290

IUVENALIS AND PARIS.

[VII 84-88 XXVI p. 3134 seq. charges against Th. καὶ θέατρα ἤδη ἀγείρει καὶ πρός τριτα ἐπαγγέλλει εἰς τὸ δικαστήριον συνιέναι καὶ ἀνέχεται ἐπαι νούμενος καὶ περινοστεῖ τοὺς κεκραγότας. Synes. Dion p. 544 seq. after speaking of a pleader forced to continue his speech though the judge is asleep: ἐμὲ δ ̓ ἀφίησι καὶ οὐ στενοχωρεῖ προσθεσμία τῷ μήτε πρὸς οὕτως ἄτοπον παρασκευάζεσθαι δικαστήν, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ μέλλειν εἰς δικαστήριον ἀγνωμονέστερον εἰσιέναι τὸ θέατρον θυροκοπήσαντα καὶ ἐπαγγεί λαντα τοῖς ἐν ἄστει μειρακίοις ἀκρόαμα ἐπιδέξιον. The audience may be upset by a jest; the speaker himself may be disconcerted by indifference. Worn and wasted with sleepless nights and days of toil, he must feign perfect health. He comes smiling into the theatre fresh from the bath, in brave attire, and takes tragacanth to clear his voice. In the midst of the recitation he turns to his boy for a gargle. The audience meanwhile are only eager to escape. Sievers Libanius p. 26 n. 95. Mart. XIV 142 si recitaturus dedero tibi forte libellum, hoc focale tuas asserat auriculas. 85 LIBIDINE transport. 86 FREGIT SUBSELLIA VERSU I 13 n. Donat. vit. Verg. § 77 tu loquacitate non modo aures hominum, sed muros rumpis. Sidon. epist. v 10 hunc olim perorantem et rhetorica sedilia plausibili oratione frangentem. ib. Ix 14 quo... recitante crepitantis Athenaei subsellia cuneata quaterentur. Martian. Cap. v § 436 qui perturbantes pectora sensusque cunctorum cognoscentium quoque perfregere subsellia. "When he has broken down the benches by his poem,' i.e. by the loudness and energy with which he recites it. Otherwise schol. favore nimio audientium.

III 9 p. 175.

SUBSELLIA Suet. Claud. 41 cited on 87 INTACTAM before it has been exhibited Claud. in Eutr. II 364. PARIDI Paris, an Egyptian pantomime (Mart. x1 13 3 sales Nili) very popular during Domitian's reign (ib., Iuv. vI 87), was put to death on account of an intrigue with the empress Domitia DCass. LXVII 3. cf. Suet, Dom, 3. 10. After his death many brought flowers and perfumes to his tomb DCass. ib. Friedländer (13 104-5. 112 318. 336-8. 460) reckons five actors of the name, for it was usual with artists to assume the name of famous predecessors, and the story of Paris and Helen was the model of the scenes of a mimus 13 397. AGAVEN the text, which the pantomime accompanied: so also the Pelopea and Philomela (92) were pantomimes Welcker griech. Trag. III p. 1469. 88-92 Ribbeck and Friedländer accept the story of vit. 1 p. 386 Jahn: Iuv. declaimed till mid age rather for amusement than to practise at the bar, dein paucorum versuum satura non absurde composita in Paridem pantomimum poetamque semenstribus militiolis emitantem (?) genus scripturae industrie excoluit; inserting his early verses quod non dant.... tribunos into a later satire, he was thought to reflect on an actor of the day, who had great influence in promotions; his punishment was suggested by his own words: per honorem militiae though 80 years of age he was sent to command a cohort stationed in the most distant part of Egypt. Vit. 1 says that he died in Egypt; vit. 2. 4 that he was banished by Domitian, returned under 'Nerva and Trajan.' Vit. 6, with which Friedländer 13 105. 112 337 agrees, dates the banishment under Trajan, with whom the actor Pylades had great influence; Ribbeck, under Hadrian; schol. Iuv. vII 92, under Claudius Nero. Sidon. c. Ix 266 seq. gives no date: 'not Ovid, who was banished to Tomi: nec qui consimili deinde casu | irati fuit histrionis exsul.' 88 seq. III 132 n. The tribune of a legion became as a matter of course an eques App. Pun. 104. Herodian

88-94]

TRIBUNES' PAY. MAECENAS.

291

III 8 § 5: on account of this advancement in rank the office was conferred by the emperors on persons who did not intend to follow the military profession, but after six months' service, tribunatus semestris, retired as equites into private life. In the Thorigny inscription (Mommsen in Berichte d. sächs. Ges. d. W. 1852 p. 240) Claudius Paulinus governor of Lusitania sends a handsome uniform to Sennius Sollemnis semestris autem epistulam ['appointment,' 'commission'], ubi propediem vacare coeperi[t], mittam. cuius militiae sa[la]ri[um], [i]d est [FS] xxv n., in auro suscipe. Mommsen p. 250 takes semestri in luv. absolutely, as in the inscr.; Marquardt 111 2 279 supplies tribunatu; but it is impossible to separate semenstri from auro; either then we must read semenstris (militiae), or semenstri auro 'the six-months' ring' must mean 'the ring (equestrian rank) won by six months' service:' Mommsen justly says it cannot mean 'worn during six months,' for the rank was retained during life. The sum of 25,000 sesterces was the pay for a year; so that these honorary tribunes drew full pay for a few days over half a year's service (maiore parte anni). Plin. ep. Iv 4 § 2 hunc ergo rogo semestri tribunatu splendidiorem et sibi et avunculo suo facias. in Orell. inscr. 3442. 3443. both trib. sem., of such and such a legion, and praefecti semestres, of such and such a cohort, are mentioned. Plin. (1.1.) begs Sossius Papus, who in Trajan's Parthian campaign was on Hadrian's staff, to confer the honour on a young friend. Claudius introduced this titular office Suet. 25 equestres militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribunatum legionis duret, stipendiaque instituit et imaginariae militiae genus, quod vocatur supra numerum, quo absentes et titulo tenus fungerentur.

89 AURO the tribunate was an equestris militia (Suet. supr., Ov. amor. 111 8 9. Hor. epod. 4 15 seq.), and the golden ring was a badge of the equites. 90 HISTRIO pantomimus. 91 BAREAM III 116 n.

CAMERINOS VIII 38 n. ATRIA I 96 n. Sen. de brev. vit. 14 § 4 quam multi per refertum clientibus atrium prodire vitabunt et per obscuros aedium aditus profugient? quasi non inhumanius sit decipere, quam excludere! Hor. ep. 1 5 31. Mart. 1 70 12 seq. III 38 7 seq. si nihil hinc veniet, pangentur carmina nobis ; | audieris, dices esse Maronis opus. | insanis; omnes gelidis quicunque la cernis | sunt ibi, Nasones Vergiliosque vides. | atria magna colam. vix tres aut quattuor ista | res aluit: pallet cetera turba fame. id. v 20 5. id. Ix 100 1-2 denaris tribus invitas et mane togatum | observare iubes atria mane tua. Marquardt v 1 266.

92 PRAEFECTOS cohortis sociorum 1 58 n. vII 88 n. PELOPEA daughter of Pelias Apollod. 1 9 § 10. PHILOMELA 12 n. 87 n. 'If a poet would now obtain posts of honour and profit he must write for the favorite pantomimes.' Among Lucan's works Suet. relliq. 78 14 Reiff. were salticae fabulae XIIII. Sen. suas. 2§ 19 p. 17 8 Silonis qui pantomimis fabulas scripsit et ingenium grande non tantum deseruit sed polluit.

93 PULPITA the poet who gains a living by writing for the stage vi 78. VIII 195. 225. XIV 257. Markl. condemns this line.

94 MAECENAS I 66 n. panegyr. ad Pis. 123 sterili tantum cantasset avena, | ignotus populis, si Maecenate careret. ib. 225 sq. Maecenas tragico quatientem pulpita caestu | evexit Varium... Ausoniamque chelyn gracilis patefecit Horati... tu mihi Maecenas tereti cantabere versu. Mart. VIII 56 cited 69 n. id. XII 4 quod Flacco Varioque fuit summoque Maroni | Maecenas atavis regibus ortus eques etc. id. 1 107 3-4 otia da nobis, sed

292 PATRONS OF POETS; MAECENAS, COTTA. [VII 94-97 qualia fecerat olim | Maecenas Flacco Vergilioque suo. id. VII 29 7. XI 3 10. Maecenas was the patron of Verg. (Donat. vit. § 31 georgica in honorem Maecenatis edidit [cf. g. 1 2. 1 41. 41. IV 2], cum sibi vixdum noto opem tulisset adversus Claudii veterani militis vel, ut alii putant, Arrii centurionis violentiam. cf. ib. § 96. ib. § 42 when Verg. recited the georgics, Maecenas relieved him by reading in turns with him. It was by Verg. that Horace was recommended to the notice of Maecenas Hor. s. 1 6 55; they were all three companions. in the journey to Brundisium ib. 5 40. To Maecenas Verg. bequeathed th of his fortune Donat. § 56), of Horace (who received from him his Sabine villa c. II 18 12 seq. nec potentem amicum | largiora flagito, | satis beatus unicis Sabinis. cf. III 16 37. Orelli's index s. v. Maecenas), of Propertius (11 1 73 seq. IV=III 9 1-4. 57 seq.), of Varius (Hor. s. 1. 1. Mart. supr.), of Marsus (Mart. cited 63 n.), of Melissus (Suet. gr. 21) etc. PROCULEIUS Hor. c. 11 2 5-6 vivet extento Proculeius aevo, notus in fratres animi paterni. Porphyr. ad 1. C. Proculeius Varro Murena, eques Romanus, amicus Augusti, rarissimae pietatis erga fratres suos fuit, adeo ut bona sua cum iis aequis partibus diviserit, quibus illi in bello civili_erant_spoliati. With the same lavish generosity he treated his son: Rutil. Lup. I § 5 nec tum denique speraret libertatem licentiamque utendi futuram, cum pater decessisset, cum vivo patre promiscue omnia licerent. Spalding on Quintil. 1 6 § 79. Haakh in Pauly vi 86. 95 FABIUS Paulus Fabius Maximus, consul

B. C. 11, an intimate of Augustus (Tac. an. 1 5 Lips.), and the steady friend of Ovid whose third wife was a Fabia Pont. 1 2 138. ib. 65 seq. 131 seq. ille ego sum, qui te colui, quem festa solebat | inter convivas mensa videre tuos. | ille ego, qui dixi vestros Hymenaeon ad ignes | et cecini fausto carmina digna toro. | cuius te solitum memini laudare libellos, | exceptis domino qui nocuere suo. | cui tua nonnunquam miranti scripta legebas; ille ego de vestra cui data nupta domo. III 3 107 tua supplicibus domus est assueta iuvandis. IV 6 9 seq. Haakh in Pauly vi 2919-20.

COTTA Cotta Messalinus (Tac. Plin. h. n.) or Cotta Maximus (Ov. Pont. 11 8 2. 111 5 6) is meant, son of the great M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus. He was a patron of Ovid ib. 1 7 83 is me nec comitem nec dedignatus amicum est. ib. II 2 101. 3 1-6. 29–38. 47-72. 73–78 quod, cum vestra domus teneris mihi semper ab annis | culta sit, esse vetus nunc tibi cogor onus. | me tuus ille pater, Latiae facundia linguae, ..... primus, ut auderem committere. carmina famae, | impulit. ingenii dux fuit ille mei. III 2 109. esp. 5 21 seq. Iv 16 41 te tamen in turba non ausim, Cotta, silere, | Pieridum lumen. It is often difficult to distinguish whether Maximus in Ov. denotes Fabius or Cotta but Pont. 15 (cf. 57 seq. iv 16 42). 19 (cf. 29. 1 7 31 seq. 60. 11 2 10) were probably addressed to Cotta. Haakh in Pauly vi 2356. 2920 n. LENTULUS perhaps the consul P. Čornelius Lentulus Spinther, who procured Cicero's recall from exile, B.C. 57. Cic. p. red. in sen. § 8 P. Lentulus, parens ac deus nostrae vitae etc. p. Sest. § 144. ALTER Cic. Phil. x1 § 1 sive Sulla sive Marius... sive iterum Sulla sive alter Marius. Verg. ecl. Iv 34-5. 96 30 seq. n. Plin. ep. 11 21 § 3 fuit moris antiqui eos, qui vel singulorum laudes vel urbium scripserant, aut honoribus aut pecunia ornare: nostris vero temporibus, ut alia speciosa et egregia, ita hoc in primis exolevit. 97 PALLERE 29. Pers. ib. 1 26. 124. III 85. v 62 at te nocturnis Plin. xx § 160 pallorem bibentibus gignit.

prol. 4 pallidam Pirenen. iuvat impallescere chartis.

97-104]

DECEMBER.

COST OF PAPER. ACTA.

293

[cuminum]. ita certe ferunt Porcii Latronis, clari inter dicendi magistros, assectatores similitudinem coloris studiis contractiimitatos. Mart. VII 4 esset, Castrice, cum mali coloris, | versus scribere coepit Oppianus. Quintil. 1 2 § 18. vII 2 § 14 nemo expectet, ut alieno tantum labore sit disertus: vigilandum, attendendum, enitendum, pallendum est. Martian. Cap. 1 § 37. Cass. Parmens. Orph. 6-7 omnis et illuc | perditus incumbens Musae pallebat amore. DECEMBRI Hor.

s. II 3 4 seq. ab ipsis | Saturnalibus huc fugisti. sobrius ergo | dic aliquid dignum promissis. incipe. nil est; | culpantur frustra calami. The Saturnalia were kept as a holiday by all classes Mart. xiv 1 9 seq. sed quid agam potius madidis, Saturne, diebus? |... vis scribam Thebas Troiamque malasque Mycenas? | lude, inquis, nucibus. id. xI 6 unctis falciferi senis diebus, | regnator quibus imperat fritillus, | versu ludere non laborioso | permittis, puto, pileata Roma. | ... pallentes procul hinc abite curae. | ... misce dimidios, puer, trientes. Sen. ep. 18 §§ 1. 3 December est mensis, quo maxime civitas desudat. ius luxuriae publicae datum est....hoc multo fortius est, ebrio ac vomitante populo, siccum ac sobrium esse. Stat. s. 1 65. Marquardt Iv 459-462.

98 seq. so little are poets encouraged. Next (porro) to speak of historians are their labours more productive? History demands more time and pains than poetry. Yet vast as the field is, how scanty a crop (103) does it yield! 99 OLEI i.e. lucubrationis 28 n. Cass. Parmens. Orph. 17-18 nocturno exsomnis olivo | immoritur. cf. the proverb, et oleum et operam perdere.

100 PAGINA SURGIT Ov. amor. I 1 17 cum bene surrexit versu nova pagina primo. id. tr. v 9 3—4 inque libellis | crevisset sine te pagina nulla meis. [' Column after column of a papyrus-roll or liber is filled.' H.A. J. M.] 101 OMNIBUS historicis.

DAMNOSA ruinous XIV 4. Mart. XIII 1 3 perdite Niliacas, Musae, mea damna papyros. Owing to the great expense of parchment and even of papyrus, books were copied in very small characters Mart. XIV 186. 190 pellibus exiguis artatur Livius ingens, | quem mea non totum bibliotheca capit. Cf. Plin. ep. III 5 cited 1 6 n. Plin. h. n. XIII §89 of papyrus sterilitatem sentit hoc quoque, factumque iam Tiberio principe inopia chartae ut e senatu darentur arbitri dispensandae, alias in tumultu vita erat. Egger sur le prix du papier dans l'antiquité, Par. 1857. The bulk of many histories made complete transcripts very costly. Hence epitomes such as those of Flor. Eutr. AV. etc. took the place of the great works. Thus the histories of Varro, of the emperor Claudius (which, however worthless as a composition, must have contained much curious matter, Suet. 41) and, in great part, of Livy and Tac., are lost. PAPYRO I 18 n.

103 SEGES 112 messem. Mart. 1 107 7-8 in steriles campos nolunt iuga ferre iuvenci; | pingue solum lassat, sed iuvat ipse labor. Mart. is refusing to undertake a long poem without adequate remuneration. 104 HISTORICO Bremi on Nep. xvI 1 § 1 says that in the best authors historicus is a student, not a writer, of history: yet cf. id. ib. vII 11 § 1. Cic. top. § 78 oratores et poetas et philosophos et historicos. ACTA diurna or publica, a daily chronicle of births Ix 84, marriages II 136 etc. founded by Caesar Suet. 20. Lips. exc. on Tac. an. v 4 'iis continebantur res rationesque populi, iudicia publica, supplicia, comitia, aedificia, nativitates, illustres mortes, matrimonia, divortia. de iudiciis suppliciisque admonuit Ammian. XXII 3 § 4 et acta super eo gesta non

294

ACTA. LECTO ET UMBRA.

[VII. 104-106 sine magno legebantur horrore, cum id voluminis publici contineret exor. dium: "consulatu Tauri et Florentii, inducto sub praeconibus Tauro." de aedificiis Tac. XIII 31 pauca memoriae digna evenere, nisi cui libeat laudandis fundamentis et trabibus, quis molem amphitheatri apud campum Martis Caesar extruxerat, volumina implere, cum ex dignitate populi Romani repertum sit res illustres annalibus, talia diurnis urbis actis mandare.' The acta are frequently cited by Tac. and Suet. as authorities: cf. Plin. ep. ad Tac. vII 33 § 3 diligentiam tuam fugere non possit, cum sit in publicis actis. Of many recent treatises on the acta the best is Hübner de senatus populique Rom. actis in Fleckeisen's Jahrb. Leipz. 1870, Suppl. 111 5 pp. 558-632 (also separately issued) cf. Rein in Pauly 12 134-7. See the caricature in Petron. 53.

LEGENTI the actuarius, who copied out the acta (Suet. 55 mentions a speech of Caesar's magis ab actuariis exceptam, male subsequentibus verba dicentis, quam ab ipso editam) and read them aloud to amuse the company at table Petron. 53 actuarius, qui tamquam urbis acta recitavit. M. Sen. contr. 9 § 39 p. 132 18 of Iunius Otho totam quidem bene dixit controversiam, sed hoc genere, ut putares illo dicente sic esse dicendam, deinde mirarere, quid illi suspiciosa actio profuisset, cum aperta uti liceret. belle de hoc vitio illius Scaurus aiebat, illum acta in aurem legere. Tac. xvi 22 diurna populi Romani per provincias, per exercitus curatius leguntur, ut noscatur quid Thrasea non fecerit. 105 GENUS IGNAVUM Sall. Iug. 4 § 3 atque ego credo fore qui, quia decrevi procul a republica aetatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo nomen inertiae inponant. LECTO Cic. de or. III § 17. Ov. cited 79 n. id. a. a. III 542 contempto colitur [by poets] lectus et umbra foro. Plin. ep. v 5 §5 visus est sibi per nocturnam quietem iacere in lectulo suo compositus in habitum studentis, habere ante se scrinium ita, ut solebat. ib. VII 27 § 7 iubet sterni sibi in prima domus parte, poscit pugillares stilum lumen; ..ipse ad scribendum animum oculos manum intendit. Sen. ep. 72 § 2 quaedam lectum et otium et secretum desiderant. ib. 67 § 2. Hor. s. 14 133. 6 126 Bentl. Prop. v=ш 6 14. Pers. 1 52. Suet. Aug. 78 Cas. a cena lucubratoriam se in lecticulam recipiebat. Lucian philops. 27. UMBRA 28 n. 173 n. a sedentary life (σkarpapía, vita umbratilis Cic. Tusc. 11 § 27. Quintil. 12 § 18) is often spoken of with contempt by Greeks and Romans, who daily devoted some time to athletic exercises in the open air (Hor. s. 1 5 48 lusum it Maeceid. c. 1 8 4 patiens pulveris atque solis), and whose institutions (those of Athens and republican Rome at least) required all citizens to take a part in public affairs. Plat. Phaedr. p. 239° Heind. Ast. μal@akóv τινα καὶ οὐ στερεὸν διώκων, οὐδ ̓ ἐν ἡλίῳ καθαρῷ τεθραμμένον, ἀλλ ̓ ὑπὸ συμμιγεῖ σκιᾷ, πόνων μὲν ἀνδρείων καὶ ἱδρώτων ξηρῶν ἄπειρον, ἔμπειpov dè ȧτaλîs κal ȧvávôpov diairns. Sen. de prov. 2 § 5 illi [fathers] excitari iubent liberos ad studia obeunda mature, .. sudorem illis et interdum lacrimas excutiunt: at matres fovere in sinu, continere in umbra volunt, nunquam flere, nunquam tristari, nunquam laborare. Herm. Privat-Alterth. § 4 13.

nas.

106 granting that historians, as a cloistered race, useless to the public, deserve no larger remuneration; shall we find that advocates, to whom their fellow-citizens look for the protection of their lives and fortunes (civilia), are more liberally rewarded? Friedländer 13 271-5. CIVILIA Quintil. x11 2