prove as salutary in its effects as it is irreversi-just'y regarded by its advocates as necessarily ble in its nature. But against the dangers of appurtenant to the power in question, if that unconstitutional acts, which, instead of me- exists by the constitution. That the most innacing the vengeance of offended authority, jurious conflicts would unavoidably arise beproffer local advantages, and bring in their tween the respective jurisdiction of the state train the patronage of the Government, we and federal governments in absence of a conare, I fear, not safe. To suppose that be-stitutional provision marking out their respeccause our Government has been instituted for tive boundaries, cannot be doubted. The local the benefit of the people, it must therefore advantages to be obtained would induce the have the power to do whatever may seem to States to overlook in the beginning the dangers conduce to the public good is an error into and difficulties to which they might ultimately which even honest minds are too apt to he exposed. The powers exercised by the Fefall. In yielding themselves to this fallacy deral Government would soon be regarded they overlook the great considerations in which with jealousy by the state authorities; and, the federal constitution was founded. They originating as they must from implication or forget that, in consequence of the conceded assumption, it would be impossible to affix the diversities in the interest and condition of the certain and safe limits. Opportunities aud different States, it was foreseen at the period temptations to the assumption of power incomof its adoption that, although a particular patible with state sovereignity would be inmeasure of the Government might be benefi-creased, and those barriers which resist the cial and proper in one State, it might be the tendency of our system towards consolidation reverse in another; that it was for this reason greatly weakened. The officers and agents of the States would not consent to make a grant the general Government might not always have to the Federal Government of the general and usual powers of Government, but of such only as were specifically enumerated, and the probable effects of which they could, as they thought, safely anticipate; and they forget also the paramount obligation upon all to abide by the compact then so solemnly, and, as it was hoped, so firmly established. In addition to the dangers to the constitution springing from the sources I have stated, there has been one which was, perhaps, greater than all. I allude to the materials which this subject has afforded for sinister appeals to selfish feelings, and the opinion heretofore so extensively entertained of its adaptation to the purposes of personal ambition. With such stimulants it is not surprising that the acts and pretensions of the Federal Government in this behalf should sometimes have been carried to an alarming extent. The questions which have arisen upon this subject have related 1st. To the power of making internal improvements within the limits of a State, with the right of territorial jurisdiction sufficient at least for their preservation and use. 2nd. To the right of appropriating money in aid of such works when carried on by a State or by a company in virtue of state authority, surrendering the claim of jurisdiction; and the discretion to abstain from intermeddling with state concerns; and if they did, they would not always escape the suspicion of having done so. Collisions and consequent irritations would spring up, that harmony which should ever exist between the general Government and each Member of the Confederacy would be frequently interrupted, a spirit of contention would be engendered, and the dangers of division greatly multiplied. Yet we all know that, notwithstanding these grave objections, this dangerous doctrine was at one time apparently proceeding to its final establishment with fearful rapidity. The desire to embark the Federal Government in works of internal improvement prevailed in the highest degree during the first session of the first Congress that I had the honour to meet in my present situation. When the bill authorising a subscription on the part of the United States for stock in the Maysville and Lexington Turnpike Companies passed the two houses, there had been reported by the Committees of Internal Improvement Bills containing appro priations for such objects, exclusive of those for the Cumberland-road and for harbours and lighthouses, to the amount of about one hundred and six millions of dollars. In this amount was included authority to the Secretary of the Treasury to subscribe for the stock of different companies to a great extent, and the residue was principally for the direct construction of roads by this Government. In addition to these projects, which had been presented to the two houses under the sanction and recommendaThe claims of power for the general Govern- tion of their respective committees on internal ment upon each of these points certainly pre-improvements, there were then still pending sent matter of the deepest interest. The first before the committees, and in memorials to is, however, of much the greatest importance, Congress presented but not referred, different inasmuch as, in addition to the dangers of un-projects for works of a similar character, the equal and improvident expenditures of public moneys common to all, there is superadded to that the conflicting jurisdictions of the respective governments. Federal jurisdiction, at least to the extent 1 have stated, has been 3rd. To the propriety of appropriation for improvements of a particular class, viz., for lighthouses, beacons, buoys, public piers, and for the removal of sand-bars, sawyers, and other temporary and partial impediments in our navigable rivers and harbours. expense of which cannot be estimated with certainty, but must have exceeded one hundred millions of dollars. Regarding the bill authorising a subscription to the stock of the Maysville and Lexington Turnpike Companies as the entering wedge of |taining such an appropriation. If the people a system which, however weak at first, might of the United States desire that the public soon become strong enough to rive the bands Treasury shall be resorted to for the means to of the Union asunder, and believing that if its prosecute such works they will concur in an passage was acquiesced in by the Executive, amendment of the constitution, prescribing a and the people, there would no longer be any rule by which the national character of the limitation upon the authority of the general works is to be tested, and by which the greatGovernment in respect to the appropriation of est practicable equality of benefits may be money for such objects, I deemed it an impera- | secured to each member of the confederacy. tive duty to withhold from it the executive ap- The effects of such a regulation would be most proval. Although, from the obviously local cha- salutary in preventing unprofitable expendiracter of that work, I might well have contented tures, in securing our legislation from the myself with a refusal to approve the bill upon pernicious consequences of a scramble for the that ground, yet, sensible of the vital import- favours of Government, and in repressing the ance of the subject, and anxious that my views spirit of discontent which must inevitably and opinions in regard to the whole matter arise from an unequal distribution of treasures should be fully understood by Congress and which belong alike to all. my constituents, I felt it my duty to go further. I therefore embraced that early occasion to apprise Congress that in my opinion the constitution did not confer upon it the power to authorise the construction of ordinary roads and canals within the limits of a State, and to say respectfully that no bill admitting such a power could receive my official sanction. I did so in the confident expectation that the speedy settlement of the public mind upon the whole subject would be greatly facilitated by the difference between the two houses and myself, and that the harmonious action of the several departments of the Federal Government in regard to it would be ultimately secured. There is another class of appropriations for what may be called, without impropriety, internal improvements, which have always been regarded as standing upon different grounds from those to which I have referred. I allude tu such as have for their object the improvement of our harbours, the removal of partial and temporary obstructions in our navigable rivers, for the facility and security of our foreign commerce. The grounds upon which I distinguish appropriations of this character from others have already been stated to Congress. I will now only add that at the first Session of Congress under the new constitution it was provided by law that all expenses which should accrue from and after the 15. day of August, 1789, in the necessary support and maintenance and repairs of all lighthouses, beacons, buoys, and public piers, erected, placed, or sunk before the passing of the act, within any bay, inlet, harbour, or port of the United States, for rendering the navigation thereof easy and safe, should be defrayed out of the Treasury of the United States; and, further, that it should be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury to provide by contracts, with the approbation of the Pre So far, at least, as it regards this branch of the subject, my best hopes have been realised. Nearly four years have elapsed, and several sessions of Congress have intervened, and no attempt, within my recollection, has been made to induce Congress to exercise this power. The applications for the construction of roads and canals, which were formerly multiplied upon your files, are no longer presented; and we have good reason to infer that the current of public sentiment has become so decided against the pretension as effectually to discou-sident, for rebuilding when necessary and rage its re-assertion. So thinking, I derive the greatest satisfaction from the conviction that thus much at least has been secured upon this important and embarrassing subject. keeping in good repair the lighthouses, beacons, buoys, and public piers in the several States, and for furnishing them with supplies. Appropriations for similar objects have been continued from that time to the present without interruption or dispute. From attempts to appropriate the national funds to objects which are confessedly of a local character, we cannot, I trust, have any- As a natural consequence of the increase thing further to apprehend. My views in re- and extension of our foreign commerce, ports gard to the expediency of making appropria- of entry and delivery have been multiplied tions for works which are claimed to be of a and established, not only upon our seaboard national character, and prosecuted under state but in the interior of the country, upon our authority, assuming that Congress have a right lakes and navigable rivers. The convenience to do so, were stated in my annual message and safety of this commerce have led to the to Congress in 1830, and also in that contain-gradual extension of these expenditures; to ing my objections to the Maysville Read Bill. the erection of lighthouses; the placing, So thoroughly convinced am I that no such planting, and sinking of buoys, beacous, and appropriations ought to be made by Congress piers; and to the removal of partial and temuntil a suitable constitutional provision isporary obstructions in our navigable rivers, made upon the subject, and so essential do I regard the point to the highest interests in our country, that I could not consider myself as discharging my duty to my constituents in giving the executive sanction to any bill con and in the harbours upon our great lakes, as well as on the seaboard. Although I have expressed to Congress my apprehension that these expenditures have sometimes been extravagant and disproportionate to the advan BANKRUPTCIES ANNULLED. ages to be derived from them, I have not felt it to be my duty to refuse my assent to bills containing them, and have contented myself ALSOP, R., Eccleshall, Staffordshire, millerto follow in this respect in the footsteps of all JONES, H., Poultry, chinaman. my predecessors. Sensible, however, from experience and observation, of the great abuses BANKRUPTS. to which the unrestricted exercise of this | BASSFORD, T., Bilston, Staffordshire, bookauthority by Cougress was exposed, I have seller. prescribed a limitation for the government BROWN, W., High-streeet, Camberwell, carof my own conduct, by which expenditures penter. of this character are confined to plates below | DAVIES, G., Lisson-grove, Mary bonne, ironthe ports of entry and delivery established monger. by law. I am very sensible that this re- HAYWARD, John, Tottenham-court-road striction is not as satisfactory as could be butcher. desired, and that much embarrassment may HALES, S., Newgate-street, butcher. be caused to the Executive Department in its | HOLBROOK, T., Gray's-inn-road, victualler execution, by appropriations for remote and HOLDSWORTH, W., Sheffield, spoon-manunot well understood objects. But as neither facturer. my own reflections, nor the lights which I MARSH, J., Hepworth, Yorkshire, clothier. may properly derive from other sources, bave | NEWPORT, W. C., Bognor, scrivener. supplied me with a better, I shall continue | ROBINSON, W., Manchester, coach-proprie to apply my best exertions to a faithful appli tor. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. cation of the rule upon which it is founded. I | SHADGETT, B., Loose, Kent, carpenter. sincerely regret that I could not give my assent to the bill entitled "An Act to improve the Navigation of the Wabash River," but I could not have done so without receding from the ground which I have, upon the fullest consideration, taken upon this subject, and of which Congress has been heretofore apprised, and without throwing the subject again open to abuse, which no good citizen, entertaining my opinions, could desire. TUESDAY, JANUARY 13. INSOLVENTS. I rely upon the intelligence and candour of my fellow-citizens, in whose liberal indulgence I have already so largely participated for a correct appreciation of my motives in interposing, as I have done, on this and other occasions, checks to a course of legislation | MASON, E, Chapel-street, Mayfair, poulterer, which, without in the slightest degree calling | SHARLAND, T. W., Lime-street, city, teain question the motives of others, I consider as sanctioning improper and unconstitutional expenditures of public treasure. I am not hostile to internal improvements, broker. BANKRUPTCY SUPERSEDED. and wish to see them extended to every part of DEWHURST, T., Manchester, printseller. the country. But I am fully persuaded, if they are not commenced in proper manner, confined to proper objects, and conducted under an BANKRUPTS. authority generally conceded to be rightful, BERRY, C. C., Liverpool, merchant. that a successful prosecution of them Cannot | BUXTON, J., Barnard-Castle, Durham, woolbe reasonably expected. The attempt will stapler. meet with resistance where it might otherwise COPLING, N. and T. Wood, King-streetreceive support, and, instead of strengthening stuff-agents. the bonds of our confederacy, it will only mul- | COWAN, J., Gosport, Southampton, slater. tiply and aggravate the cause of disunion. GLOVER, J., Walsall, Staffordshire, iron ANDREW JACKSON. 1. December, 1834. From the LONDON GAZETTE, FRIDAY, JANUARY 9, 1835. INSOLVENT. founder. LANGLEY, J., Bristol, wine-merchant. square, coachmaker. PHILPOTT, J., Old Bell Inn, Belle Sauvageyard, Ludgate-hill, innkeeper. PRICE, W. D., Chepstow, Monmouthshire, ROTHERHAM, W., Shoreditch, draper. LADBROKE, A., Wigan, Brighton, surgeon. STRACHAN, J., Bristol, tailor. LONDON MARKETS. Beans, Tick, new............ 33s. to 35s. Oats, MARK-LANE, CORN-EXCHANGE, Jan. 12.The supplies of Wheat fresh up this morning from the home counties proved moderate, but Peas, the arrivals of ship Flour having been large and pressing on the market, have prevented the trade from sustaining any general improvement in price. At the commencement of the market, selected parcels, particularly of white quality, realised Is. per quarter more money, but the runs, though saleable, experienced no improvement from last Monday's rates; and towards the close of the day, the trade became languid, and the currency must be noted as unaltered from this day se'nnight. A partial inquiry existed for bonded Wheat, at low prices. Prime Chevalier Barley was in request, and 1s. per quarter dearer, having realised 41s. for extra quality. Distillers being well stocked are not purchasers at present, and distilling samples therefore, as well as grinding, were dull at previous rates. The quantity of foreign Barley entered this week for the consumption, previous to the advance in the duty to 155., amounted to 4,900 quarters. Bonded Barley has been much in request, and good Danish malting quality has realised 22s. 6d. per qr. No Holstein offering. The Malt trade was firm, with a limited stock on hand. The arrival of Oats from our own coast continues extremely small, but from Scotland, and especially from Ireland, the supplies have been again liberal. The trade ruled steady, and the currency of this day se'nnight was fully realised. Beans heavy sale, and the turn lower. Several parcels of foreign white Peas were offering, and were very heavy sale, with a tendency in prices to recede. The large arrivals of Ship Flour, with offers of Town-made qualities at low rates, have depressed the trade, and prices are almost rendered nominal. Wheat, English, White, new.... 42s. to 54s. 48s. to 52s. 38s. to 42s. Old White, English ....... 38s. to 40s. ........ 38s. to 40s. 36s. to 40s. .......... Grey or Hog .......... 34s. to 38s. Maples... 38s. to 40s. Polands 23s. to 25s. SMITHFIELD, January 12. 40s. to 44s. This day's supply of Sheep was, for the time of year, rather great; its supply of Beasts and Porkers moderately good; of Calves rather limited. Trade, partly owing to the carcassmarkets still containing a considerable proportion of their Saturday's meat, and partly to the unfavourable state of the weather for slaughtering, was, throughout, very dull, at barely Friday's quotations. 6. FRENCH GRAMMAR; or, Plain Instructions for the Learning of French. Price, bound in boards, 5s. with a few homebreds and Welsh runts, from 5. YEAR'S RESIDENCE IN AMENorfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Cambridgeshire; RICA.-The Price of this book, in good print about 400, in about equal numbers of Here- and on fine paper, is 5s. fords, runts, Devons, and Irish Beasts, from the western and midland districts; about 60, a full moiety of which were Sussex Beasts, the remainder, in about equal numbers of runts, Devons, and Irish Beasts, from Kent, 7. COTTAGE ECONOMY. -I wrote Sussex and Surrey; and most of the remain der, including about 80 Towns-end Cows, this Work professedly for the use of the labouring and middling classes of the English from the stall-feeders, &c. near London. A full m iety of the Sheep were new Leices-nation. I made myself acquainted with the ters, of the Southdown and white-faced crosses, in the proportion of about two of the former to five of the latter; about a fourth Southdowns; and the remainder in about equal numbers of horned and polled Norfolks, old Leicesters, Keats and Kentish half-breds, with a few peus of old Lincolns, horned Dorsets and Somersets, horned and polled Scotch and Welsh Sheep, &c. COBRETT-LIBRARY. Fourth Edition. best and simplest modes of making beer and bread, and these I made it as plain as, I believe, words could make it. Also of the keeping of Cows, Pigs, Bees, and Poultry, matters which I understood as well as any body could, and in all their details. It includes my writing, also on the Straw Plait. A Duodecimo Volume. Price 2s. 6d. 8. MARTENS'S LAW OF NATIONS. This is the Book which was the foundation of all the knowledge that I have ever possessed relative to public law. The Price is 17s., and the manner of its execution is I think, such as to make it fit for the Library COBBETT'S Spelling-Book. of any Gentleman. (Price 28.) 9. MR. JAMES PAUL COBBETT'S Containing, besides all the usual matter of RIDE OF EIGHT HUNDRED MILES IN such a book, a clear aud concise INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR. This I have written by way of A Stepping Stone to my own such a thing having been frequently sug- 1. ENGLISH GRAMMAR.-Of this work one hundred thousand copies have now been published. This is a duodecimo volume, and the price is 3s. bound in boards. FRANCE. Second Edition. Price 2s. 6d. 10. A TREATISE ON COBBETT'S CORN; containing Instructions for Propagating and Cultivating the Plant, and for Harvesting and Preserving the Crop; and also an account of the several uses to which the Produce is applied. Price 5s. 11. LETTERS FROM FRANCE; containing Observations made in that Country during a Residence of Two Months in the South, and Three Months at Paris. By JOHN M. COBBETT. Price 4s. in boards. 12. SERMONS.-There are twelve of 2. TULL'S HORSE-HOEING HUSBANDRY; or, a Treatise on the Prin- these, in one volume, on the following subciples of Tillage aud Vegetation. With an In-jects: 1. Hypocrisy and Cruelty; 2. Drunkentroduction, by WM. COBBETT. 8vo. Price 15s. 3. THE EMIGRANT'S GUIDE. Just now Published, under this Title, a little Volume, containing Ten Letters, addressed to English Tax-payers. A new edition, with a Postscript, containing an account of the Prices of Houses and Land, recently obtained from America by Mr. Cobbett. Price 2s. 6d. in bds 4. 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