d Exercise 67. I have received your three34) letters: but in the last there were some [parts] so carelessly written, that it was plaina you were thinking of something else when you wrote it. I will show you these [faults], when I come to your part of the world; and shali pull your ear, that you may be for the future more attentive when you write, and avoid at least such blunders, as even little boys would avoid, who are learning their accidence. Do not, however, be distressed by this admonition of mine: for I do not wish to take away any [thing] by it from your cheerfulness, but to add [somewhat] to your attention. Adieu. Tibur, 23 Sept. a 'it is plain,' facile constat : 'to be thinking of something else,' aliud agere. b 'to where you are :' to be expressed by an adv. derived from iste, the demonstrative of the second person. I. 387. c auriculam pervellere. • error or solæcismus (a solecism). g 'to be learning one's accidence,' primis literis imbui. d 'in writing.' Exercise 68. f puerulus. h I. 389-391. Your letter gave me much pleasure, as every thing [does] that proceeds from you, although you had committed many [faults] in it. But as lisping children are listened to with delight by fathers, and even their very mistakes are a pleasure to them, so this your infancy of letter-writingf is delightful to me. I send you it back corrected by my own hand. For so, you know, we agreed. Do you, dear, deari Alexander, pursue with spirits the path, to which your natural disposition leads you, and which 1 have always exhorted and urged you to follow. I have, by my report [of you], raised great expectations in the minds of your parents and you must now take all possible pains" that neither I nor they may be disappointed in them (r). Adieu. Tibur, July 7, 1570. a '[was] sweet to me.' animo. e libenter. b proficisci (ab aliquo). f in literis. 'it itself.' c By multa peccare h'We agree [to A filioli. monium. I magno 1 testi " omni CAUTIONS. 1. (a) Take care not to translate the English inf., when it expresses & purpose, by the Latin infinitive. To make out whether the infin. expresses u purpose, try whether you can substitute for it 'in order that,' or 'that. (b) The infin. after 'have,' 'is,' is to be translated by the part. in dus. with the proper tense of esse. (c) 'There is something for me to do,' may also mean, there is something, which I may do,' est aliquid, quod agam. 2. In translating 'ago' by abhinc, remember, (1) that it must precede the numeral; (2) that the numeral must be a cardinal, not an ordinal, numeral; and (3) that the accusative is more common than the abl. (a) Hence abhinc annos quatuordecim is right; tertio abhinc anno, quarto decimo abhinc die, doubly wrong; tribus abhinc annis, or tres abhinc annos, wrong. 3. Take care not to translate 'from' by 'a' or 'ab' in the following con. structions: (1) To derive or receive pleasure, pain, profit, &c., from, capere voluptatem, dolorem, fructum, desiderium ex (not ab) aliquâ re. (2) To hear from any body, audire ex aliquo. (3) 'From [being] such-becomes so and so,'-ex. (4) From such a district, town, &c. (it being a man's birth-place or residence)-ex. (5) To recover from a disease, convalescere er morbo. (6) To return from a journey, redire, reverti ex itinere. (7) From,' on account of,' propter. From their hatred against any body.' (8) To fling or throw oneself from a wall, se de muro dejicere (Cæs.): se er muro præcipitare (Cic.). (9) From, out of, ex. 4. When a substantive is followed by a relative clause which defines it, be careful not to omit the demonstrative is, ea, id, or ille (if there is emphasis), with the substantive, if a particular thing is meant. To determine this, try whether you cannot substitute 'that' for 'a' or 'the.' (a) Thus: 'the oration which he delivered,' &c. (= that particular oration which he delivered), e a oratio, quam habuit, &c. (b) So, when a substantive is defined by a relative adverb, the 'a or 'the' is to be translated by a pron. Thus : (Eng.) There will be a day, when, &c. (Lat.) There will be that day, when, &c. (quum). (Eng.) The day will come, when, &c. (Lat.) That day will come. when, &c. (quum). [Comp. Caution 13. 5. Be very careful not to translate the English infinitive after a substantive of adjective, by the Lat. infinitive, unless you have authority for it. Always consider what the relation is, in which the infinitive stands. Can it be translated by a gerund in di? by ad with the gerundive (a participle in dus)? by a relative clause, &c.? Thus: A desire to pray, a desire of praying. A knife to cut my bread with, (1) a knife for cutting my bread; (2) a knife, with which I may cut my bread. OBS. The 'for cutting my bread' will not in Latin depend on knife, but on the verb: e. g. I borrowed a knife for cutting my bread with, = 'for the purpose of cutting my bread, I borrowed a knife.' 6. Take care not to translate 'assert' 'affirm,' by asserere, but by affirmare, confirmare, dicere, docere, pronuntiare, &c.; or, if followed by a not or other negative, negare. 7. Take care not to translate 'honour' by honor or honos, when it means not 2. 'an honour' (i. e. external mark of respect), but 'the inward principle Neminis or nemine ; 9. When a clause that follows another in English, is to precede it in Latin, it is often necessary to place in it a word from the preceding sentence. Thus: Alexander was blamed | because he indulged in drinking.' 'Because Alexander indulged in drinking, he was blamed.' (a) This is especially the case, when a pronoun in the second clause refers to a substantive in the first. 10. From our having hardly any power of altering the order of words in a sentence, it is very difficult to give emphasis to an oblique case without placing it in a separate sentence with the verb to be. Thus: 'I desire something' very much, (the 'something' being emphatic) would become: 'there is something, that I desire very much.' Hence 11. In a sentence beginning with 'it is' or 'it was' before 'that,' the 'it is' or 'it was' is omitted, and the sentence with 'that' made a principal sentence. (Eng.) It is the manufacturers, that I complain of. (Lat.) I complain of the manufacturers.* (a) So in a sentence beginning with 'it is but' or 'it was but,' and followed by 'that,' &c. (Eng.) It was but very slowly that he recovered. (Lat.) He did not recover but (= except, nisi) very slowly. The boy has but a stupid head, Who always for a 'but' puts sed Instead of 'that,' which is here a relative, who or which may occur. the farmers of whom I complain.' It is Or at for other meanings 'but' has got: 'Only,' (1) 'Stay but one day' = stay only one day (solum or modo). (2) 'Do but stay'at least (or at all events) stay (saltem). (3) 'Nobody but Cæsar' nobody except Cæsar (nisi or præter). '4) 'There is nobody but thinks' there is nobody who does not think (quin or qui non). (5) 'Not to doubt but or but that'... non dubitare quin, &c. 12. No' before another adjective, as in 'a man of no great learning,' must be translated by non, not nullus. 13. The,' when it relates to something that preceded, is often to be translated by a demonstrative pronoun. For instance, if it had been mentioned that a day had been fixed, if it were afterwards stated that 'the day' arrived, it must be 'that day' in Latin. Hence, when 'the' means a particular thing before-mentioned, it must be translated by a demonstrative pronoun. Or, in other words, when for 'the' we might substitute 'that,' it must be translated by the demonstrative pronoun. [Compare Caution 4.]* That,' in a clause following a comparative with quam, or alius, malle, &c., is not translated. (Eng.) I had rather support my country's cause than that of a private man. (Lat.) Patriæ causam malo, quam privati sustinēre. 15. Take care not to translate 'of' by a gen., in the following constructions:(a) To deserve well of any body, bene mereri de aliquo. (b) To complain of any thing, queri de aliquâ re. (c) To be made of any thing, factum esse ex aliquâ re. (d) A book of mine, liber meus. (e) How many of us, three hundred of us, &c. See Pr. Intr. Pt. I. 174, 175. 16. Take care not to translate 'on' or 'upon' by super, in the following con structions: (1) To lavish, &c. upon any body, conferre in aliquem. (2) To do any thing on his march, in itinere. (3) To sit on a throne, in solio sedere. (4) On this being known, this being known,' abl. abs. Upon (5) To write on a subject, scribere de (sometimes super) aliquâ re. 17. Take care not to translate 'for' by pro, in the following constructions:(1) For many reasons, multis de causis. For which reason, quâ de causà. Cic. For a weighty reason, gravi de causâ. Cic. * I have inadvertently referred sometimes to this Caution instead of to Cau tion 4. (2) Good or useful for any purpose, utilis ad aliquid. (3) For, (4) For a cause, abl. concerning, e. g. to battle for any thing, de aliquâ re. (5) My reason for not doing this, causa non faciendæ hujus rei. 8. Amongst, before the name of a nation, amongst whom a habit prevailed, is usually apud (not inter): sometimes 'in' with abl. 19. When two substantives are governed by the same preposition, the preposition is repeated, unless the two substantives are to form, as it were, one complex notion. Hence they are repeated whenever the two substantives are opposed to each other. Hence in (a) et-et; nec-nec; . . . always repeat the preposition. (b) aut-aut; vel-vel after nisi, after quam following a comparative, generally: it is better, therefore, to repeat it.* Thus: et in bello et in pace: nec in bello nec in pace: in nullâ aliâ re nisi in virtute: in nullâ aliâ re quam in virtute. 20. Take care not to use apparere when 'appears'='seems' (videtur): nor to use videri (but apparēre) when appears = 'is manifest ;' or 'makes its appearance.' 21. A boy who is thoughtful is never perplext. By then's' meaning 'at that time,' and 'therefore, and 'next.” (a) THEN, 'at that time,' tum tunc; 'next,' deinde; = 'there fore,' igitur, &c. 22. 'Men' is often used for 'soldiers,' milites. 'His men' should be 'sui,' if there is any reference to their commander: if not, milites,' the soldiers.' 23. 'Before' a town should be ad, not ante. See I. 457. 24. Choose often means, to 'wish,' to 'be pleased,' &c., velle, not eligere, &c.. e. g. 'if you had chosen to do this' (si voluisses). 25. In modern English there is often used for thither, and must be translated by the adverbs meaning 'to that place' (huc, illuc, &c.) 26. 'Crime' is not crimen (which is 'a charge,'' an accusation') but scelus, facinus, &c. 27. Take care not to translate after by post, in the following constructions: (1) To be reconciled after a quarrel, reconciliari in gratiam e x inimicitiis, &c. (2) Immediately after the battle, confestim a prælio. 28. Take care not to translate in by 'in,' in the following construction: (1) It is written in Greek authors, scriptum est apud Græcos. 29. In 'this is life,' let 'this' with 'life' agree: Hoc id, or illud, barbarous would be. 30. 'Ought' is a word that requires care: for it is often translated by an im * Sometimes a common preposition preceding the conjunction is not repeated with et-et; aut-aut; e. g. cum et nocturno et diurno metu. |