270

REX. NIDOR CULINAE. BULLA. [V 161-164

Pers. 1 67. 11 37. Plaut. Stich. 455. asin. 919 Gronov. Casaub. on Theophr. char. 2. Mart, II 18 cited on 1 100. 1 7 5. v 22 14. x 96 13. 162 CAPTUM Mart. v 44 7-8 captus es unctiore mensa | et maior rapuit canem culina. NIDORE CULINAE Mart. I 92 9 pasceris et nigrae solo nidore culinae. Sen. ep. 122 § 12 Varus eques Romanus, cenarum bonarum adsectator, quas inprobitate linguae merebatur. Apul, met. 1 21 of a miserly host in cuius hospitio nec fumi nec nidoris nebulam vererer. cf. HSt. κνισσοκόλαξ. κνισσοAoxós. Erasm, adag. ollae amicitia. кaπvoσoрávτηs. cf. Plut. de adul. et am. 3 τοὺς αὐτοληκύθους τούτους λεγομένους καὶ τραπεζέας. . . . ' those who encircle a rich table, whom neither fire nor sword deters μǹ poiтâv éπì deîπvov.' from Eupolis, see Wytt. Diphil. ap. Ath. vi p. 236b átevès dè τηρῶ τοῦ μαγείρου τὸν καπνόν· | κἂν μὲν σφοδρὸς φερόμενος εἰς ὀρθὸν τρέχῃ, γέγηθα. Lucian catapl. 16 ἔτι δὲ καὶ ἡ κνίσσα ἡ τῶν σκευαζομένων ἐς τὸ δεῖπνον ἀπέκναιέ με... οἷον κάθαρμα ἐτεθήπειν, ἀπὸ τῆς κνίσσης τεκμαιρόμενος αὐτοῦ τὴν εὐδαιμονίαν.

163 seq. who

that wore in his boyhood the golden bulla, or even the leathern bulla of the freedman's son, would so degrade himself as twice to submit to the insults of such a host? 164 ETRUSCUM AURUM XIII 33. Plaut. rud. 1171 bulla

XIV 5. Stat. s. v 3 120 nobile pectoris aurum, aureast, pater quam dedit mihi natali die. Bullae have been found in Etruscan graves Bullet. d. inst. 1860 186 seq. Like most of the badges of rank or office at Rome (Liv. 1 8. Festus s. v. Sardi venales p. 322 M. Becker röm. Alterth. 11 2 77 n. 148), the bulla was borrowed from the Etruscans. Plut. Rom. 25 Romulus once led in triumph the aged general of the Veientines, in memory of which an old man is led in triumphs to this day, clad in the praetexta and wearing a child's bulla.' Plin. xxxIII § 10 a Prisco Tarquinio [who came from Etruria] omnium primo filium, cum in praetextae annis occidisset hostem, bulla aurea donatum constat: unde mos bullae duravit, ut eorum qui equo meruissent filii insigne id haberent, ceteri lorum. so Macrob. who adds Sat. 16 § 9 that the bulla worn by generals in their triumph contained amulets to avert envy. On the use of the bulla as a charm cf. Plin. XXXIII § 84 aurum ... infantibus applicatur, ut minus noceant quae inferantur veneficia, ib. XXVIII § 39 fascinus. Plaut. mil. 1399. Varr. 1. 1. VII § 108 praebia, a praebendo ut sit tutus, quod sint remedia in collo pueris. Paulus 235 M. Festus 238 M. Ïuv. x 41-2 n. Macrob. ib. §§ 10-12 hinc deductus mos ut praetexta et bulla in usum puerorum nobilium usurparentur... alii putant eundem Priscum... instituisse, . . . ut patricii bulla aurea cum toga cui purpura praetexitur uterentur, dumtaxat illi quorum patres curulem gesserant magistratum [Liv. XXVI 36 attributes the right to the sons of senators]: ceteris autem ut praetexta tantum uterentur indultum, sed usque ad eos quorum parentes equo stipendia iusta meruissent. In the 2d Punic war ib. § 14 concessum ut libertinorum quoque filii, qui ex iusta dumtaxat matrefamilias nati fuissent, togam praetextam et lorum in collo pro bullae decore gestarent. From this passage, and from existing specimens, we learn that the bulla was hollow: it was of two parts, globular (Plut. quaest. Rom. 101), or heart-shaped (Macrob. ib. § 7), suspended from the neck (Plut. Sertor. 14 xpvoâ πepidéρaia. cf. quaest. Rom. 53 p. 277°) and resting upon the breast. Paul. Diac. 36 M bulla aurea insigne erat puerorum praetextatorum, quae dependebat eis a pectore. That it was the distinction of the freeborn appears from Cic. Verr. 1 § 152 non vestitus, sed fortuna popularis

...

164-171]

SLICES FROM THE PATRON'S DISH.

271 videbatur: neque te tam commovebat quod ille cum toga praetexta, quam quod sine bulla venerat. vestitus enim neminem commovebat is, quem illi mos et ius ingenuitatis dabat. quod ornamentum pueritiae pater dederat, indicium atque insigne fortunae, hoc ab isto praedone ereptum esse, graviter et acerbe homines ferebant. also from Suet. rhet. 1 p. 122 Reiff. venaliciarii cum Brundisii gregem venalium e navi educerent, formoso et pretioso puero, quod portitores verebantur, bullam et praetextam togam imposuere, facile fallaciam celarunt. Romam venitur. res cognita est. petitur puer, quod domini voluntate fuerit liber, in libertatem. cf. Jahn on Pers. v 31. Müller Etrusk. 1 374. Marquardt v 1 83-86. Rich companion. Yates in archaeol. journ. vi 112—3.

VIII 166-171. x 159. cf. ib, xIII 321-3.

165 PAUPERE Stat. s. v 2 18 paupere clavo.

LORO [Ascon.] ad Cic. 1. 1. bulla suspendi in collo infantibus ingenuis solet aurea, libertinis scortea. Plin. and Macrob. ll. cc.

166 1 133 seq. n. Quintil. decl. 298 p. 575 iuvat illa te residua potio et ex locupletis cena nescio quid intactum, caedentis manus oscularis et ferrum (?) portas, fame periturus, si ille nihil malefecerit. Capitolin. Pertin. 12 amicis si quando de prandio suo mittere voluit, misit offulas binas aut omasi partem, aliquando lumbos gallinaceos. phasianum numquam privato convivio comedit aut alicui misit. DCass. LXXXI 3 fin. Plin. pan. 49 § 6 cited on 157. Lucian de merc. cond. 26. ECCE etc. says the hungry parasite to himself. DABIT Hor. s. II 3 159. 5 10.

167 SEMESUM LEPOREM ATQUE ALIQUID DE CLUNIBUS APRI Ath. XIV 656cd when Simonides was dining with Hieron and hare was served to all the other guests but none to him, he broke out into the parody οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδ ̓ εὐρύς περ ἐὼν ἐξίκετο δεῦρο Lucian conviv. 22 & philosopher writes to the giver of the feast to reproach him with unneighbourly neglect: what frets me most is your ingratitude; for my happiness does not consist in a helping of boar or hare or cake,' èuoi yàp ἡ εὐδαιμονία οὐκ ἐν ὑὸς ἀγρίου μοίρᾳ ἢ λαγωοῦ ἢ πλακοῦντος. ib. 38 at the end of the feast was brought in τὸ ἐντελὲς ὀνομαζόμενον δεῖπνον, one fowl for each, and boar and hare and fried fish etc. Suet. Cal. 18 Gaius (Caligula) sent refreshments round at the shows: qua epulatione equiti R. contra se hilarius avidiusque vescenti partes suas misit; to a senator for the same reason he sent a nomination as praetor extraordinary, cf. id. Domit. 11 cited on Iv 88. Mart. 1x 48 cited on 115. Chrys. de Babyla 8 p. 548 the rich feed parasites like dogs with scraps from their dainty board οἱ γὰρ εὐπορώτεροι τοὺς διὰ τὴν ἀργίαν ὑπὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ φθειρομένους ἐκλέγοντες ἐν τάξει παρασίτων καὶ τῶν περὶ τὰς τραπέζας τρεφομένων ἔχουσι κυνῶν, τοῖς λειψάνοις τοῖς ἀπὸ τῶν παρανόμων δείπνων διασπώντες τὰς γαστέρας τὰς ἀναιδεῖς καὶ πρὸς ὅπερ ἂν θέλωσιν avraîs xpúμeval. id. hom, in Matt. 48=49 6 p. 501c seq. where parasites are again classed with dogs.

DE I 34.

168 ALTILIS INDE in

APRI 116 n. 115 n. a capon too small for my lord.' hope of this. 169 STRICTO the bread which you have extorted from the slaves you do not touch, but keep in readiness for use, like a drawn sword: Ov, amor. I 6 14 non timeo strictas in mea fata manus. 170 Virro shews his nice discrimination of character in selecting you as his butt; if you can tamely put up with every affront, you deserve the worst.

171 VERTICE RASO VIII 192 n. you will one day act the morio with shaven crown. Lucian conv. 18-19 in the interval between two courses the host bid

272

STUPIDI CAPITE RASO. ALAPAE. [V 171-173

a jester yeλwroπolóv divert his guests; shapeless he was and shorn, having a few hairs standing on end on his head; he danced twisting his body into odd postures, singing anapaests with an Egyptian accent, and finally began to jeer the guests, who all took it in good part, except Alkidamas the cynic, who, when called a Maltese lapdog, challenged the fool to a bout of the pankration. It was a pleasant sight, fool and philosopher bruising and bruised. At last the Cynic gave way to his wiry little foe. Mart. II 72 1-4 hesterna factum narratur, Postume, cena | quod nollem quis enim talia facta probet ? | os tibi percisum quanto non ipse Latinus | vilia Panniculi percutit ora sono. Tertull. spect. 23 placebit et ille, qui vultus suos novacula mutat? infidelis erga faciem suam, quam non contentus Saturno et Isidi et Libero proximam facere, insuper contumeliis alaparum sic obicit, quasi de praecepto Domini ludat? docet scilicet et diabolus verberandam maxillam patienter offerre. Arnob. vII 33 mimis nimirum dii gaudent : . . . . delectantur, ut res est, stupidorum capitibus rasis, salpittarum sonitu atque plausu. Non. s. v. calvitur a calvis mimicis. Artemid. 122 ξυρᾶσθαι δὲ δοκεῖν τὴν κεφαλὴν ὅλην Αἰγυπτίων θεῶν ἱερεῦσι καὶ γελωτοποιοῖς καὶ τοῖς ἐξ ἔθους ἔχουσι ξυρᾶσθαι ἀγαθόν. Alkiphr. ep. ti 43. Dorville on Charit. p. 666. O. Jahn Pers. proleg. LXXXVI-XC on yeλwrоTolol. Chrys. hom. 48=49 in Matt. 6 p. 502b seq. consider, of what service are parasites to your house. Do they make your dinner pleasant? καὶ πῶς ἡδύ, ῥαπιζόμενοι καὶ αἰσχρὰ λέγοντες; καὶ τί τούτου ἀηδέστερον, ὅταν τὸν κατ ̓ εἰκόνα Θεοῦ γενόμενον τύπτῃς καὶ ἐκ τῆς εἰς ἐκεῖνον ὕβρεως τέρψιν ἑαυτῷ συνάγῃς θέατρον ποιῶν τὴν οἰκίαν καὶ μίμων πληρῶν τὸ συμπόσιον, καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ τῆς σκηνῆς ἐξυρημένους μιμούμενος ὁ εὐγενὴς καὶ ἐλεύθερος; καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖ yeλws Kai patioμara. See Field ad l. 1 pp. 104-6 who cites at length Chrys. ib. 99. 422d. Synes. calvit. enc. 776. Aster. hom. 4 p. 57. Greg. Naz. stel. 1 1 166a. id. or. 20. Suid. rapáσITOS...KOGσLтрάTEŠOS, cl. Pallad. ap. Bast ep. crit. p. 181 ὃν ξυρισθῆναι ἐκέλευσε καὶ ὑπὸ παιδαρίων ÉVTOVÚTATA KOσiovaι=colaphis peti. Chrys. hom. in Matt. 73=74 4 p. 713 seq. the husband of a rich wife has to put up with affronts from his very slaves, for he is not free. So too parasites listen to the worst taunts and glory in their shame έγκαλλωπίζονται τῇ αἰσχύνῃ. When we remonstrate with them they in their proverb reply ἔστω ἡδύ τι καὶ γλυκύ, καὶ ἀποπνιγέτω με. Then follows a comment on this parasite saw: would hogs or unclean dogs, if they could speak, make any other answer?' etc. Mediaeval jesters or court-fools were also shorn and were the butt of all indignities Dunlop Gesch. d. Prosadichtungen v. Felix Liebrecht, Berl. 1851 72 a. Baldness was looked upon as a fair subject of ridicule (iv 38 n. Aristoph. nub. 540 seq. schol. Suet. Caes. 45), and accordingly parasites and others were brought bald upon the stage Jacobs on Luciani epigr. 18 in Brunck anal. 1 311. That parasites sometimes suffered as much from alapae (Tert. Arnob. supr., cf. sat. viii 192 n.) as these mimi, appears from Ter. eun. 243-4 Lindenbr. at ego infelix neque ridiculus esse neque plagas pati | possum. Plaut. capt. 86 seq. 469. cf. Antiph. ap. Ath. vi 238 where the parasite boasts of being τύπτεσθαι, μύδρος. 172 x 270. 345. 173 FLAGRA a slave's punishment 153 n. x 109 n. Hor. s. 1 3 119 Torrent. dig. 11 4 10 § 12. 10 7 § 2. ib. 45. XLIX 14 12. Sen. lud. de morte Cl. 15 apparuit subito C. Caesar, et petere illum [Claudium] in servitutem coepit: producit testes, qui illum viderant ab illo flagris ferulis colaphis vapulantem. adiudicatur C. Caesari. Cic. p. C. Rabir. § 12.

QUANDOQUE XIV 51 n.

VII

TILL now for very want men of letters have been driven to the humblest pursuits (1—7); which yet, all unworthy as they are, must be chosen rather than the baser arts by which slaves rise to wealth (8-16). Henceforth however the poet has a friend in Caesar : other patrons applaud his genius, but leave him to starve: so that, if he have no better hope, he would do well to burn his poems and renounce the muse (17-35). The rich man, to avoid giving poets their due, will be a brother poet, and free of the guild; at most he will (which he can do without expense) lend a dusty room for recitation and freedmen to applaud (36—47). Still the poetic frenzy is not cured by all this neglect (48-52). To be worthy of the name however the poet should be relieved from vulgar fears and vulgar cares (53-73). He should be, but in fact while harlequins, nay even wild beasts are well provided for, the most admired poets must starve or write verses to order for a Paris (73-97). The historian's recompense is even less than the poet's (98-104). Nor let it be said that poets and historians are justly neglected as mere drones, of no service to their kind. For pleaders too, however (to deceive their creditors or allure clients) they may magnify their gains, are thought to be well repaid for their efforts by the present of a ham and a few jars of wine. True, those who make a show of wealth are better paid: but then the expense of this display in Rome is ruinous (105-149). Harder still is the rhetorician's fate. Not only must he hear his class droning forth day after day denunciations of tyrants or advice to Hannibal, but (if he would not lose all reward of his labour) must come out, like an owl into sunshine, from the privacy of his school to the bustle of the courts, in order to claim his scanty dues. Gladly would he lay by his Elements of Rhetoric, to make a fortune like Chrysogonus as a musician (150-177). Men lavish money on their houses and on their cooks, but have nothing to spare for Quintilian. Yet he is no fair sample of his class: he lives in affluence, but that is owing

274

[VII to his luck. Luck can make of a slave a king, of a rhetorician a consul. Thrasymachus and Rufus more truly represent the ordinary fate of rhetoricians in these our days (178-214). Most of all is the grammarian to be pitied. Ill-paid or not paid at all, plundered by stewards and pedagogues, he is yet required not only himself to possess universal knowledge and a spotless character, but also to exercise a vigilant superintendence over every act and every look of each of his pupils (215—243).

Friedländer 1 411-3 points out the want of connexion between the introduction of the satire and the body of it: in 1-3. 17-21 poetry is reviving under Caesar's smile; in 22-97 the old beneficence of Maecenas, Fabius, Cotta, is lamented as lost for ever. Again the satire speaks of poets, historians, advocates, teachers of rhetoric and grammar, the introduction of poets only (for studiorum 1, studiis 17 refer to poetic studies; the word nowhere else occurs in Iuv.). Hence he infers that the introduction was added under Hadrian, who was known as a poet and patron of poets (Friedlander ib. 312. Teuffel Gesch. d. röm. Lit.1 § 323 3. AV: Caes. 14. Spartian. 14 § 8 fuit enim poematum et litterarum nimium studiosissimus. 16 § 8 quamvis esset in reprehendendis musicis tragicis grammaticis rhetoribus facilis, tamen omnes professores et honoravit et divites fecit), whereas the satire itself was written under Trajan, who did indeed encourage philosophy and oratory (Plin. pan. 47 § 1 quid? vitam, quid? mores iuventutis quam principaliter formas! quem honorem dicendi magistris, quam dignationem sapientiae doctoribus habes! ut sub te spiritum et sanguinem et patriam receperunt studia! quae priorum temporum immanitas exiliis puniebat, cum sibi vitiorum omnium conscius princeps inimicas vitiis artes non odio magis quam reverentia relegaret. at tu easdem artes in complexu oculis auribus habes. id. ep. 1 18 § 5 mihi hunc honorem habitum putem, an studiis? studiis malo, quae prope extincta refoventur. ib. VIII 14 §§ 2. 3. Teuffel § 312) and history, but not specially poetry, which indeed suffered less than other studies under Domitian.

Nerva (A.D. 96-98) is addressed in words very similar to those of Iuv. by Mart. XII 6 1-2 contigit Ausoniae procerum mitissimus aulae | Nerva, licet toto nunc Helicone frui.

Cf. Theokr. id. xvi 5 seq. Pallad. Alex. epigr. 9. 14. 41-46 in Brunck anal. II p. 408. 409. 415 seq. Tac. dial. 9. 10. Mart. 1 76. 4. 38 cited 91 n. IV 46 cited 119 n. v 56. vI 8. VII 64 7-8. VIII 56 cited 69 n. Ix 74 cited 27 n. x 76. x1 3. XII 6. Auson. epigr. 136.