affumes a diverfity of forms, is humorously defcribed. In a neighbouring village he finds the wife and mother of De Touranges, and meets with a charming girl, Angelina Denzil, for whom he conceives a ferious and permanent paffion. The tale of the Denzil family is an episode, which feems to have been fuggefted to the author by her own fituation, but is not on this account the lefs touching. D'Alonville, however, finding in his prefent fituation infuperable obftacles to the completion of his happinefs, determines to leave England, and to return to the Continent in search of De Touranges, to communicate to him the welcome tidings. that his wife and mother were found. This refolution leads him through feveral fcenes which the writer has fufficiently darkened with diftrefs and horror; and which too much obliterate, from D'Alonville's mind, the principal object of his fearch: for, not eafily finding De Touranges, he feems to abandon him to the fufpenfe and defpair to which D'Alonville knew he was a prey, and from which it was in his power to relieve him. At last, however, returning to England, his adventures take a fortunate turn. He meets his friend De Touranges, conducts him to his wife and mother, and is himself married to Angelina. Many interefting particulars occur, which are not noticed in the preceding brief and general outline. In fome parts of the flory, the reader's fympathy is ftrongly excited: in others, he is amufed with a glowing and even comic representation of characters; and the work throughout difcovers a ready invention and a correct taste. We We fhall fay nothing of Mrs. Smith's political converfion, nor concerning the warmth with which fhe now expreffes herfelf against the French government. It is natural that her mind fhould revolt from the horrors committed in France; and it is equally natural for new converts to be zealous. ART. IV. Philofopbical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, for 1794, Part I. [Article concluded from the Review for January, p. 62.] PHILOSOPHY. In An Account of a Method of measuring the comparative Intenfities of the Light emitted by luminous Bodies. By Lieutenant-General Sir Benjamin Thompfon, Count of Rumford, F. R. S. two Letters to Sir Jofeph Banks, Baronet, P. R. S. THE author began the series of experiments which are recited E. in this paper by placing two burning candles, or lamps, or other lights, to be compared, at equal heights, on two movable stands in a darkened room. At the fame height, on the fide of the room oppofite to them, he faftened a sheet of white paper. The lights were placed at the distance of 6 or 8 feet from the paper, and as far from each other; and they were fo difpofed, that a line drawn from the centre of the paper, perpendicular to its furface, bifected the angle formed by lines drawn from the lights to that centre ;-and thus, by confidering the fleet of paper as a plane fpeculum, one light would be precifely in the line of reflection of the other. This arrangement was effected by placing a piece of a looking-glafs, 6 or 8 inches fquare, flat on the middle of the paper, and obferving the real lines of reflection of the lights from that plane. When the lights were properly placed, the glass was removed. About 2 or 3 inches from the centre of the sheet of paper, he held a small cylinder of wood, about of an inch in diameter and 6 inches long, in a vertical pofition, and in such a manner that the two shadows of the cylinder, correfponding to the two lights, might be diftinctly feen on the paper. If the fhadows fhould be found to be of unequal denfities, which will almost always be the cafe, that light, the fhadow of which is the most denfe, must be removed farther from or nearer to the paper, till the denfities of the fhadow appear to be exactly equal; i. e. till the denfities of the rays from the two lights are equal at the furface of the paper; and then the fquares of the measured diftances of the lights from the centre of the paper will be to each other as the real intenfities of the lights at their fources. This proportion depends on a well-known principle, viz. that the intenity of light emitted by a luminous body at any given diftance from it will be |