perfect or fut. indicative, where our idiom would lead us to use the present.

(a) When a present duty, &c., exists, but is not acted upon, the imperfect is often used, especially when it is a general duty. (Madvig. 308.)

Hence, when 'you ought'='yɔu ought (but do not),' use aedebam or oportebat.

(b) When ought refers to what will be right or proper, when or after something has taken place, use oportebit, debebo.

(1) The 'after' is often implied by an abl. absol., the participle being of the passive voice.

31. Remember the care with which the Romans mark both the completion of every precedent action, and the futurity of every future action.

(a) Remember that the fut. perf. of direct becomes the pluperf. subj. in oblique narration.

32. When one verb has 'indeed,' and the next 'but,' take care not to omit the pronoun in Latin, if the nom. to the verb is a pronoun.

(a) This pronoun should be followed by the quidem: if it is ego, write equidem for ego quidem.*

(Eng.) He did not indeed laugh, but he smiled.

(Lat.) Non risit ille quidem, sed subrisit.

33. When for 'so that' (introducing a consequence) you could put 'in such a manner, that,' take care not to use ut only, but ita-ut, placing the ita in the preceding sentence.

34. Take care to use a distributive numeral instead of a cardinal one, with a plural noun used in a singular sense, as literæ, castra, &c.

But observe, uni and terni are used, not singuli or trini.

For equidem, though probably not compounded of ego quidem, is yet used where quidem with the personal pronoun would be used for the second or third person.

PARTICIPIAL SUBSTANTIVE.

5. [Nom.] Grieving.

Often:- all - as-many-as (ʊmnes quotquot): which is stronger; ali without exception.

This was done afterwards at length (postea demum).

Those things at length (e a demum) which.

Quem tu intelligis murum ligneum ?

Ignorance is objected (objicitur or eaprobratur, which is stronger) to me.

Dolĕre.

Your sparing the conquered is a It is a great thing, that you have spare!

great thing.

6. [Acc.] Grieving.

7. FROM, with part. subst. :

(1) To prevent any thing from being done.

Either from thinking, that, &c. (3) He did it from remembering. (4) Far from doing this, &c.

the conquered.

[Magnum est, quod victis pepercisti.] Dolĕre.

[Se peccati insimulant, quod doler
intermiserint.]

Prohibere--aliquid fieri* (rare).
n e fiat.
quominus fiat.

Sive eo quod-existimarent, &c.
Ex eo quod meminisset, &c.
Tantum abest, ut hoc facial
ut, &c.

(5) Not from despising-but be- Non quod aspernaretur-sed quod, &c cause, &c.

* Principally with the inf. pass.: ignes fieri in castris prohibet (Cæs.), prohibuit migrari Veios (Liv.).

ENGLISH.

LATIN.

By doing this.

9. IN :

To be wrong in thinking, &c. 10. WITHOUT :

:

(1) He did any thing without being asked.

(2) He went away without reading the letter.

(3) Many praise poets without understanding them.

(4) He never praised him without adding, &c.

(5) Nor ever saw him without calling him a fratricide.

(6) I enjoy any thing indeed, but not without perceiving, &c.

(Often) 'this being done,' (abl. abs.).

In hoc errare, quod putem, &c

Non rogatus.

He went away, the letter not being read
(epistola non lectâ).

Many praise poets, nor understand
them (neque intelligunt).
He never praised him so that he did
not add (ut non adjiceret).
Nor ever saw him but she called him a
fratricide (quin-compellaret).
I so enjoy any thing, that I perceive
[aliquâ re ita potior, ut animadver-
tam, &c.]

(7) I enjoy any thing without per- I so enjoy any thing, that I do not per-
ceiving, &c.
ceive [aliquâ re ita potior, ut non
animadvertam, &c.]

11. To-Generally ad, with part. in

dus. See Obs. on FOR.

12. THROUGH:-By part. in dus, abl.
of gerund; or by ex eo quod
with subj. See Df. 7, FROM
(2).
12. Or:-The gerund in di, or the
part. in dus, in the gen., is the
most usual form; but these forms
do not always serve.

(1) 'Let nobody repent of having
preferred following,' &c.
(2) 'I do not despair of there
being some one,' &c.

(3) 'I think he should repent of
having given up his opinion.'
(4) 'They accused Socrates of cor-
rupting,' &c.

(5) Instead of.' See 32. 13. FOR :

(1) Pardon me for writing.'
(2) To revile, abuse a man for
having done any thing.'
(3) 'Many reasons occurred to me
for thinking,' &c.

(4) 'I thank you for compelling
me to do this."

(5) 'You are greatly to blame for having done this.'

14. And not.

Ne quem pœniteat sequi maluissa, &.c.

Non despero fore aliquem, &c.

Ego illi, quod de suâ sententiâ de ce ssisset, pænitendum censeo. Socratem accusarunt, quod corrum peret, &c.

Ignosce mihi, quod scribam.
Maledicere homini, cur fecerit, &c.

Multa mihi veniebant in mentem,
quamobrem -putarem, &c.
Gratias ago, quod me (hoc facere)
coegisti.

Magna tua est culpa, qui hoc feceris.
Nor.

And nobody, nothing, no where, Nor any thing, nor any body, nor any

never, no

And hardly any."

where, nor ever, nor any (nec quidquam, quisquam, usquam, unquam, ullus (or quisquam).

Nor scarcely any (neque ullus ferc).

The exceptions are, (1) When the negative is to be emphatic, et semper me coluit et a studiis nostris non abhorret (2) When et non or ac non = not rather or much more ac non potius (the potius being often expressed), si res verba postularet, ac non pro se ipso loqueretur.

25. It seems likely [enough] that he He seems about-to-call (videtur voca