164-5]

ENSE STRICTO LUCILIUS ARDENS.

165

name, and thrice echo answers.' Solin. 42. Schol. Apollon. I 1354. Serv. Verg. ecl. vi 43. Welcker kl. Schr. I 12--14. Apollon. I 131-2, 1207-72. 1324-5. 1348-57. Theokr. idyl. 13. Prop. 1 20. VF1. I 110. III 486, 537-740. iv 18-53. Stat. s. 1 5 22. Mart. v 48 5. Orph. Argon. 221 seq. Dionys. perieg. 805. Klausen Aen. 105—6, 119— 121. Meineke on Euphor. p. 177. On pictures of the rape of Hylas see R. Rochette peint. de Pomp. t. 15. Petron. 83. Auson. epigr. 95: on coins Rasche. Similar legends of the apaviouòs of beautiful youths in Welcker 1. c. 10 seq. e. g. Bormos (who also was vʊμþóλŋπтos), Skephros. An Argonautica, says Iuv., may be written with impunity, cf. 7, 8, 10. Mart. x 4 cited on 52. URNAM Stat. s. III 4 42-3 te caerula Nais | mallet et apprensa traxisset fortius urna. VFl. I 219. Apollon. I 1207, 1234. SECUTUS X 58. cf. Theokr. 13 49, 50 κατήριπε δ' ἐς μέλαν ὕδωρ | ἄθροος. Plin. ep. II 1 8 5.

165 ENSE Hor. s. 11 1 39-42 after speaking of Lucilius sed hic stilus haud petet ultro quemquam animantem et me veluti custodiet ensis | vagina tectus: quem cur destringere coner | tutus ab infestis latronibus? Caligula Suet. 53 peroraturus stricturum se lucubrationis suae telum minabatur. Menand. monost. ξίφος τιτρώσκει σῶμα, τὸν δὲ νοῦν λόγος. Wetst. on Hebr. 4 12. In L.'s definition of virtue in Lact. vI 5 one item is hostem esse atque inimicum hominum morumque malorum. 10 3-4 sale multo | urbem defricuit.

Hor. s. I STRICTO Quintil.

VIII pr. § 15 eloqui enim hoc est, omnia quae mente conceperis promere atque ad audientes perferre; sine quo supervacua sunt priora [inventio et dispositio] et similia gladio condito atque intra vaginam suam haerenti. Thought (oyos évdáleтos) and feeling are the sheathed, speech (Móyos popоpikós) the drawn, sword:

LUCILIUS 20 n. 153-4 n. Mart. xi 95 7 audemus saturas: Lucilius esse laboras. C. Lucilius, B. c. 148-103, of an equestrian family of Suessa, belonged to the circle of the younger Scipio, as did Sp. Mummius, brother of the conqueror of Corinth, who, Cic. Att. vi 4, wrote humorous poetical epistles to his friends from Corinth. The satires of L., whereof more than 800 fragments remain, were satires indeed, a medley of politics, manners, literature, grammar, chiefly in hexameters, partly in iambics and trochaics; his main function was to scourge the corruption of the times, in which saevior armis luxuria incubuit victumque ulciscitur orbem. See Hor. s. 1 4 6--12, 57. 10 1-5, 20-24, 48-71. II 1 17, 29-34, 62–75. In the time of Tacitus, dial. 23, some preferred L. to Horace. See Mommsen's hist. bk. IV c. 13. the literary histories of Teuffel § 122, Bernhardy, Bähr. W. Y. Sellar, Roman poets of the republic 159-177. Lachmann's recension, promised by Haupt, appeared Berl. 1876; L. Müller leaves much to be done in his edition Leipz. 1872. ARDENS Trebonius in Cic. fam. XII 16 § 3 qui magis hoc Lucilio licuerit assumere libertatis quam nobis? etiamsi odio pari fuerit in eos, quos laesit, tamen certe non magis dignos habuerit, in quos tanta libertate verborum incurreret. Plin. pr. § 7 L. qui primus condidit stili nasum. Quintil. x 1 §§ 93-4 truly says satura quidem tota nostra est, in qua primus insignem laudem adeptus Lucilius quosdam ita deditos sibi adhuc habet amatores, ut eum non eiusdem modo operis auctoribus sed omnibus poetis praeferre non dubitent. ego quantum ab illis, tantum ab Horatio dissentio, qui Lucilium fluere lutulentum et esse aliquid quod tollere possis, putat. Nam eruditio in eo mira et libertas atque inde acerbitas et abundantia salis. Macr. III 16 § 17 L. acer et violentus poeta.

сит,

166

VOLUTA ANIMO. ANTE TUBAS.

[I 166–171

166 INFREMUIT properly of the grunt, growl or roar of an enraged animal, a boar Verg. x 711; a lion Sil. xI 245. Of men also VFl. 1 706-7 Minoia frustra infremuit manus. A poetic and not common word, chiefly, if not always, used in the perf. RUBET Hor. s. 1 4 33-5 after describing the avaritious, ambitious, voluptuous omnes hi metuunt versus, odere poetas. | 'fenum habet in cornu, longe fuge: dummodo risum excutiat sibi, non hic cuiquam parcet amico.' Plut. de rat. aud. 16 p. 46 d of the effect of a just rebuke ἀκούειν. ἱδρῶτος καὶ ἰλίγγου μεστόν, αἰσχύνῃ φλεγόμενον τὴν ψυχήν. On the terrors of conscience see XIII 192 239. Cic. de leg. II §§ 43, 44. R. Schneider Christl. Klänge aus d. gr. u. röm. Klassikern, Gotha 1865, 13-16.

...

FRIGIDA

MENS EST [Lucr. II 299 ventosa magis cervorum frigida mens est; a passage which seems likely to have been a locus classicus on the physical effects of anger, fear etc.; 298 being imitated by Verg. Aen. iv 532, and 303 by Pers. 1 116.' J. C.] 167 SUDANT

XIII 220 quod praecipuis mentem sudoribus urguet. Gell. 1x 15 § 9. 168 INDE IRAE ET LACRIMAE from the proverbial words of Ter. Andr. 126 hinc illae lacrumae. Cic. p. Cael. § 61. Hor. ep. I 19 41. TECUM VOLUTA HAEC ANIMO Plaut. mil. 195-6 set quid est, Palaestrio, quod volutas tute tecum in corde? Aen. Iv 533 secumque ita corde volutat. VI 157-8 caecosque volutat eventus animo secum. 185 haec ipse suo tristi cum corde volutat. 169 ANIMO Rigalt, John

Taylor, K. F. Hermann, Jahn read anime; and so Keil in Priscian's citation XVIII § 70. P has animante tuba. The passages of Verg. plead for animo. With anime cf. the frequent addresses of Homer's heroes to their μeɣaλýτopa Ovμóv. Pind. Ol. II 89 aye Ovμé. Nem. III 26. Sen. Med. 903, 932, 948, 984, 996 anime.

anime, dura.

Gallio in Quintil. Ix 2 § 91 dura, ANTE TUBAS XIV 243. xv 52. Aen. XI 424 cur ante tubam tremor occupat artus ? Sil. Ix 50-2 nonne vides... I quamque fluant arma ante tubas? Stat. T. vi 147 ante tubas ferrumque, whence Claud. in Rufin. 1 333 sic ante tubas ferrumque precatus. laud. Stil. 1 192 ante tubam. Serv. Aen. x1 474; it was the special business of the tubicen to sound the charge or retreat Marquardt 111 (2) 425. The metaphor is kept up from 165 ensis. cf. 1 322 adiutor... caligatus. GALEATUM When in sight of the enemy VIII 238. Hirt. b. Afr. 12 § 3 iamque cum procul hostis conspici posset, milites in campo iubet galeari et ad eam pugnam parari. Caes. b. G. II 21 § 5 temporis tanta fuit exiguitas hostiumque tam paratus ad dimicandum animus, ut ... ad galeas induendas... tempus defuerit. In a plate Tafel II no. 6 in Marquardt III 2 from Bartoli col. Trai. 4 a soldier on the march carries his helmet on the left breast, hanging from the neck by a strap. DUELLI antique form. cf. Iv 29. x 138 induperator. xv 157 defendier. Hor. also and (once) Ov. use this form, which shews the derivation from duo; so duis, duellicus (Lucr. 11 662 Munro), duonus, and always perduellis, perduellio. See Cic. or. § 153. Quintil. 1 4 § 15. Corssen über Aussprache u. s. w. 12 124-5. Forc. bellum pr. 170-1 So Cic. ad Att. XII 12 § 2 found it safer to choose deceased interlocutors even in his dialogues ad antiquos igitur. ἀνεμέσητον γάρ. 171 FLAMINIA 61 n. Mart. XI 13 an epitaph for Paris, vr 28 (cf. Stat. s. II 1 176) for Glaucias, both buried on this road. Or. inser. 4836 tu qui via Flaminia transis, resta ac relege. 4370. Its monuments begin with that of C. Poblicius Bibulus near the porta Ratumena at the foot of the

1711

TOMBS LINING THE HIGHWAY.

167

Capitol corp. inscr. Lat. 1 n. 635; here also was that of the ancient Claudii Suet. Tib. 1, and the richly decorated tomb of the Nasonii. The Mausoleum Augusti lay between this road and the Tiber Suet. Aug. 100, where were many other monuments Becker 1 609. Marquardt v (1) 363. TEGITUR CINIS VIII 146-7 praeter maiorum cineres atque ossa volucri | carpento rapitur pinguis Lateranus. Tombs lined the great roads for miles, esp. the Appian, where is the famous tomb of the Scipios Cic. Tusc. 1 § 13. p. Mil. § 18. Marquardt v (1) 364; cf. the street of tombs at Pompeii. Prop. v=IV 7 3 murmur ad extremae nuper humata viae. Artemid. 1 78 to sleep on tombs or on a road was to the sick a prognostic of death. Originally the Romans buried their dead in their own houses (Serv. Aen. v 64. vi 152. Isidor. xv 11 § 1) and within the city (Serv. XI 206. Dionys. II 1). The XII tables ordained Cic. de leg. II § 58 hominem mortuum in urbe ne sepelito neve urito; so a lex Duilia Serv. XI 206. The Vestal virgins were excepted from this law Serv. ib.; the Valerii, Fabricii and others were dispensed from it, but did not in later times exercise the privilege Cic. 1. c. Plut. qu. Rom. 79. Dionys. v 48. Certain eminent citizens, by virtue of a special lex, were buried in the campus Martius, e. g. Sulla, Iulia wife of Pompeius, Hirtius and Pansa, Agrippa cf. Dio XLIV 7 § 1. By a rescript of Hadrian, dig. XLVII 12 3 § 5, both those who buried the dead in a city, and the magistrate who allowed it, were fined 40 aurei; the tomb was forfeited and the ashes were removed. Antoninus Pius, Capitolin. 12, renewed the prohibition. Diocletian and Maximian give one reason for it cod. Iust. III 44 12 ne sanctum municipiorum ius polluatur; so Paullus sent. I 21 § 2 ne funestentur sacra civitatis; other motives were, Isid. 1. c., the fear of infection; and of a conflagration Cic. 1. c. Pauly 11 546. v 1800. 1060. Marquardt v (1) 362-3. The Etruscan tombs are all without the towns. At Athens those who were honoured with a public funeral were buried in the suburb Kerameikos. Servius in Cic. ad fam. Iv 12 § 3 ab Atheniensibus locum sepulturae intra urbem ut darent impetrare non potui, quod religione se impediri dicerent; neque tamen id antea cuiquam concesserant. See Xen. Hellen. 1 2 §§ 14, 15. Thuc. v 11 § 1. K. F. Hermann Privatalterth. § 40 16-18. Petit. leg. Att. vi 8. The Hebrews also, like the orientals to this day, buried the dead without the city Gen. 35 19 Rachel's grave. Wetst. on Lu. 7 12 the widow's son at Nain. Winer Realwörterb. Gräber. Only kings and prophets were buried in cities. LATINA v 55 n. monumenta Latinae. Prud. c. Symm. 1 402-5 ecce deos Manes cur infitiaris haberi? | ipsa patrum monumenta probant, dis Manibus illic | marmora secta lego, quacumque Latina vetustos custodit cineres densisque Salaria bustis. Here Domitian was buried Suet. 17. see inscriptions in Orelli 4353. Pitiscus sepulchrum p. 759 b. Many columbaria have been excavated in the great cemetery enclosed between the v. L., the v. Appia and the Aurelian wall Marquardt v (1) 364-5.

VI

Ar his departure for Cumae (1-20) Umbricius relates to Iuv. the causes which have driven him from Rome. There is no room for honest men, where they only thrive who will make black white and embrace the meanest employment for gain (21-40); he who cannot lie, who will not play the game of parricides, adulterers, oppressors, is a useless cripple. To win the patronage of the great, you must be master of their guilty secrets (41-57). Greeks and Syrians, Jacks of all trades, blown to Rome by the same wind as figs and damsons, oust the native of the Aventine; for they can act any part, taking their cue from their lord's changing moods; they corrupt his wife, his daughter, his very grandmother. Under the name of stoics they betray their pupils; by a few drops of the poison of calumny they supplant the oldest and most faithful clients (58—125).

Nor do foreigners alone thwart the poor client; praetors themselves, in all their state, attend the levées of rich orbae: men of gentle blood escort wealthy freedmen (126-136). Scipio Nasica, 'the best of Romans,' Numa or Metellus, would not be believed on their oaths, unless rich; the very gods are thought to expect perjury from the poor man (136-146). His shabby dress makes him a butt; he is ejected from the '14 rows' of the theatre, to make room for a crier's foppish son or gladiator's (147–159). He can never hope to marry an heiress or receive a legacy (160-164). Rent and provisions are high in Rome, and the style of living ambitious; in the country an aedile may appear in public in his tunic, in town the client must wear the costly toga and bribe his patron's insolent slaves (165-189). In Rome there is constant risk of fires or falling houses; if the poor man's garret burns, he must beg, and beg in vain; the rich man receives more than he had lost. You may buy a country house and garden for less than one year's rent of a smoky room in Rome (190-231). The noise of the crowded streets makes sleep a rich man's luxury (232-238).

5

121

DIGRESSU CONFUSUS.

169

The rich man is borne through the streets in a litter, where he may read or sleep at ease; the poor is hustled by crowds, bumped by logs of timber, trampled on by a soldier's hob-nailed boots. A client, returning home with his slave bearing his dinner in a chafing dish, is crushed to death under a wagon-load of marble. His household is making ready to receive him; but he the while cowers on the shores of Styx, and has not wherewithal to pay Charon's fee (239-267).

Danger of a broken head, from sherds thrown from the windows of the upper stories (268-277). Danger from 'Mohocks' who prowl in search of adventures, and after leaving you scarce a tooth in your mouth, as injured innocents would fain take the law of you (278—301). Danger from burglars and banditti; happy the days when one prison sufficed for Rome's needs (302-314).

Umbricius could say more, but time presses. He begs Iuv., whenever he visits his native Aquinum, to send word to Cumae; and promises to support his attempts to reform the age (315-322).

See for similar descriptions of Rome Plin. ep. 19. Mart. 111 4, 38. Lucian Nigrin. Ammian. xiv 6 § 12 seq. Cf. Boileau sat. I. VI.

1-20 Though troubled by my old friend's departure, yet I commend his design of settling at Cumae and giving one denizen to the Sibyl. 'Tis the gate to Baiae, a pleasant shore for sweet retirement; for me, I prefer even Prochyta to the Subura. For what waste have eyes ever seen so dreary, that you would not think it worse to shudder at fires, the ceaseless downfals of houses and the thousand perils of the heartless city,-to say nothing of poets reciting under an August sun? But while his whole household was being packed in one coach, Umbricius halted at the ancient arches of the dripping Capenian gate. Here where once Numa made assignations by night with his goddess mistress, where now the grove and shrine of the sacred spring are let to Jews, whose whole furniture is a basket and a truss of hay,-for every tree must by law pay rent to the state, and the wood after the expulsion of its Muses begs [is a beggars' haunt]-we stepped down into Egeria's vale and grottoes-how all unlike the true!. How far more manifest were the divinity of the stream, if grass edged its waves with green and no marble profaned the native tufa! 1 DIGRESSU Aen. I 482 digressu maesta supremo.

Prop. 1 15 9 Ithaci digressu mota. CONFUSUS Plin. paneg. 86 § 3 Schwarz quam ego audio confusionem tuam fuisse, cum digredientem prosequereris. VM. I 1 ext. § 1 cum adhuc puer ad Periclen avunculum suum venisset [Alcibiades] eumque secreto tristem sedentem vidisset, interrogavit quid ita tantam in vultu confusionem gereret. Tac. h. III 38. Stat. s. 11 pr. ne quis asperiore lima examinet carmen et a confuso scriptum et dolenti datum. Sulp. Sev. ep. 3 ad fin. tam erat sancta de illius gloria exsultatio, quam pia de morte confusio. ef. dial. 3 § 1. See Gesner. Plin. ep. III 10 § 2 n.

VETERIS AMICI

1 132 n. Aen. I 82. Hor. s. 11 6 81 veterem vetus hospes amicum. Mart. vm 18 3. 2 LAUDO QUOD Madvig § 357 a. Zumpt