15 16]

CONTROVERSIAE AND SUASORIAE.

the rhetorical theses see VII 150-70. x 85, 167. Pers. III 45. dial. 35.

95

SUBDUXIMUS 'have flinched from' (Dobree). Hieronym. c. Rufin. I § 17 audire grammaticum, ferulae manum subtrahere, et inter parvulos 'Aonvoyépwv artem loquendi discere. id. ep. 57 ad Pammach. § 12 ergo frustra tanto tempore studuimus, et saepe manum ferulae subduximus. cf. ep. 50 ad Domnion. § 2. Macrob. III 10 § 2. Sidon. ep. II 10. 16 On the unpractical character of Tac. CONSILIUM DEDIMUS Quintil. III 8 § 30 saepe vero et utilitatem despiciendam esse dicimus, ut honesta faciamus, ut cum illis Opiterginis damus consilium, ne se hostibus dedant, quamquam perituri sint, nisi fecerint; et utilia honestis praeferimus, ut cum suademus, ut bello Punico servi armentur. § 46 Ciceroni dabimus consilium ut Antonium roget, vel Philippicas.... exurat. § 47 C. Caesari suadentes regnum, affirmabimus. Sen. suas. 6 Deliberat [Iuv. VII 162 n.] Cicero an Antonium deprecetur. Philostr. soph. 1. 24 § 1 a suasoria of Marcus a Spartan advising (vußovNeúwv) the Lacedaemonians not to spare those who lost their shields at Sphakteria. The declamations were a suasoriae (such as this, or Cato's dying speech in Persius) generally on historical (Quintil. II 4 § 25. III 5 § 8) or legendary subjects; these, as not requiring technical knowledge, were first practised (indeed Quintil. II 1 § 2 complains that grammatici... ad prosopopoeias usque et suasorias, in quibus onus dicendi vel maximum est, irrumpunt cf. § 8); these belonged (Isid. rhet. 4 § 4. Quintil. III 8 $$ 6, 25, 26, 33, 34, 55-62) to the deliberativum genus (BovλEUTIKòv Yévos); b controversiae, in which legal questions were handled, belonged to the iudiciale genus (dikavikov yévos). Tac. dial. 35 duo genera materiarum apud rhetoras tractantur, suasoriae et controversiae. ex his suasoriae quidem, tamquam plane leviores et minus prudentiae exigentes, pueris delegantur, controversiae robustioribus adsignantur, quales, per fidem, et quam incredibiliter compositae!...sic fit ut tyrannicidarum [Iuv. VII 151 n.] praemia aut vitiatarum electiones aut incesta matrum aut quidquid in schola cotidie agitur, in foro vel raro vel numquam, ingentibus verbis persequantur. In Greece the praise or blame of laws belonged to controversiae, in Rome to suasoriae Quintil. II 4 § 33 apud Graecos enim lator earum ad iudicem vocabatur, Romanis pro contione suadere et dissuadere moris fuit. So suasoriae )( iudiciales materiae 10 § 1. xI 1 § 48 where both )( demonstrativae i.e. mideLKTikal. VII 1 § 24 (a suasoria) deliberat Numa, an regnum offerentibus Romanis recipiat

similiter in controversiis. Optet enim vir fortis alienam uxorem. Petron. 6 ingens scholasticorum turba in porticum venit...ab extemporali declamatione nescio cuius, qui Agamemnonis suasoriam exceperat. dum ergo iuvenes sententias rident ordinemque totius dictionis infamant. See Bonnell lex. Quintil. and Ernesti lex. technol. controversia, suasoria. Bernhardy ed. 4 § 53. Westermann röm. Beredsamk. § 81. W. A. Schmidt Gesch. d. Denk- u. Glaubensfreiheit (Berl. 1847) 409 seq. The 7 suasoriae, 35 controversiae and 10 books of excerpta controv. of M. Seneca, ed. Bursian, Lips. 1857, are well worth reading. SULLAE Quintil. III 8 § 53 neque ignoro, plerumque exercitationis gratia poni et poeticas et historicas [personas], ut Priami verba [facientis] apud Achillem aut Sullae dictaturum deponentis, in contione. v. 10§ 71 non dominationis causa Sullam arma sumpsisse, argumentum est dictatura deposita. Lucan 1 334-5 to Caesar ex hoc iam te, improbe, regno | ille tuus saltem doceat descendere Sulla. cf. Caesar's jest Suet. 77 Sullam nescisse litteras, qui dictaturam deposuerit.

96

PERITURAE CHARTAE. AURUNCA,

[I 16-21

PRIVATUS IV 66. vi 114. xII 107. x 41. Lucan

ALTUM

Iuv. 11 28. Sil. XIII 858. Iv 188 Caesar generum privatus amabit. Hor. s. 1 3 142. DORMIRET III 107. xiv 295 n. a cognate accus.=a. somnum d. So torvum clamat, perfidum ridens. Many exx. in Ruddim. 11 159, 304, Haase on Reisig 684; for the thought Hor. c. II 16 15. Luc. v 505—6 in quorum pectora somno dat vires fortuna minor. 17 CLEMENTIA.. PARCERE

Hor. c. III 11 46 viro clemens misero peperci. UBIQUE in the forum and the bath (Hor. s. 1 4 74 seq. Petron. 91), standing, sitting, running, in the thermae and in the swimming bath Mart. 11 44 10-13. ib. 1-9, 14-18 occurrit tibi nemo quod libenter, | quod, quacumque venis, fuga est et ingens | circa te, Ligurine, solitudo, | quid sit, scire cupis? nimis poeta es. | hoc valde vitium periculosum est. | non tigris catulis citata raptis, | non dipsas medio perusta sole, | nec sic scorpius improbus timetur. | nam tantos, rogo, quis ferat labores? ad cenam propero, tenes euntem. | ad cenam venio, fugas edentem. | lassus dormio, suscitas iacentem. | vis, quantum facias mali videre? | vir iustus, probus, innocens timeris. Cf. ib. 45. 50. VII 50. Hor. a. p. 474-6 indoctum doctumque fugat recitator acerbus; | quem vero arripuit, tenet occiditque legendo, non missura cutem, nisi plena cruoris, hirudo. 18 VATIBUS satirical vII 53 n.

OCCURRAS V 54 n. PERITURAE VII 101. x 17. If I do not waste it, some other bard (vates) will. Dryden do my best to make as much waste paper as the rest. Mart. 1 1 3,4 at nunc succincti quae sint bona nosce libelli: { hoc primum est, brevior quod mihi charta perit. vI 64 22-23 audes praeterea, quos nullus noverit, in me | scribere versiculos, miseras et perdere chartas. For the destiny of paper thus wasted see Jahn on Pers. 1 43. Mart. XIII 1 1-3 ne toga cordylis, ne paenula desit olivis, | aut inopem metuat sordida blatta famem, | perdite Niliacas, Musae, mea damna papyros. Auson. epigr. 34 1,2 si tineas cariemque pati te, charta, necesse est, incipe versiculis ante perire meis. Ennod. carm. 1. 7 praef. ad Faustum (Sirmond. op. 1 1099 cf. Gron. obs. 11 22) ad Camenalem ignominiam, quibus numquam Cluvienus [luv. i 80] deest, versus adieci et periturae ut dictum est, chartae prodigus non peperci. Plin. ep. VII 2 § 1 are you not inconsistent with yourself, when you say that you are incessantly occupied, and yet beg for a copy of my writings, which can scarce induce even men of leisure to spend on them any portion of the time which they would otherwise throw away (perituri)?

19-21 Juvenal having thus resolved to write poetry, states his reasons for following in the track of Lucilius.

19 DECURRERE Ov. fasti II 360. Hor. s. ir 1 30-34 of Lucilius ille velut fidis arcana sodalibus olim | credebat libris, neque, si male cesserat, usquam decurrens alio, neque si bene. quo fit, ut omnis | votiva pateat veluti descripta tabella | vita senis. CAMPO See Forc. 20 EQUOS FLEXIT Hence

and Bonnell lex. Quintil.

Sidon. ep. Ix 13 sed tu per Calabri tramitis aggerem | vis ut nostra dehinc cursitet orbita, | qua Flaccus lyricos Pindaricum ad melos | frenis flexit equos plectripotentibus. cf. Öv. fasti Iv 10.

AURUNCAE ALUMNUS 165 n. Suessa (now Sessa) in Latium, between Minturnae and Teanum, received the name of Aurunca from the Aurunci, who settled there B.C. 337 Liv. vIII 15 § 4; it became a Roman colony B.C. 313 ib. IX 28 § 7. Vell. 1 14 § 4. Abeken, sopra il sito e gli avanzi dell' antica Aurunca, Rome 1839. Auson. epist. 15 9 rudes Camenas qui Suessae praevenis. 21 SI VACAT Ov. ex Ponto 1 1 3,4

si vacat, hospitio peregrinos, Brute, libellos excipe. III 3 1 si

21-23]

WOMEN AS GLADIATORS.

97

vacat exiguum profugo dare tempus amico. It was Pliny's experience that very few at Rome had leisure to listen to recitations ep. III 18.§ 4 cited on 1 9. EDAM XIV 317.

22-80 The follies and crimes which move the poet's wrath are introduced (22, 24, 27, 32, 37, 46, 55, 58, 64) generally by the causal cum; the conclusion is still: 'tis hard not to write satire, I must be stark iron to refrain (30, 31); in the heat of a just rage (45), I must needs leave idle romance to emulate the vigils of Horace (51 seq.); then and there, as the forger and the murderess pass by in state, I must perforce fill my tablets with the brimming record of their sins (63 seq.). If nature could not, anger would indite, such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write' (Dryden 79, 80).

22-30 As a eunuch weds,- -as a virago spears boars in the amphitheatre, as my quondam barber vies with Rome's whole nobility in his single wealth,1,-as Crispinus, the spawn of Nile, flaunts it in a purple cloak, and daintily airs light summer rings,-'tis hard to hold. 22 TENER VI 383, 548. vIII 16. Ix 46. XII 39. Mollis also connotes infamy. SPADO See Dirksen and Forc. Where [) (eunuchus] it implied a natural defect, the spado might marry dig. xxIII 3 39 § 1. Rein Privatrecht 158. Cf. Mart. VI 2 6. 45 3. Iuv. vI 366–378. MEVIA Cf. II 53. vI 246–267. Mart. vII. 67. Women of equestrian and senatorian families fought in the arena under Nero, some against their will vi 193, others of choice Dio LXI 17 § 3 és тòν iπτódρоμOV TÓ TE θέατρον τὸ κυνηγετικὸν [amphitheatre] ἐσῆλθον ὥσπερ οἱ ἀτιμότατοι... Kal Onpla άTÉKTELVαV. Tac. xv 32 feminarum illustrium senatorumque plures per harenam foedati sunt. Titus at the dedication of the Flavian amphitheatre ordered the slaughter of 9000 beasts, partly by women, but of low rank Dio LXVI 25 § 1 où μévтoi èπipaveîs. Domitian forced into the arena not only men of rank iv 99 seq., but women also (Dio LXVII 8 § 4. cf. Suet. 4), amid the applause of his laureats Stat. s. 16 46-56 et tu quin etiam (quis hoc rogare, | quis promittere possit hoc deorum?) nobiscum socias dapes inisti. | iam se, quisquis is est inops, beatus convivam ducis esse gloriatur. | hos inter fremitus novosque luxus spectandi levis effugit voluptas. | stat sexus rudis insciusque ferri et pugnas capit improbus viriles. | credas ad Tanaim feramve Phasim Thermodontiacas calere turmas. Mart. spect. 6 Mars in arms is too little for Caesar, saevit et ipsa Venus. Let us hear no more of Hercules and his lion, nam post tua munera, Caesar, | haec iam feminea vidimus acta manu. Nicol. Damasc. in Ath. 154 a some [Romans] have ordered in their wills that their comeliest slaves (γυναῖκας εὐπρεπεστάτας) should fight as gladiators. The scandal occasioned by these furies leá to the abolition of the practice by Severus A.D. 200 Dio LXXV 16 § 1. Augustus on the other hand Suet. 44 confined women even as spectators of gladiators to the upper benches, and forbad their appearance at boxing matches. TUSCUM Mart. vir 27 1. xII 14 9. Stat.

8. IV 6 10 cur Tuscus aper generosior Umbro. IRN 7146. 23 APRUM 141 n. NUDA MAMMA In the hunting costume of Diana and the Amazons cf. Stat. above. Verg. Aen. xr 649 Heyne. Sil. II 78, 79. XII 715. VENABULA Varr. ap. Non. s. v.

Cic. ad fam. vII 1 § 3 of the games of Pompeius reliquae sunt venationes... magnificae-nemo negat-sed quae potest homini esse polito delectatio, cum aut homo imbecillus a valentissima bestia laniatur aut praeclara bestia venabulo transverberatur? Cic. Verr. v § 7 does not venture to condemn L. Domitius for crucifying a slave who had killed a boar

98

VERNA CANOPI CRISPINUS.

[I 23-27 with a venabulum. cf. Val. Max. vi 3 § 5. Plin. ep. 1 6 § 1. Mart. xiv 31. Rich, companion venabulum, venatio. 24 PATRICIOS OPIBUS PROVOCET Stat. s. 11 7 28, 29 fertiles Athenas | unctis, Baetica, provocas trapetis. Sen. ep. 120 cited on 66. Quintil. x 1 § 93 elegia ... Graecos provocamus. UNUS probably Cinna

mus, a barber dominae munere factus eques in Mart. vi 17. vii 64. Cf. the court barber ambitiose vestitus and highly paid, whom Julian summarily cashiered Ammian. XXII 4 §§ 9, 10. Such upstarts as Cinnamus and Crispinus were very frequent in Rome since the proscriptions e.g. Ventidius VII 199; Menas Hor. epod. 4. Dio XLVIII 45 § 7; Asiaticus Tac. h. 11 57, 95. 25 repeated x 226

cf. XIV 315 n. A parody of Verg. ecl. 1 28 candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat. 26 NILIACAE Rome had VERNA CANOPI

not forgotten Cleopatra 130, 131. xv.

a Canopian slave born and bred, so Mart. x 76 4 (vII 15 n.) Numae verna, a Roman to the back-bone. Iuv. v 105 of a fish, vernula riparum, a native. Mart. III 1 4,5 plus sane placeat, domina qui natus in urbe est; | debet enim Gallum vincere verna liber. Val. Max. III 4 § 3 of Servius Tullius, vernam huic urbi natum regem dando. As jaded voluptuaries sought distraction in the pert sallies of slaves (Sen. const. sap. 11 § 3. Marquardt v (1) 159), so esp. in those of Egyptian slaves Stat. s. v 5 56-69 non ego mercatus Pharia de pube loquaces | delicias, doctumve sui convicia Nili | infantem, lingua nimium salibusque protervum dilexi. Now verna and its derivatives (Forc.) connote this gay impudence IX 9, 10 certe modico contentus agebas | vernam equitem conviva ioco mordente facetus. Becker Gallus II 109, 110. The Billingsgate of Crispinus (Iy 31 purpureus magni ructaret scurra Palati) was a passport to Domitian's favour.

CANOPI vi 84. xv 46 n. called Canobus by the inhabitants Quintil. 1 5 § 13; a city near the most western mouth of the Nile, 120 stadia N.E. of Alexandria, with which it was connected by a canal, whereon boats constantly plied, while the passengers were entertained with lascivious music and dances Strab. 801. These dissolute manners were known as Kavwßiouós ib. 800. Sen. ep. 51 § 3 The wise man, or he who aims at becoming such, must avoid certain abodes, as unfavorable to virtuous practice. Therefore, if he be looking about for a quiet retreat, he will not choose Canopus. 27 CRISPINUS after coming to Rome dealt in the salt fish of his native Egypt (IV 32, 33 cf. Tigellinus 1 155 n.), but afterwards became princeps equitum, and member of Domitian's privy council ib. 32, 108, when the extravagances of his attire 1 27. Iv 31, his change of jewels and dandy airs 1 28, his lavish perfumery iv 108, 109 provoked general hatred. The court poet sings another note Mart. vII 99 Sic placidum videas semper, Crispine, tonantem, nec te Roma minus quam tua Memphis amet. If my verses shall be read at court, for they often engage Caesar's sacred ear', dicere de nobis ut lector candidus aude. | temporibus praestat non nihil iste tuis. The apt conclusion: cetera mando deo i.e. to Domitian, the tonans of ver. 1.

·

TYRIAS VI 246. VII 134. x 38 n., 334. XII 39 n. Lucian cited on 73. On the greatness and trade of Tyre (Súr rock') see the 'priceless contemporary fragment of commercial history' (Heeren) Ezek. 27. Is. 23. Ritter Erdkunde XVII2 (1) 320-371, its purple 371-379. Movers Phönizier II. (broken off before he reached the subject of purple). Winer Realwörterb. Purple (imported into Egypt from Tyre) was known to the Israel of the Exodus; purple wool, ¿ìñóρpupa, to Homer 306. Zeno

271

TYRIAN PURPLE.

99

the philosopher, a Phoenician by birth, lost both his ship and its cargo of purple by shipwreck Diog. L. VII § 2 cl. §§ 4, 5. cf. Plut. de inim. util 2 p. 87. Sen. tranq. an. 14 § 3. a metaphor of Zeno's from dyeing in Plut. Phok. 5 § 2. After all its reverses Tyre recovered by its seamanship and purple factories; for the Tyrian purple is reputed far the finest of all, and the fishery is near and all appliances for dyeing abound; the multitude of the dyeing works, if they cumber the city, enrich it Strab. 757. Plin. v § 76 of Tyre nunc omnis eius nobilitas conchylio atque purpura constat. For many hundred years the manufacture flourished on every coast of the Mediterranean, as in Laconia Paus. III 21 § 6 and at Tarentum; even in Britain in Bede's days h. e. 1 1. In the time of Benjamin of Tudela (1161–73) the Jews worked purple mills in Tyre, and he found Jewish dyers in Jaffa, Bethlehem, Jerusalem, the nation having a monopoly in the eastern empire Ritter 379. W. R. Wilde, narrative of a voyage to Madeira, Teneriffe, and along the shores of the Mediterranean, Dubl. 1840, II 148-151, 468-488, relates his discovery of vats or mortars at Tyre, in which (Arist. h. a. v 15 § 9. Plin. Ix § 126) the smaller shells were ground, round holes cut in the solid sandstone rock, varying in size from that of an ordinary metal pot to that of a great boiler, many 7 ft. in diameter by 8 deep, some larger, some very small. In and about these mills were masses of broken shells of the murex trunculus. Barth (ap. Ritter 367) found in 1847 some slight remains of the fishery in the months of June and July. The dye was obtained from two kinds of univalves 1 the smaller bucinum, murex, kýpvž, ‘whelk' (Plin. Ix § 130), which was picked off the rocks, 2 purpura, Topoúpa, caught in weels (Soph. ap. schol. Aristoph. eq. 1150 кημoîσi λEKTOS) in the sea and thence called pelagia (§§ 131, 132), also poenicum from its native Phoenicia Varr. 1. 1. v § 113. It was used for food Lucian cyn. 11. To produce the true Tyrian dye (of the colour of clotted blood, but varying with the light in which it was seen, Plin. § 134 nigricans adspectu idemque suspectu refulgens. cf. the jest of Augustus in Macr. 11 4 § 14, and Plin. xxi § 45), the wool was dipped in two different baths, first of pelagia, then of bucinum Plin. Ix § 134. Cornelius Nepos ib. § 137 says that this became fashionable in his time, and was sold for more than 1000 denarii per lb. P. Lentulus Spinther cur. aedile B. c. 63 was censured for wearing the dibapha, veluti magnifico impendio, comments Plin., qualiter nunc omnes paene commodiores purpurae tinguntur. Cf. Ov. a. a. III 170 quae bis Tyrio murice lana rubes. Cic. Verr. v § 146. There is continual mention of it in the poets e. g. Varius ap. Macr. vi 1 § 40 incubet et Tyriis atque ex solido bibat auro. Tibull. II 3 61. 4 28. IV 2 11, See Forc. Philostr. ep. 54 = 28. Plin. IX § 127. As each purpura yielded very few drops of dye, the price was always high Plin. XXXV § 45. Verg. g. 111 307 quamvis Milesia magno | vellera mutentur, Tyrios incocta rubores. Tibull. Iv 2 15, 16 Cui mollia caris | vellera det sucis bis madefacta Tyros. Stat. s. III 2 139, 140 quo pretiosa Tyros rubeat, quo purpura fuco | Sidoniis iterata cadis. Hence it was appropriated in Israel to the priestly vestments and the sanctuary, and everywhere to princes and their courts, e. g. to the purple tyrants of Greece Hor. c. 1 35 12. Lucian dial. mort. 10 § 4. catapl. 16. Diog. L. 11 § 78. Cic. p. Scaur. fr. 2 § 45 d purpura regalis. Verg. g. 11 495 non populi fasces, non purpura regum. Forc. purpuratus, purpureus. The Roman emperors, like our Tudors, jealously guarded such outward badges of rank Rein Criminalr. 534; restrictive laws of Caesar Suet. 43, Augustus (Dio xLIx 16, where the motive is given, ήδη γάρ τινες καὶ τῶν τυ